• hCG is composed of alpha and beta subunits. (medscape.com)
  • FSH and LH are composed of alpha and beta subunits. (medscape.com)
  • anti-human CEA rabbit polyclonal antibody purified from serum and prepared in 10mM PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.2% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide. (samatashkhis.com)
  • anti-human Caspase 3 rabbit polyclonal antibody purified from rabbit anti-serum by Protein A chromatography. (samatashkhis.com)
  • Human FSH ELISA kit is a reliable quantitative procedure for measuring follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in human serum samples. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • This is a frequently sampled serum luteinizing hormone (LH) profile in a male patient with Kallmann syndrome (KS), compared with that in a healthy individual. (medscape.com)
  • Monoclonal antibodies are used to detect serum antigens associated with specific malignancies. (aafp.org)
  • Cells were then serum-starved for 3 hours, followed by cell lysis and Western blot analysis with the indicated antibodies. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • Haptoglobin is a serum glycoprotein which binds free haemoglobin released on damage of red cells. (southtees.nhs.uk)
  • The α (alpha) subunit (i.e., chorionic gonadotropin alpha) is nearly identical to that of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene is a member of the glycoprotein hormone beta chain family and encodes the beta 7 subunit of chorionic gonadotropin (CG). (prosci-inc.com)
  • The 3 human pituitary glycoprotein hormones: luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyrotropin, and the placenta-derived chorionic gonadotropin, are closely related tropic hormones. (mayocliniclabs.com)
  • The most commonly used assays are for the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). (medscape.com)
  • The four human glycoprotein hormones chorionic gonadotropin (CG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) are dimers consisting of alpha and beta subunits that are associated noncovalently. (nih.gov)
  • Testing for the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) is an integral part of the diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic disease. (aafp.org)
  • hCG, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is the hormone that is detected on home pregnancy tests in the early stages of pregnancy. (prospecbio.com)
  • Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is a glycoprotein that is composed of 237 amino acids and has a molecular mass of 36.7 kDa, approximately 14.5 ahCG, and 22.2kDa βhCG. (prospecbio.com)
  • The heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones have only been identified in vertebrates and are highly conserved in organisms from primitive rayfin fish (Chondrostei) to human in both primary sequences and functional characteristics. (biovendor.com)
  • Shared alpha chain of the active heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones thyrotropin/thyroid stimulating hormone/TSH, lutropin/luteinizing hormone/LH, follitropin/follicle stimulating hormone/FSH and choriogonadotropin/CG. (nih.gov)
  • The β (beta) subunit (TSHB) is unique to TSH, and therefore determines its receptor specificity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glycoprotein hormones are heterodimers consisting of a common alpha subunit and an unique beta subunit which confers biological specificity. (prosci-inc.com)
  • By contrast, all the different beta-subunits are transcribed from separate genes, show less homology, and convey the receptor specificity of the dimeric hormones. (mayocliniclabs.com)
  • The specificity of the antibody against the α-subunit and of that against PRL was demonstrated by preabsorption test, non-competitive binding test, and immunoblot analysis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The beta subunit is different and confers its biochemical specificity. (monobind.com)
  • The alpha subunits of these hormones are identical, however, their beta chains are unique and confer biological specificity. (nih.gov)
  • The immunization antigen (13.34 kDa) is a protein containing 120 AA of recombinant Human Thyrostimulin beta subunit. (biovendor.com)
  • 2) Stimulating iodination of thyroglobulin in the follicular lumen, a precursor protein of thyroid hormone. (wikipedia.org)
  • This MAb reacts with a protein of ~13kDa, identified as alpha sub-unit of HCG. (enquirebio.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is the alpha subunit and belongs to the glycoprotein hormones alpha chain family. (nih.gov)
  • Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing Int_alpha domain in the selected taxonomic class. (embl.de)
  • This antibody detects both active and inactive forms of Caspase-3 protein. (samatashkhis.com)
  • G protein alpha subunits and a group of Src-related protein tyrosine kinases are the proteins with both N-myristoylation and palmitoylation. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
  • 200ug/ml of antibody purified from Bioreactor Concentrate by Protein A or G. Prepared in 10 mM PBS with 0.05% BSA & 0.05% azide. (novusbio.com)
  • Since the first reported human infection with SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019, many protein subunit vaccines have been proposed for human use. (convertex-chemie.de)
  • Antipeptide antibodies against a sequence corresponding to residues in the predicted BLRF1 ORF immunoprecipitated an approximately 8 kDa doublet from cells expressing the BLRF1 ORF as a recombinant protein. (convertex-chemie.de)
  • or actively by prior immunization of the recipient with graft antigens which evoke specific antibodies and form antigen-antibody complexes which bind to the antigen receptor sites of the T-cells and block their cytotoxic activity. (lookformedical.com)
  • This antibody has a high affinity for CEA and shows no detectable reactivity to nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA), biliary glycoprotein (BGP) and human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. (samatashkhis.com)
  • Cancer antigen (CA) 27.29 is a monoclonal antibody to a glycoprotein (MUC1) that is present on the apical surface of normal epithelial cells. (aafp.org)
  • The following product was used in this experiment: Phospho-ATP1A1 (Ser16) Polyclonal Antibody from Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog # BS-3035R. (thermofisher.com)
  • Description: A polyclonal antibody against Plant GST. (worldcarecouncil.org)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein gonadotropin secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) released by the hypothalamus. (medscape.com)
  • AMG 424 is a novel, humanized, anti-CD3/CD38 bispecific monoclonal antibody being investigated for multiple myeloma. (drugbank.com)
  • Application: Serological studies of influenza A virus, immunogen for antibody production. (researchd.com)
  • The antibody was raised in rabbits by immunization with the recombinant Human Thyrostimulin beta subunit. (biovendor.com)
  • Immunoaffinity chromatography on a column with immobilized recombinant Human Thyrostimulin beta subunit. (biovendor.com)
  • These hormones consist of two subunits, the common alpha- and specific beta-subunits, which associate noncovalently to form a heterodimer. (biovendor.com)
  • The alpha-subunit combines with four distinct beta-subunits giving rise to four biologically active hormones in human: FSH, LH, TSH, and CG. (biovendor.com)
  • Corticotroph-derived glycoprotein hormone (CGH), also referred to as thyrostimulin, is a noncovalent heterodimer of glycoprotein hormone alpha 2 (GPHA2) and glycoprotein hormone beta 5 (GPHB5). (biovendor.com)
  • TSH is a glycoprotein and consists of two subunits, the alpha and the beta subunit. (wikipedia.org)
  • The beta subunit of CG is encoded by 6 genes which are arranged in tandem and inverted pairs on chromosome 19q13.3 and contiguous with the luteinizing hormone beta subunit gene. (prosci-inc.com)
  • Each is composed of an alpha- and a beta-subunit, coupled by strong noncovalent bonds. (mayocliniclabs.com)
  • Under physiological conditions, alpha- and beta-chain synthesis and secretions are tightly coupled, and only small amounts of monomeric subunits are secreted. (mayocliniclabs.com)
  • The free beta subunit of hCG differs from the others in that it has a 30-amino acid tailpiece at the COOH terminus. (medscape.com)
  • Free beta subunits are degraded by macrophage enzymes in the kidney to make a beta subunit core fragment, which is primarily detected in urine samples. (medscape.com)
  • The beta-hCG subunit is present in the syncytial layer of the blastomere. (medscape.com)
  • hCG is present in the maternal circulation as either an intact dimer, alpha or beta subunit, and degraded form, or beta core fragment. (medscape.com)
  • Intact and free beta subunit are initially the predominant forms of hCG, with the beta core fragment emerging as the predominant form in the fifth week after conception. (medscape.com)
  • Additionally, intact and free beta subunit have the most day-to-day variability and are transiently undetectable even 10 days after detection of pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] Optimally, tests used for early pregnancy detection should be able to recognize all forms of intact hCG, including the free beta subunit and the beta core fragment. (medscape.com)
  • It is just like to other glycoproteins being made up of an alpha and beta subunit. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • The immunological and biological properties of these glycoproteins is determined solely by the uniqueness of the beta subunits whilst the alpha subunits remain very similar structurally. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • the alpha sub unit structure is common to other gonadotropins, for example luteinising hormone, but the beta sub unit of 145 amino acids is unique to hCG. (ibms.org)
  • Integrin alpha (beta-propellor repeats). (embl.de)
  • They contain both alpha and beta subunits. (embl.de)
  • Alpha integrins are proposed to contain a domain containing a 7-fold repeat that adopts a beta-propellor fold. (embl.de)
  • The structure of the beta-propeller domain and C-terminal region of the integrin alphaM subunit. (embl.de)
  • Dependence on beta subunit association and prediction of domains. (embl.de)
  • By contrast, four mAbs to the beta-propeller domain did not react with the unassociated alphaM precursor nor with the uncomplexed alphaM subunit expressed on COS cell surface. (embl.de)
  • The four mAbs were mapped to three subregions in three different beta-sheets, making it unlikely that each recognized an interface between the alpha and beta subunits. (embl.de)
  • These results suggest that folding of different beta-propeller subregions is coordinate and is dependent on association with the beta2 subunit. (embl.de)
  • This suggests that much of the region C-terminal to the beta-propeller domain folds independently of association with the beta2 subunit. (embl.de)
  • Our data provide new insights into how different domains in the integrin alpha and beta subunits may interact. (embl.de)
  • The hormone is made in the beta cells of the pancreas, and the stimulus for its secretion into the blood stream is a rise in the blood glucose concentration. (weeksmd.com)
  • The insulin receptor consists of two alpha subunits (Mr 135 000) and two beta subunits (Mr 95 000) which are linked together by disulfide bonds. (weeksmd.com)
  • The transmembrane beta subunit contains tyrosine kinase activity on its cytoplasmic domain that results in rapid receptor autophosphorylation. (weeksmd.com)
  • Activation of the kinase towards exogenous substrates is apparently preceeded by this insulin-dependent autophosphorylation reaction of the beta subunit. (weeksmd.com)
  • An integrin beta subunit of approximately 85-kDa in size which has been found in INTEGRIN ALPHAIIB-containing and INTEGRIN ALPHAV-containing heterodimers. (lookformedical.com)
  • The specific beta subunit confers the unique biologic activity. (medscape.com)
  • The "capture antibody" is usually binding the alpha subunit of FSH, while the "detection antibody" is always binding within the FSH-specific beta-subunit. (medscape.com)
  • However, the main concern is the effectiveness of subunit vaccines and elicited antibodies to neutralize variants of SARS-CoV-2 such as B.1.1.7 (alpha), B.1.351 (beta) and P1 (gamma), B.1.617 ( Delta) and C.37 (Lambda). (convertex-chemie.de)
  • This enzyme is composed of two subunits, a large catalytic subunit (alpha) and a smaller glycoprotein subunit (beta). (thermofisher.com)
  • Pancreatic islets consist of a cluster of at least five different endocrine cell types (alpha, beta, delta, gamma, and epsilon), each producing a unique hormone in a coordinated manner. (molecularmetabolism.com)
  • They found T2D single nucleotide polymorphisms to be significantly enriched in beta cell-specific and across cell-type shared islet open chromatin, but not in alpha or delta cell-specific open chromatin. (molecularmetabolism.com)
  • This gene encodes an alpha 1 subunit. (thermofisher.com)
  • This gene encodes a subunit of interleukin 12, a cytokine that acts on T and natural killer cells, and has a broad array of biological activities. (nih.gov)
  • Subunit vaccines Use one or more antigens suitable for eliciting a robust immune response. (convertex-chemie.de)
  • Hsu SY, Nakabayashi K, Bhalla A. Evolution of glycoprotein hormone subunit genes in bilateral metazoa: identification of two novel human glycoprotein hormone subunit family genes, GPA2 and GPB5. (biovendor.com)
  • The catalytic subunit of Na+/K+ -ATPase is encoded by multiple genes. (thermofisher.com)
  • Thyrostimulin, a heterodimer of two new human glycoprotein hormone subunits, activates the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. (biovendor.com)
  • We have used monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as probes to study the dependence of the structure of different regions of the alphaM subunit on association with the beta2 subunit in the alphaM/beta2 heterodimer. (embl.de)
  • Interleukin 12 is a disulfide-linked heterodimer composed of the 40 kD cytokine receptor like subunit encoded by this gene, and a 35 kD subunit encoded by IL12A. (nih.gov)
  • Recombinant A2/B5 heterodimeric glycoproteins activates human TSH receptors, but not LH and FSH receptors, and shows high affinity to TSH receptors in a radioligand receptor assay. (biovendor.com)
  • These hormones bind specific receptors on target cells that in turn activate downstream signaling pathways. (nih.gov)
  • Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Thyroglobulin Antibody (2H11 + 6E1) [NBP2-34294] - Analysis using Azide/BSA FREE version of NBP2-34294. (novusbio.com)
  • Antibody with azide - store at 2 to 8C. (novusbio.com)
  • Antibody without azide - store at -20 to -80C. (novusbio.com)
  • 2000). Within the subcellular level, few studies have attempted to describe BK channel distribution, characterization, and subunit composition in all three compartments of a neuron. (health-e-nc.org)
  • The hypothalamus, in the base of the brain, produces thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). (wikipedia.org)
  • BK channels may be homomeric or heteromeric and are composed of four seven-transmembrane subunits that form the selectivity pore of the channel. (health-e-nc.org)
  • Human thyrostimulin ranks among the glycoprotein hormone family. (biovendor.com)
  • Human, LH is a gonadotropin and a glycoprotein having two subunits. (monobind.com)
  • enQuire Bio's HCG-alpha Anti-Human Monoclonal is available for Research Use Only. (enquirebio.com)
  • subunit is identical to that of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),, luteinizing hormone (LH). (enquirebio.com)
  • Because of the cyclic and circadian variations in the secretion of gonadotropins, a meaningful evaluation of FSH and LH requires either testing of a pool of blood specimens collected 20-30 min apart or average the hormone measurements of multiple blood samples collected 20-30 min apart. (medscape.com)
  • Usually, for a better and rapid evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, both FSH and LH are evaluated together in the same sample and in the same time and most of the modern assays are using cocktails of antibodies for both FSH and LH, allowing their concurrent evaluation. (medscape.com)
  • As all immunoassays, these assays are prone to specific interferences, especially heterophilic antibodies. (medscape.com)
  • Double-immunolabeling with gold particles of different sizes for the α-subunit and PRL revealed that most of the immunolabeled PRL-secretory granules are also labeled with the α-subunit antibody. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The gold particles indicating the presence of the α-subunit were mostly found in the peripheral zone of the secretory granules. (elsevierpure.com)
  • ACTH (1-13) is amidated at the C-terminal to form ACTH (1-13)NH2 which in turn is acetylated to form alpha-MSH in the secretory granules. (lookformedical.com)
  • Linvoseltamab is an investigational bispecific antibody. (drugbank.com)
  • A glycoprotein hormone expressed in corticotrophs exhibits unique binding properties on thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. (biovendor.com)
  • The alphaM subunit of integrin Mac-1 contains several distinct regions in its extracellular segment. (embl.de)
  • The Mouse Cytokine Array, Panel A utilizes capture antibodies spotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane to allow high-throughput multi-analyte profiling of 40 cytokines, chemokines, and more in a single sample. (rndsystems.com)
  • Mouse splenocytes treated with 100 ng/mL LPS for 20 hours were mixed with a cocktail of biotinylated detection antibodies, and then incubated with the Mouse Cytokine Array. (rndsystems.com)
  • A subset of four mAbs that reacted with the alphaM/beta2 complex but not with the unassociated alphaM subunit were mapped to one subregion, residues 718-759, and five other mAbs that recognized both the unassociated and the complexed alphaM subunit were localized to three other subregions, residues 599-679, 820-882, and 943-1047. (embl.de)
  • NovoSeven is a vitamin K-dependent glycoprotein consisting of 406 amino acid residues. (drugbank.com)
  • The minimum sensitivity detection limit of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) using current FSH ELISA kit was approximately 0.856 mIU/ml. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • It is a glycoprotein hormone produced by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland, which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our recent finding that the number of immunoreactive α-subunit cells was invariably greater than the total number of immunoreactive gonadotropin (GTH) and thyrotropin (TSH) cells in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) pituitary gland raises the possibility that the α-subunit also exists in pituitary cells other than GTH and TSH cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • More moderate antibody staining intensity was present in cells in the anterior in pituitary gland and trophoblastic cells in the placenta. (enquirebio.com)
  • The pituitary gland also secretes luteinizing hormone (LH), another gonadotropin. (medscape.com)
  • Effect of the Concentration Levels of Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor I on the Polymorphisms of the Il12p40 Gene in Lung Cancer Patients. (nih.gov)
  • The antibody is lyophilized in 0.05 M phosphate buffer, 0.1 M NaCl, pH 7.2. (biovendor.com)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin, thyrotropic hormone, or abbreviated TSH) is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4), and then triiodothyronine (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is produced by and processed within the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxine and triiodothyronine. (novusbio.com)
  • 6B, left), whereas the 1 subunit was barely detectable (Fig. somatic and dendritic channels are insensitive to the drug. (health-e-nc.org)
  • Variations in HCG-alpha antibody staining intensity in immunohistochemistry on tissue sections are present across different anatomical locations. (enquirebio.com)
  • hCG is a 36.7kDa glycoprotein produced by the trophoblast tissue of the placenta in pregnancy and at a number of other sites in malignant conditions. (ibms.org)
  • Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Thyroglobulin Antibody (2H11 + 6E1) [NBP2-34294] - Mouse thyroid tissue section stained with Thyroglobulin Antibody (2H11 + 6E1). (novusbio.com)
  • Immunohistochemistry: Thyroglobulin Antibody (2H11 + 6E1) [NBP2-34294] - Imaging of Mouse stomach tissue. (novusbio.com)
  • Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Thyroglobulin Antibody (2H11 + 6E1) [NBP2-34294] - Thyroglobulin staining in thyroid tissue of normal C57 mouse (Red). (novusbio.com)
  • 2003). To day, studies examining the regional distribution of BK subunits show that they are relatively tissue specific. (health-e-nc.org)
  • Antibody to CEA is useful in detecting early foci of gastric carcinoma and in distinguishing pulmonary adenocarcinomas (60-70% are CEA+) from pleural mesotheliomas (rarely or weakly CEA+). (samatashkhis.com)
  • The 2 2 and 3 subunits are only weakly recognized in additional cells, including mind (Wallner et al. (health-e-nc.org)
  • 2000). In contrast to the additional subunits, 4 is definitely highly expressed in mind and only weakly recognized in additional cells (Brenner et al. (health-e-nc.org)
  • There are 70993 Int_alpha domains in 14903 proteins in SMART's nrdb database. (embl.de)
  • Taxonomic distribution of proteins containing Int_alpha domain. (embl.de)
  • The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins with Int_alpha domain is also avaliable . (embl.de)
  • In addition, four glycosylated proteins of 113, 84, 48, and 15 kDa from virus-producing cells could be immunoprecipitated by the same antibody. (convertex-chemie.de)
  • Samples are mixed with a cocktail of biotinylated detection antibodies (Step 1) and then incubated with the array membrane which is spotted in duplicate with capture antibodies to specific target proteins (Step 2) . (rndsystems.com)
  • Consecutively, C4d is a stable split product remnant of classical complement activation and an established marker of antibody-mediated acute renal allograft rejection. (samatashkhis.com)
  • Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a marker for hepatocellular carcinoma, sometimes is used to screen highly selected populations and to assess hepatic masses in patients at particular risk for developing hepatic malignancy. (aafp.org)
  • There is a single mechanism involved in the initiation of all these biological effects, and this is the interaction of the hormone with its specific receptor. (weeksmd.com)
  • These data identify distinct electrophysiologic abnormalities in FHC mice with a specific alpha-myosin mutation, and also validate a novel method to explore in vivo the relationship between specific genotypes and their electrophysiologic phenotypes. (jci.org)
  • This occurs through stimulation of six steps in thyroid hormone synthesis: (1) Up-regulating the activity of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) on the basolateral membrane of thyroid follicular cells, thereby increasing intracellular concentrations of iodine (iodine trapping). (wikipedia.org)
  • Alongside luteinizing hormone (LH), FSH is able to regulate the synthesis and secretion of female and male sex hormones via a negative feedback relationship, together they are able to control the growth and reproductive activities of gonadal tissues. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • Alpha-MSH stimulates the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. (lookformedical.com)
  • TSH (with a half-life of about an hour) stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the hormone thyroxine (T4), which has only a slight effect on metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neither immunoreactive growth hormone nor adrenocorticotropin cells are stained with the antibody against the α-subunit. (elsevierpure.com)
  • hCG is a glycoprotein similar in structure to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and thyrotropin. (medscape.com)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein which is secreted by basophil cells, located in the anterior pituitary. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone: A Review of Form and Function in the Treatment of Infertility. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) abnormalities are divided into 2 major groups (low and high), depending on FSH levels. (medscape.com)
  • Antibodies from an individual that react with ISOANTIGENS of another individual of the same species. (lookformedical.com)
  • If an Invitrogen™ antibody doesn't perform as described on our website or datasheet,we'll replace the product at no cost to you, or provide you with a credit for a future purchase. (thermofisher.com)
  • The present study demonstrates that there are a considerable number of immunoreactive prolactin (PRL) cells that are also stained with antibody against the α-subunit when adjacent sections are immunocytochemically examined. (elsevierpure.com)
  • All of the mAbs to the I-domain immunoprecipitated the unassociated alphaM precursor and reacted with the alphaM subunit expressed alone on the surface of COS cells. (embl.de)
  • The hormone insulin is recognized as having actions that affect the trans-membrane transport of different substances, particularly glucose, into numerous different kinds of cells. (weeksmd.com)
  • The bi-stable switch would enable T cells to integrate signals from pathogens, hormones, cell-cell interactions, and soluble mediators and respond in a biologically appropriate manner. (frontiersin.org)
  • The plant-orange matter is then Western analyzed by either GAPDH or β-actin antibody, and the expression level is consistent with each lot. (worldcarecouncil.org)
  • In addition, hCG shows some cross-reactivity to the TSH receptor and therefore can stimulate production of thyroid hormones. (wikipedia.org)