Ampicillin resistance. Medical search. Frequent questions

In combination with sulfadiazine, chloramphenicol remained the treatment of choice until this role was assumed by ampicillin. (medscape.com)
These agents are at least as effective as the older regimen of combination therapy with ampicillin and chloramphenicol and are more effective in children who are infected with microbes that are resistant to ampicillin or chloramphenicol. (medscape.com)
They also conferred resistance to kanamycin, rifampicin, and ampicillin, but were sensitive to chloramphenicol and erythromycin. (hindawi.com)
The highest resistance was observed in response to ampicillin and doxycycline followed by chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim, neomycin, nalidixic acid. (magiran.com)
All isolates recovered from non-migrating birds were found resistant to Oxacillin while all isolates recovered from migrating birds demonstrated resistance to Oxacillin, Chloramphenicol, Oxytetracycline and Lincomycin. (scielo.br)
V. cholerae isolated at a national referral laboratory from 1999 to 2012 were retrospectively analysed and evaluated for resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and ofloxacin. (who.int)

In this experiment, Tetracycline and Ampicillin were used to test for the antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas fluorescens, lab-grown bacteria. (ipl.org)
however they did not show resistance to Tetracycline. (ipl.org)
The results suggested that Tetracycline was much more effective in killing the bacterial growth, in comparison to Ampicillin. (ipl.org)
A large, transferable R-plasmid of 28 kb was found in most E. coli isolates (67%) that were resistant to at least ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and tetracycline. (who.int)
Despite tetracycline being contra-indicated in children, tetracycline resistance rates were high suggesting children could be important recipients and transmitters of resistant bacteria, or that use of other antibiotics is leading to tetracycline resistance via inter-bacteria resistance transmission. (biomedcentral.com)

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of ampicillin and other antibacterial drugs, ampicillin should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. (nih.gov)
Ampicillin is similar to penicillin in its bactericidal action against susceptible bacteria during the stage of active multiplication. (nih.gov)
Ampicillin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following bacteria, both in vitro and in clinical infections, as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section. (nih.gov)
At least 90 percent of the following bacteria exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to 0.12 mcg/mL for ampicillin. (nih.gov)
However the efficacy of ampicillin in treating clinical infections due to these bacteria has not been established in adequate and well-controlled trials. (nih.gov)
The bacterial plates also suggested that Ampicillin was ineffective in killing the bacteria , as zones of inhibition were not present, despite using two disks of this drug. (ipl.org)
The second plate of bacteria was grown with the presence of LB broth, ampicillin, arabinose sugar (ara), and 22 colonies were observed. (ipl.org)
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria reformat themselves in order to become unaffected by the drugs or substances created to terminate them (About Antimicrobial Resistance). (ipl.org)
Ampicillin is used to treat infections by many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Its spectrum of activity is enhanced by co-administration of sulbactam, a drug that inhibits beta lactamase, an enzyme produced by bacteria to inactivate ampicillin and related antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
Ampicillin/sulbactam is a beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria. (nih.gov)
Bacteria can naturally have resistance to antibiotic treatments . (medicalnewstoday.com)
E. faecium bacteria are naturally about 80% resistant to the common antibiotic vancomycin 90% resistant to the antibiotic ampicillin. (medicalnewstoday.com)
However, these bacteria can develop resistance to any other antibiotic, depending on geographic region and the antibiotics in use. (medicalnewstoday.com)
It is possible for bacteria to build resistance to Ampicillin, as the Staphylococci group of bacteria already has. (petmd.com)
Bacteria with this resistance mechanism have now been identified from humans, food, environmental samples, and food animals in at least 20 countries around the world. (cdc.gov)
The presence of the mcr-1 gene on a plasmid means that colistin resistance can be shared with other more resistant bacteria such as CRE, raising the possibility that untreatable bacteria could develop. (cdc.gov)
CDC's National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, in collaboration with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), will continue to look for mcr-1 mediated colistin resistance in enteric bacteria from humans, retail meat, and food animals. (cdc.gov)
The PhD thesis dealt with the transmission of antibiotic resistance from animals to humans, detection and typing of resistance bacteria, and gene transfer experiments in humans. (gu.se)
The wide range of antibiotics and the facility with which bacteria evolve and acquire resistance genes results in AR profiles that can range from resistance to a single antibiotic to multidrug resistance. (frontiersin.org)
Patterns of drug resistance varied according to species of bacteria but were generally quite high. (who.int)
How this resistance is acquired is unclear, but could be as a result of person-to-person transmission or environmental acquisition of resistant bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
Misuse of antibiotics in this way can expose harmless or opportunistic bacteria to a plethora of antibiotics to which they develop resistance. (biomedcentral.com)

Data from comparative studies justify the use of ampicillin/sulbactam in a 2 : 1 ratio in various severe bacterial infections. (nih.gov)
In comparative clinical trials, ampicillin/sulbactam has proved to be a significant drug in the therapeutic armamentarium for lower respiratory tract infections and aspiration pneumonia, gynaecological/obstetrical infections, intra-abdominal infections, paediatric infections such as acute epiglottitis and periorbital cellulitis, diabetic foot infections, and skin and soft tissue infections. (nih.gov)
Of particular interest during this era of increasing antimicrobial resistance in various settings and populations is the effectiveness of sulbactam against a considerable proportion of infections due to Acinetobacter baumannii. (nih.gov)
UNASYN is an injectable antibacterial combination consisting of the semisynthetic antibacterial ampicillin sodium and the beta-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam sodium for intravenous and intramuscular administration. (nih.gov)
UNASYN, ampicillin sodium/sulbactam sodium parenteral combination, is available as a white to off-white dry powder for reconstitution. (nih.gov)
UNASYN dry powder is freely soluble in aqueous diluents to yield pale yellow to yellow solutions containing ampicillin sodium and sulbactam sodium equivalent to 250 mg ampicillin per mL and 125 mg sulbactam per mL. (nih.gov)
Dilute solutions (up to 30 mg ampicillin and 15 mg sulbactam per mL) are essentially colorless to pale yellow. (nih.gov)
1.5 g of UNASYN (1 g ampicillin as the sodium salt plus 0.5 g sulbactam as the sodium salt) parenteral contains approximately 115 mg (5 mEq) of sodium. (nih.gov)
Immediately after completion of a 15-minute intravenous infusion of UNASYN, peak serum concentrations of ampicillin and sulbactam are attained. (nih.gov)
Peak ampicillin serum levels ranging from 109 to 150 mcg/mL are attained after administration of 2000 mg of ampicillin plus 1000 mg sulbactam and 40 to 71 mcg/mL after administration of 1000 mg ampicillin plus 500 mg sulbactam. (nih.gov)
After an intramuscular injection of 1000 mg ampicillin plus 500 mg sulbactam, peak ampicillin serum levels ranging from 8 to 37 mcg/mL and peak sulbactam serum levels ranging from 6 to 24 mcg/mL are attained. (nih.gov)
Approximately 75 to 85% of both ampicillin and sulbactam are excreted unchanged in the urine during the first 8 hours after administration of UNASYN to individuals with normal renal function. (nih.gov)
Somewhat higher and more prolonged serum levels of ampicillin and sulbactam can be achieved with the concurrent administration of probenecid. (nih.gov)
In patients with impaired renal function the elimination kinetics of ampicillin and sulbactam are similarly affected, hence the ratio of one to the other will remain constant whatever the renal function. (nih.gov)
Ampicillin has been found to be approximately 28% reversibly bound to human serum protein and sulbactam approximately 38% reversibly bound. (nih.gov)
Each sterile Pharmacy Bulk Package contains 15 g ampicillin and sulbactam for injection (10 g ampicillin as the sodium salt plus 5 g sulbactam as the sodium salt) and approximately 1150 mg (50 mEq) sodium. (nih.gov)
Ampicillin and sulbactam for injection Pharmacy Bulk Package is a bottle containing a sterile preparation of ampicillin sodium and sulbactam sodium for parenteral use that contains many single doses. (nih.gov)

Sixty-four ampicillin-resistant strains of Escherichia coli were studied. (nih.gov)
these strains are highly resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin, sensitive to cephalothin, do not show synergism between ampicillin and cloxacillin, and reveal a high enzymatic activity after osmotic shock. (nih.gov)
Respiratory infections, including bronchitis, pharyngitis Sinusitis Sepsis Whooping cough, to prevent and treat secondary infections Ampicillin used to also be used to treat gonorrhea, but there are now too many strains resistant to penicillins. (wikipedia.org)
The first outbreaks of disease caused by ampicillin-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium were identified in the UK in 1962 and 1964. (pasteur.fr)
The presence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of 174 Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy Portuguese Gallus gallus was evaluated. (mdpi.com)
Intravenous administration of ampicillin (30 mg/kg) did not interfere with the growth in the cerebrospinal fluid of three resistant strains introduced into the rabbit model of experimental meningitis. (nih.gov)
The present study aims to establish the relationship between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance and adhesion genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from raw cow milk in Shahrekord, Iran. (hindawi.com)
Our data suggest a serious resistance trend among UTI strains and more should be done to slow down this trend. (scirp.org)
Antimicrobial susceptibility data revealed increasing resistance to co-trimoxazole and ampicillin, but strains remained highly susceptible to ofloxacin. (who.int)

This study consisted of a review of data from infants with Escherichia coli sepsis who received care at one US hospital from 1979 to 2006, with the goal of determining how E coli resistance to ampicillin may change as more infants are exposed to intrapartum antibiotics. (medscape.com)
Cite this: Escherichia coli Sepsis and Ampicillin Resistance in Neonates - Medscape - Aug 25, 2008. (medscape.com)
Characterization and prevalence of the different mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. (nih.gov)
Resistance types in Escherichia coli. (nih.gov)
RESUME Nous avons étudié la résistance aux antimicrobiens et les profils plasmidiques des isolats d' Escherichia coli uropathogénique chez des malades hospitalisés et des malades externes à l'Hôpital universitaire jordanien en 2000 et 2001. (who.int)
We sought to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant faecal Escherichia coli from asymptomatic children aged between 0 and 17 years worldwide, and investigate the impact of routinely prescribed primary care antibiotics to that resistance. (biomedcentral.com)

In multivariable analyses accounting for birth weight and gestational age , there was a strong association between intrapartum antibiotic exposure and resistance of E coli to antibiotics (odds ratio 17.9, 95% confidence interval 1.6-202.4). (medscape.com)
How ppGpp regulates both the persistence and resistance to antibiotics remains incompletely understood. (microbialcell.com)
Antibiotics can inhibit or kill microorganisms, while microorganisms have evolved antibiotic resistance strategies to survive antibiotics. (mdpi.com)
The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine antibiotic resistance to ampicillin, penicillin, and cefaclor, which represent two distinct classes of antibiotics. (nih.gov)
PCR was used to detect several biofilm and antibiotics resistance related genes. (hindawi.com)
Pooled resistance prevalence for common primary care antibiotics, stratified by study country OECD status. (biomedcentral.com)
We found evidence of an association between primary care prescribed antibiotics and resistance lasting for up to 3 months post-prescribing (pooled OR: 1.65, 1.36-2.0). (biomedcentral.com)
Resistance to many primary care prescribed antibiotics is common among faecal E. coli carried by asymptomatic children, with higher resistance rates in non-OECD countries. (biomedcentral.com)
We conducted a systematic review aimed to investigate the carriage of faecal E. coli from asymptomatic children resistant to commonly prescribed primary care antibiotics, and quantify the relationship between previous exposure to primary care antibiotics and bacterial resistance. (biomedcentral.com)

Azithromycin epidemiologic cutoff values for wild-type (MIC ≤8 mg/L) and non-wild-type (MIC ≥16 mg/L) Shigella flexneri ( 2 ) and the susceptibility and resistance breakpoints for the other 11 antimicrobial agents were CLSI Enterobacteriaceae breakpoints ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
The determination of current susceptibility patterns will be critical for the identification of trends in antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella isolates in the future. (usda.gov)

Molecular Epidemiology of Ampicillin Resistance in Salmonella spp. (hal.science)
Molecular epidemiology at local scale in Sicily (Italy) of ampicillin resistance in Salmonella spp. (hal.science)
Different resistance rates were observed in Salmonella according to the serovars, with prevalences of the same order in both wastewater and clinical isolates belonging to the same serovar (e.g., 91.7% ampicillin resistance in wastewater isolates vs. 70.8% in clinical isolates of the Salmonella serovar Typhimurium and 0% ampicillin resistance in both wastewater and clinical isolates of the Salmonella serovar Enteritidis). (hal.science)
The b-lactam resistance gene bla TEM was present in both wastewater and clinical Salmonella spp. (hal.science)
isolates, with the exception of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates with a typical six-drug resistance pattern AmpChlSulTeStrSp that had the bla PSE-1 gene. (hal.science)
Several E. coli and some Salmonella isolates were positive for class 1 integrons with variable regions of 1.0 or 1.5 kb containing aadA1, dfrA17-aadA5, or dfrA1-aadA1 gene cassettes, whereas Salmonella serovar Typhimurium isolates with the six-drug resistance pattern were positive for both 1.0 and 1.2 kb integrons. (hal.science)
Analysis of isolates from wastewater can be a useful epidemiologic tool to monitor the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and genetic elements related to antibiotic resistance in Salmonella clones circulating in the human population. (hal.science)
Scientists from the Institut Pasteur have retrospectively identified early cases of Salmonella resistance to ampicillin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is. (pasteur.fr)
Multidrug resistance was detected in all Salmonella serotypes. (magiran.com)

In this study, we first clarified that the absence of ppGpp in E. coli (ppGpp 0 strain) resulted in a decreased minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) value of ampicillin but, surprisingly, a higher persistence level to ampicillin during exponential growth in MOPS rich medium. (microbialcell.com)

Ampicillin capsules, USP for oral administration provide ampicillin trihydrate equivalent to 250 mg and 500 mg ampicillin. (nih.gov)

Although the introduction and successful development of this therapeutic class of agents represents a significant medical achievement, this success has also led to complacency within both greater society and the scientific community with regard to the development of bacterial resistance ( Neu 1992 ). (nih.gov)
There has been little research published exploring faecal carriage of bacterial resistance in any asymptomatic population. (biomedcentral.com)

E. faecalis , on the other hand, are only about 10% resistant to vancomycin, and their primary natural resistance is to ampicillin. (medicalnewstoday.com)

However, the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and genes associated with antibiotic resistance have not been fully analyzed and characterized. (mdpi.com)
The role of microplastics (MPs) in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is increasingly attracting global research attention due to their unique ecological and environmental effects. (mdpi.com)
Antimicrobial resistance occurs through different mechanisms, which include spontaneous (natural) genetic mutations and horizontal transfer of resistant genes through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (who.int)
This report presents the status of AMR in Africa by analysing the main types of resistance and the underlying genes where possible. (who.int)
Ampicillin and puromycin antibiotic resistance genes provide selection in bacterial or mammalian cells respectively. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The faecal reservoir provides optimal conditions for the transmission of resistance genes within and between bacterial species. (biomedcentral.com)
These isolates harbored multiple resistance genes, virulence factor-encoding genes, and putative plasmids. (nature.com)
This bacterial species is not only a leading cause of foodborne infections but also represents a major reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) due to its high capacity to accumulate ARGs, mostly through horizontal gene transfer 7 . (nature.com)

Ampicillin is bactericidal at low concentrations and is clinically effective not only against the gram-positive organisms usually susceptible to penicillin G but also against a variety of gram-negative organisms. (nih.gov)
this can lead to high concentrations of ampicillin in the newborn. (wikipedia.org)

Amoxicillin is a derivative of ampicillin and has a similar antibacterial spectrum-namely, certain gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. (medscape.com)

Ampicillin is one of the most used drugs in pregnancy, and has been found to be generally harmless both by the Food and Drug Administration in the U.S. (which classified it as category B) and the Therapeutic Goods Administration in Australia (which classified it as category A). It is the drug of choice for treating Listeria monocytogenes in pregnant women, either alone or combined with an aminoglycoside. (wikipedia.org)
Pregnancy increases the clearance of ampicillin by up to 50%, and a higher dose is thus needed to reach therapeutic levels. (wikipedia.org)
Antimicrobial resistance has become a global concern and impacts both veterinary medicine and public health through the potential for therapeutic failures. (usda.gov)
Assoc. Prof. Trobos has a research focus on biomaterial-associated infections, covering aspects on the pathogenesis (biofilm mechanisms and antimicrobial resistance) and evaluating novel diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic strategies. (gu.se)

The study authors concluded that overall, there have been no changes in antibiotic resistance patterns for E coli isolates at this hospital. (medscape.com)
High prevalence of antibiotic resistance (28.9%) with highest resistance rates against ampicillin (22.7%) was observed in E. coli isolates. (hal.science)
ABSTRACT We investigated antimicrobial resistance patterns and plasmid profiles of uropathogenic Escher- ichia coli isolates from inpatients and outpatients at Jordan University Hospital in 2000 and 2001. (who.int)

To test the hypothesis that antibiotic use may have influenced the incidence of meningitis, incidence rates were correlated with antibiotic resistance. (nih.gov)
Ampicillin and gentamicin remain the agents of empiric choice for those younger than 6 weeks because of the importance of gram-negative organisms in that age group and the rarity of Hib meningitis in such very young infants. (medscape.com)

Isolate genomes were screened for resistance determinants and assigned predicted resistance patterns using ResFinder † drug keys as part of surveillance through the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. (cdc.gov)

As this is a vital issue, researchers and scientists must have a clear understanding of this concept in order to help prevent antibiotic resistance in humans. (ipl.org)

Due to its natural and acquired antibiotic resistance, treating E. faecalis infections is a significant challenge to healthcare professionals. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The report also includes a summary on the status of drug resistance for TB, HIV and malaria. (who.int)
Surviving cells of all isolates demonstrated multiple drug-resistance post exposure to UV radiation. (bvsalud.org)

Almost a half (over 49%) of all Gram-negative organisms showed resistance prevalence against third generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim, Cefoxitin, Nitrofurantoin and Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. (scirp.org)

The dose of UNASYN in such patients should be administered less frequently in accordance with the usual practice for ampicillin (see DOSAGE and ADMINISTRATION section). (nih.gov)

Ampicillin trihydrate is a semisynthetic penicillin derived from the basic penicillin nucleus, 6- aminopenicillanic acid. (nih.gov)
The penicillinase-resistant, or second-generation, penicillins are semisynthetic modifications of natural penicillins that are resistant to bacterial enzyme beta-lactamase, which accounts for typical penicillin resistance. (medscape.com)

Six characters were examined: (i) resistance to ampicillin, cephalothin, and carbenicillin, (ii) synergy between ampicillin and cloxacillin, (iii) level of beta-lactamase activity after osmotic shock, (iv) transferability of ampicillin resistance, (v) immunological characterization of the enzyme, and (vi) determination of substrate profiles. (nih.gov)
The bacterial plasmid carrying this enzyme disables the Ampicillin placed in the agar, allowing for more bacterial growth. (ipl.org)

Polymerase chain reaction replicon typing demonstrated the presence of multireplicon resistance plasmids in several isolates of E. coli, containing two to four of the replicons IncF, IncI1, IncFIA, and IncFIB, whereas other isolates showed resistance plasmids with only IncF, IncP, or IncK replicons. (hal.science)
Gram negative isolates showed high resistance rate of 73.1% to ampicillin and 65.4% to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid while Gram-positive isolates showed high resistant rate of 94.1% to penicillin. (who.int)

We detected multidrug-resistance in 91% isolates and found resistance to last-resort drugs including colistin, carbapenems and tigecycline. (nature.com)

and resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. (bvsalud.org)

Ampicillin can be administered by mouth, an intramuscular injection (shot) or by intravenous infusion. (wikipedia.org)

Moreover, antibiotic resistance patterns and the biofilm formation ability of isolates were determined. (magiran.com)

This R-plasmid reservoir may contribute to the spread of multiple antibiotic resistance in our Region. (who.int)
in poultry products with multiple antibiotic resistance and biofilm production ability. (magiran.com)

Amoxicillin also has better absorption than another predecessor, Ampicillin . (petmd.com)

Multidrug resistance was found in 56% of isolates. (mdpi.com)

Knowledge of local organisms and resistance patterns plays an integral role in appropriate antimicrobial selection. (medscape.com)

In the first plate that the bacterium was plated on it included the LB broth and of ampicillin antibiotic (amp), 2 colonies were present. (ipl.org)

In November 2015, a report from China first described plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance caused by the mcr-1 gene. (cdc.gov)

The resistance mechanisms listed were identified by analysis of whole genome sequence using the ResFinder database (last updated June 2, 2016 and accessed on October 25, 2016). (cdc.gov)

Resistance profiles were determined against 33 antimicrobials by microbroth dilution. (mdpi.com)
Antimicrobial resistance was not related to the presence or absence of antimicrobials in the current ration being fed at the time of sample collection. (usda.gov)
The expanding use of antimicrobials in livestock is an important contributor to the worldwide rapid increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). (nature.com)

Ampicillin is contraindicated in those with a hypersensitivity to penicillins, as they can cause fatal anaphylactic reactions. (wikipedia.org)

Cefoxitin (30g) was used as surrogate to determine phenotypic methicillin resistance in staphylococcus isolates, and the methicillin resistance ( mec A) gene was detected by conventional PCR assay. (who.int)

No additional resistance was found in the isolate from the second pig. (cdc.gov)

Statistical tests show a significant correlation between biofilm production and antibiotic resistance in S. aureus . (hindawi.com)
This study revealed that there is a significant correlation between biofilm production and antibiotic resistance in S. aureus isolated from raw milk. (hindawi.com)

The same study found resistance to ampicillin in 65.5% of the animals. (allaboutfeed.net)

This is a drug combination of a beta-lactamase inhibitor and ampicillin. (medscape.com)

Resistance to ampicillin is mediated primarily through enzymes called beta-lactamases that cleave the beta-lactam ring of ampicillin, rendering it inactive. (nih.gov)

its excretion can be delayed by concurrent administration of probenecid which inhibits the renal tubular secretion of ampicillin. (nih.gov)

Anatomy2

Organisms12

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs45

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Phenomena and Processes36

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science2

Chloramphenicol6

Tetracycline5

Bacteria23

Sulbactam17

Strains9

Escherichia6

Antibiotics9

Susceptibility2

Salmonella9

Level to ampicillin1

Equivalent to 250 mg1

Bacterial resistance2

Vancomycin1

Genes8

Concentrations2

Antibacterial1

Therapeutic4

Coli isolates3

Meningitis2

Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System1

Humans1

Infections1

Drug Resistance2

Showed resistance prevalence1

Unasyn1

Semisynthetic2

Enzyme2

Isolates showed2

Tigecycline1

Sulfamethoxazole1

Intramuscular1

Antibiotic resistance patterns1

Multiple antibiotic resistance2

Amoxicillin1

Multidrug resistance1

Patterns1

Broth1

Plasmid mediated1

Mechanisms1

Antimicrobials3

Penicillins1

Staphylococcus1

Isolate1

Biofilm2

Found resistance1

Combination1

Beta-lactamases1

Renal1