• Enterococci have both an intrinsic and acquired resistance to antibiotics, making them important nosocomial pathogens. (medscape.com)
  • Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009-2010. (nature.com)
  • This resistance to colonization is mediated both by indirect mechanisms (i.e., the microbiota stimulating host immune defences) but also by direct interactions between microbial species as commensal species can directly suppress intestinal pathogens by competitive exclusion and antimicrobial activities (i.e., type IV secretion systems, production of bacteriocins, …) [ 4 , 5 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Two key pathogens, MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were evaluated for biofilm formation in a nutrient rich broth for four days and minimal media for 24 hours, respectively, on each surface type. (springeropen.com)
  • This engineered micro-pattern reduces the colonization and biofilm formation of key VAP-associated pathogens in vitro . (springeropen.com)
  • Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and P. aeruginosa comprise the top two causative organisms of VAP and are considered particularly devastating lung pathogens as they cause persistent pneumonia infections, are resistant to a number of antimicrobials, and are associated with a high attributable mortality of patients with VAP [ 7 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Use chlorine dioxide to kill microorganisms, protect soil microbiomes, eliminate greenhouse pathogens and remove biofilms. (cleansolutions.tech)
  • However, there are few large-scale studies on the pathogens causing PBM and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns in China. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dearbháile's research group works closely with national and international research groups focusing on antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and epidemiology, food and water borne pathogens and other contaminants, and the wider societal impact of infection. (universityofgalway.ie)
  • The enterococcal surface protein (Esp) allows the bacteria to aggregate and form biofilms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methods: In this 5-year study, a total of 2544 pathogenic bacteria stains, isolated from 2368 patients with BSI, were retrospectively analyzed, to define the species distribution and the antimicrobial resistance pattern in Beijing. (bvsalud.org)
  • The emergence of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREF) in the United States illustrates the transmission capacities of bacteria and the possibility of a postantibiotic era for nosocomial infections in critically ill patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Analyzing bacteria in late exponential phase, we capture ~40% ( E. faecalis ) and 43% ( E. faecium ) of the annotated protein-coding genes, determine 5′ and 3′ UTR (untranslated region) length, and detect instances of leaderless mRNAs. (frontiersin.org)
  • The transcriptome maps revealed sRNA candidates in both bacteria, some found in previous studies and new ones. (frontiersin.org)
  • As seen with many other bacteria, RNA-seq technology has now become the method of choice for transcriptome analysis in the enterococcus. (frontiersin.org)
  • The influence of antimicrobials on health is eroding rapidly due to the advent of bacteria resistant to multiple drugs. (amis-childrenshome.org)
  • Antimicrobials work by delaying or killing bacteria by targeting important functions of bacteria, such as translation, transcription, cell wall formation, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication. (amis-childrenshome.org)
  • Antisera-based methods have also been demonstrated to enhance deoxyribonuclease-induced biofilm destruction and antibiotic killing, as well as boost macrophages' ability to fight bacteria. (amis-childrenshome.org)
  • The bacteria within a biofilm are up to 1,000 times more resistant to antibiotics and disinfectants than bacteria found outside a biofilm. (joyfulpetlife.com)
  • The biofilm also produces enzymes that make the bacteria resistant to antibiotics. (joyfulpetlife.com)
  • The most common strategies employed by bacteria for resisting antibiotics include growing as biofilms, persisters, and small colony variants [1]. (databasefootball.com)
  • These structures are called biofilms and are thought to resemble the physiological state in which bacteria grow in many natural environments. (databasefootball.com)
  • Importantly, bacteria are capable of forming biofilms in infected human tissues. (databasefootball.com)
  • The biofilm-associated infections caused by even drug-sensitive bacteria are very difficult to treat, and patients tend to have recurrent infections [2]. (databasefootball.com)
  • However, bacteria present in biofilms can evade the antibacterial effect, forming a reservoir of infection. (databasefootball.com)
  • The surviving bacteria from biofilms can spread to various organs causing a relapse of disease. (databasefootball.com)
  • Thus, an ideal new antibacterial agent, in addition to its activity on drug-resistant strains of bacteria, should also be capable of killing bacteria in biofilms. (databasefootball.com)
  • The recalcitrance of bacteria in biofilms has been attributed to the impermeable nature of the biofilm matrix and to the presence of non-growing or very slowly-growing populations of bacteria called persisters. (databasefootball.com)
  • The resistance of biofilm-growing bacteria to antibiotics does not involve any genetic changes but is only a phenotypic adaptation. (databasefootball.com)
  • Activated form of natural antimicrobial improves safety of beef and poultry by preventing attachment and growth of bacteria. (ift.org)
  • The interaction of LF with microbial surfaces-OMPs of Gram-negative bacteria in particular-has led to other antimicrobial mechanisms, such as the inhibition of microbial attachment to sub-epithelial matrix proteins and detachment of bacteria from mucosal surfaces. (ift.org)
  • One of the additives in CitrusDefence® is Yucca Schidegra which helps CitrusDefence® break down Biofilms that cling to surfaces and house large quantities of bacteria. (activelaboratoryinc.com)
  • Bacteria attached to Biofilms are 150-3000 times more resistant to chlorine than unattached cells. (activelaboratoryinc.com)
  • Yucca Schidegra helps break down the Biofilm and the powerful anti-bacterial components of CitrusDefence® destroy the bacteria present. (activelaboratoryinc.com)
  • Yucca Schidegra breaks down biofilms and the powerful anti-bacterial components of CitrusDefence® destroy the bacteria present and the CitrusDefence® residual keeps working for up to 48 hours and more. (activelaboratoryinc.com)
  • This bacteria is most frequently isolated in CAP cases after endodontic tooth treatment, but it may also be found in cases of necrotic pulps in very few cases 12 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Chlorine dioxide is a powerful antimicrobial that destroys bacteria, viruses, parasites, and has a range of uses to disinfect and deodorize agricultural and horticultural areas. (cleansolutions.tech)
  • Antimicrobial resistance is defined as the ability of certain bacteria to resist the action of one or more antibiotics . (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
  • We found a significant enhancement of wound healing and a reduction of bacteria counts compared to the controls. (ewco.com)
  • The biofilm community is held together by extracellular polymeric substances (sugary molecular strands), DNA, and proteins, which allow the organisms to resist attacks that would destroy individual cells if they were not part of a colony. (joyfulpetlife.com)
  • the outer layer of the biofilm becomes thicker to protect the organisms inside. (joyfulpetlife.com)
  • Enterococcus species are facultative anaerobic organisms that can survive temperatures of 60°C for short periods and that grow in high salt concentrations. (medscape.com)
  • The acquisition of vancomycin resistance by enterococci has seriously affected the treatment and infection control of these organisms. (medscape.com)
  • They found that the gastric pH of 2 adversely affected micro-organisms in six of 11 probiotics. (blogspot.com)
  • The options of empirical antimicrobial agents in clinical practice mainly depend on the causative organisms and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Note: Over 500 bacterial species have been identified in typical dental plaque biofilms. (joyfulpetlife.com)
  • Enterococci are part of the normal intestinal flora of humans and animals.The genus Enterococcus includes more than 17 species, although only a few cause clinical infections in humans. (medscape.com)
  • to be protective but this study did not specifically assess the type of antimicrobial resistance nor the bacterial species [ 6 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Finally, a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay to determine the most prevalent species of Enterococcus spp. (bvsalud.org)
  • Teeth with endodontic failure have been associated with the presence of Enterococcus species 9-10 . (bvsalud.org)
  • In some bacterial species, these antimicrobial resistance mechanisms are stable and affect most strains: we speak of natural antimicrobial resistance. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
  • Numerous antimicrobial agents (AMAs) have been developed over the years to treat S. aureus infections and then followed by the rapid emergence of resistance to them. (jmaacms.com)
  • Obtuve en 2019 la Acreditación en Investigación Avanzada por la AQU. (unav.edu)
  • Although fresh cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) have not been previously linked with listeriosis outbreaks, the pathogen still poses a threat to the industry, particularly due to its ability to form biofilms. (ucc.ie)
  • All the strains tested using the CDC biofilm reactor were able to form biofilms on the different surfaces tested but material type was found to be a key determining factor on the levels of biofilm formed. (ucc.ie)
  • As an alternative to adding antibiotics to livestock feed, which risks antimicrobial resistance, E. faecium Strain NCIMB 10415 is being used as a probiotic in animal feed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Could next-generation antimicrobial agents act as an alternative to standard antibiotics? (amis-childrenshome.org)
  • In a recent review published in npj Antimicrobials and Resistance, researchers reviewed existing data on next-generation antimicrobial agents (NGAs) as a potential alternative to standard antibiotics or an effective technique for extending antibiotic efficacy when combined. (amis-childrenshome.org)
  • The time and costs required to bring novel antibiotics to market have demotivated pharmaceutical industries, causing large pharmaceutical firms to halt their antimicrobial development pipelines and start-ups to fail. (amis-childrenshome.org)
  • During bacterial infections involving biofilms, most of the existing antibiotics can kill the susceptible, planktonic bacterial population present in various body sites. (databasefootball.com)
  • The poorly metabolizing persisters in the biofilms can thus evade the action of these antibiotics. (databasefootball.com)
  • E faecium is more likely to be resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin. (medscape.com)
  • Isolation of enterococci resistant to multiple antibiotics has become increasingly common in the hospital setting. (medscape.com)
  • It appears that combining various beta-lactam antibiotics with daptomycin may result in synergy against vancomycin-resistant E faecalis and E faecium . (medscape.com)
  • [ 37 , 38 ] Combining various antibiotics with daptomycin may restore the effectiveness of daptomycin against enterococci that have become resistant to it. (medscape.com)
  • Recent trends suggest that if an effective alternate to antibiotics is not found quickly then the very existence of mankind could come under threat .The safety profile of bacteriocins is much superior to antibiotics. (bbrc.in)
  • VRE, particularly E faecium strains, are frequently resistant to all antibiotics that are effective treatment for vancomycin-susceptible enterococci, which leaves clinicians treating VRE infections with limited therapeutic options. (medscape.com)
  • Enterococcus faecium has become an important nosocomial pathogen, especially in immunocompromised patients, creating serious limitations in treatment options because of cumulative resistance to antimicrobial agents ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Approximately 40% of medical intensive care units reportedly found that the majority, respectively 80% and 90.4%, of device-associated infections (namely, infections due to central lines, urinary drainage catheters, and ventilators) were due to vancomycin- and ampicillin-resistant E. faecium. (wikipedia.org)
  • The strain exhibited resistance to most antimicrobial drugs except ampicillin/sulbactam, imipenem, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. (bvsalud.org)
  • We investigated the genetic relatedness of vanA VREF (n=108) and vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium (VSEF) (n=92) from different epidemiologic sources by genotyping, susceptibility testing for ampicillin, sequencing of purK 1, and testing for presence of esp . (cdc.gov)
  • Clusters of VSEF fit well into previously described VREF genogroups, and strong associations were found between VSEF and VREF isolates with resistance to ampicillin, presence of esp , and purK 1. (cdc.gov)
  • In the United States, the emergence of nosocomial E. faecium infections was characterized by increasing resistance to ampicillin in the 1980s and a rapid increase of vancomycin resistance in the next decade ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Vancomycin is the first-line antimicrobial drug for enterococci with high-level resistance to ampicillin or for patients with penicillin allergy. (nature.com)
  • Combining a cell wall-active agent such as ampicillin or vancomycin with an aminoglycoside may result in synergistic bactericidal activity against enterococci. (medscape.com)
  • The 22 sequenced Enterococcus faecium genomes: A study published in 2018 showed multi drug-resistant E. faecium exhibiting tolerance to alcohol-based solutions. (wikipedia.org)
  • The occurrence of natural antimicrobial agents in milk, eggs, plants, probiotics, salts, and acids has been well recognized for centuries, but the structure-function relationship of such bioactive compounds has been scientifically proven only in recent years. (ift.org)
  • Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriales (ESBL-E) are a major source of both antimicrobial resistance and empirical antimicrobial therapy failure in Europe. (springeropen.com)
  • Enterococcus faecium is a Gram-positive, gamma-hemolytic or non-hemolytic bacterium in the genus Enterococcus. (wikipedia.org)
  • By producing the enterocins A, B, and P (genus-specific bacteriocins), Enterococcus faecium can combat pathogenic gut microbes, such as Escherichia coli, reducing gastrointestinal disease in hosts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytinus is a genus of endophytic parasitic plants found in South Africa, Madagascar, and the Mediterranean region. (herbs.news)
  • Enterococcus faecalis and faecium are two major representative clinical strains of the Enterococcus genus and are sadly notorious to be part of the top agents responsible for nosocomial infections. (frontiersin.org)
  • Using bacterial cultivation methods, bacterial isolates belonging to the genus Enterococcus were identified. (bvsalud.org)
  • Subsequently, other investigators described the variant esp gene in vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium (VSEF), and this gene appeared to be predominantly present among clinical isolates ( 15 - 18 ).These findings suggest the existence of a specific subpopulation of E. faecium , comprising both VREF as well as VSEF, associated with hospital outbreaks and infections. (cdc.gov)
  • This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of CuNPs on the growth of drug resistant clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. (ac.ir)
  • CuNPs were able to inhibit the biofilm formation of all the clinical isolates. (ac.ir)
  • In clinical settings, biofilms are often found growing on various medical devices such as catheters implanted in patients. (databasefootball.com)
  • En mayo de 2007 obtuve el Certificate of Training in Molecular Biological Techniques en el Department of Molecular Biology y desde Junio de 2008 a Junio de 2009 completé el Certificate in Clinical Research en el Center for Translational Science Activities en Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester Minnesota. (unav.edu)
  • Un 40% de esos trabajos han sido publicados en revistas del primer cuartil entre las que destacan New England Journal of Medicine, Lancet, Lancet Infectious Diseases, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Journal Clinical Microbiology, Journal Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Mayo Clinic Proceedings y Malaria Journal. (unav.edu)
  • P. aeruginosa was further evaluated for biofilm formation on each surface type in a mucin-modified medium mimicking tracheal mucosal secretions. (springeropen.com)
  • Biofilm formation was also reduced, with 67% ( p = 0.12) and 52% ( p = 0.05) reductions in MRSA and P. aeruginosa biofilm formation, respectively. (springeropen.com)
  • 0.01) reduction was demonstrated on micro-patterned surfaces for P. aeruginosa biofilms under clinically-simulated conditions when compared to un-patterned controls. (springeropen.com)
  • The high-affinity interaction of LF with pore-forming outer-membrane proteins (OMPs) of Gram-negative enterics, including Escherichia coli , is critical for the antimicrobial outcome of LF (Gado et al. (ift.org)
  • A genome-wide E. faecium sRNA study suggested that some sRNAs are linked to the antibiotic resistance and stress response. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, the biofilm formation potential of L. monocytogenes strains isolated from the mushroom production environment was investigated on materials and at temperatures relevant to mushroom production. (ucc.ie)
  • 2015) as well as synthesized by ribosomes with antimicrobial properties against various groups of microorganisms (Chikindas, et a., 2017).The activity of bacteriocins is influenced by temperature, pH, and composition of culture medium (Guinane et al. (bbrc.in)
  • Biofilms are a collective of one or more types of reproducing microorganisms that form a colony or community. (joyfulpetlife.com)
  • A biofilm community forms when certain microorganisms adhere to the surface of an object in a moist environment, and begin to reproduce. (joyfulpetlife.com)
  • However, a mouse gut colonization model of E. faecium transmission showed that alcohol-tolerant E. faecium resisted standard 70% isopropanol surface disinfection, resulting in greater mouse gut colonization compared to alcohol-sensitive E. faecium. (wikipedia.org)
  • A step forward has been performed regarding colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) allowing the identification of a bacterial consortium restoring colonization resistance to VRE [ 7 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • evidence exists for nosocomial selection of a subtype of E. faecium , which has acquired vancomycin-resistance through horizontal transfer. (cdc.gov)
  • Several genes isolated from resistant enterococci ( agg, gelE, ace, cylLLS, esp, cpd, fsrB ) encode virulence factors such as the production of gelatinase and hemolysin, adherence to caco-2 and hep-2 cells, and capacity for biofilm formation. (medscape.com)
  • Enterococcus faecalis is most frequently isolated from persistent apical periodontitis [2] and has many virulence factors. (ijdr.in)
  • Common features in the patients were critical illness, invasive ventilation, antimicrobial pretreatment, and preceding surgery. (bvsalud.org)
  • Patients with biofilm-based infections can heal, but poor nutrition, oxygenation or blood perfusion, or white cell dysfunction, can prevent healing. (joyfulpetlife.com)
  • Some studies find that monotherapy is adequate treatment in many patients with enterococcal bacteremia without evidence of endocarditis. (medscape.com)
  • After a long hospital stay or use of antimicrobials and/or other medications making the immune system weak, the normal skin flora of the patients begins to develop several forms of skin infections like rashes, ulcers, cellulitis, folliculitis, pyogenic and non-pyogenic wounds, etc. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • All 4 patients were found in COVID-19 nucleic acid screening. (besjournal.com)
  • While no significant differences were found between ESBL-producing E. coli carriers and non-carriers, gut bacteriobiota α-diversity was decreased in ESBL- K. pneumoniae faecal carriers compared both with non-carriers ( p = 0.05), and with ESBL-producing E. coli carriers. (springeropen.com)
  • Moreover, a variant of the esp gene, which has been found to be more prevalent among isolates of E. faecalis associated with infections ( 14 ), was found in all but one epidemic hospital-derived VREF isolate and not among community-derived VREF ( 12 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The described strategy may provide a novel antibiotic-free strategy for treating persistent biofilm-associated infections, such as wound infections. (ewco.com)
  • Tube method was employed for biofilm assay. (ac.ir)
  • A preliminary assessment of biofilm formation of 73 mushroom industry isolates was undertaken using a crystal violet assay on polystyrene microtitre plates. (ucc.ie)
  • Research suggests that white blood cells, antibodies, and other immune components are also ineffective against biofilms. (joyfulpetlife.com)
  • [ 33 ] This therapy is ineffective against E faecium . (medscape.com)
  • The rapid increase of VRE has made it difficult for physicians to fight infections caused by E. faecium since not many antimicrobial solutions are available. (wikipedia.org)
  • It can be accessed online at www.helmholtz-hiri.de/en/datasets/enterococcus through an instance of the genomic viewer JBrowse. (frontiersin.org)
  • Drug resistant pathogenic microbes have been causing serious health issues resulting in the substantial increase of death rates and morbidity paving the way for nanoparticles to be utilized as antimicrobial agents. (ac.ir)
  • The 5D Health Protection Group Ltd commits to developing new antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents by 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • Dosage of the main antimicrobial agents used in paediatrics for treatment of infection by multidrug-resistant Gram-positive cocci. (analesdepediatria.org)
  • Future application of this micro-pattern on endotracheal tubes may prevent or prolong the onset of VAP without the need for antimicrobial agents. (springeropen.com)
  • Once antibiotic therapy has ceased, the persisters give rise to a new bacterial population, resulting in a relapse of the biofilm infection. (joyfulpetlife.com)
  • In biofilms, extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) serves as a structural template within the extracellular matrix and could control aggregation and adherence to host tissues. (amis-childrenshome.org)
  • Cytotoxicity and histopathological assessment showed no discernible harm to host tissues when e-scaffolds were applied to explant biofilms. (ewco.com)
  • This migration has left the healthcare system vulnerable, increasing mortality from antimicrobial-resistant infections. (amis-childrenshome.org)
  • Poultry meat production often involves the use of antimicrobials which has implications for the development of antimicrobial resistant infections in people. (mdpi.com)
  • There is a growing interest in phage therapy as a complementary tool against antimicrobial resistant infections. (mdpi.com)
  • The microorganism that was most commonly adversely affected by conditions in the virtual gastro-intestinal tract was Enterococcus faecium. (blogspot.com)
  • The biofilm formation of a subset (n = 7) of these strains was then assessed on twelve different materials, including materials that are representative of the materials commonly found in the mushroom production environments, using the CDC biofilm reactor. (ucc.ie)
  • We aimed to evaluate the association between post-appendectomy SSI rates and the two most commonly used regimens for perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis in Swiss children. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal organism, part of the normal microbiota of the digestive system, but it can also be an opportunistic human pathogen. (bvsalud.org)
  • Some biofilms can be very harmful and have been associated with several human diseases and conditions, including valvular endocarditis, periodontitis, delayed wound healing, and chronic wound infection. (joyfulpetlife.com)
  • Enterococcus faecalis and E faecium can cause a variety of infections including cystitis, pyelonephritis and catheter-associated UTI, endocarditis, and mixed-organism infections of the abdomen and pelvis. (medscape.com)
  • Dual antibiotic therapy with a cell-wall active agent plus a synergistic agent is necessary when treating endocarditis or meningitis due to enterococci. (medscape.com)
  • The challenges of designing a benchmark strategy for bioinformatics pipelines in the identification of antimicrobial resistance determinants using next generation sequencing technologies. (cdc.gov)
  • This comprehensive global TSS mapping atlas provides a valuable resource for RNA biology and gene expression analysis in the Enterococci. (frontiersin.org)
  • Biofilm formation causes prolonged wound infections due to the dense biofilm structure, differential gene regulation to combat stress, and production of extracellular polymeric substances. (ewco.com)
  • antimicrobial resistance (AMR) families of the resistance mechanism of antibiotic efflux pump included resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump (for mtrA , soxR and golS genes), major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump (for soxR gene), the two-component regulatory kdpDE system (for kdpE gene) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump (for efrA gene). (springeropen.com)
  • Antimicrobial activity through well-plate method was carried out and inhibitory effect of CuNPs on biofilm formation was evaluated. (ac.ir)
  • Extracellular polysaccharides secreted by cells are important matrix constituents, contributing to biofilm formation and persistence. (amis-childrenshome.org)
  • The ETT provides a conduit for bacterial access to the lower respiratory tract and a substratum for biofilm formation, both of which lead to VAP. (springeropen.com)
  • Note: The National Institutes of Health estimates that 80% of refractory infections in both humans and animals are attributable to biofilm colonies. (joyfulpetlife.com)
  • The study found that isolates of the bacterium from after 2010 were 10 times more tolerant of the alcohol-based disinfectants than older isolates. (wikipedia.org)
  • The study found there was a significant statistical difference between the COVID- and non-COVID-19 periods, with polypharmacy and antibiotic use indicators elevated during the pandemic compared to the latter. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the Irish Longitudinal Study of CFLD (ILSCFLD), we found that those with CFLD had a mortality rate difference of 6.6 versus those with no liver. (hrb.ie)
  • The aim of this study was to identify Enterococcus spp. (bvsalud.org)
  • We have previously reported a study of developing antimicrobial biomaterials made up of chitin-nanofiber sheet (CNFS) -immobilized silver nanoparticles (CNFS/Ag NPs) and showed that either cleansing with HClO or covering with CNFS/Ag NPs daily for more than 7 days resulted in delayed wound healing. (ewco.com)
  • To evaluate the feasibility of this micro-pattern for this application, the microbial range of performance was investigated in addition to biofilm studies with and without a mucin-rich medium to simulate the tracheal environment in vitro . (springeropen.com)
  • In particular, Enterococcus faecalis KB1 was identified as an important driver of community composition by affecting the abundance of several other consortium members in vitro. (nature.com)