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Semliki forest virusAlphavirusSindbis VirusTogaviridae InfectionsAlphavirus InfectionsArbovirus InfectionsCricetinaeVirus ReplicationRNA, ViralViral ProteinsCell LineMembrane FusionViral InterferenceChikungunya virusRNA VirusesDefective VirusesViral Envelope ProteinsRoss River virusRepliconViral Fusion ProteinsVirus AssemblyTreesReceptors, VirusVirus CultivationVaccinia virusGenetic VectorsCapsidMolecular Sequence DataVirus DiseasesVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusArbovirusesAedesVirionAntibodies, ViralMembrane Fusion ProteinsViral Structural ProteinsGold Sodium ThiomalateViral Nonstructural ProteinsViral Plaque AssayHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationAntigens, ViralVirus SheddingVero CellsCytopathogenic Effect, ViralAmino Acid SequenceCulicidaePhylogenyGenes, ViralGlycoproteinsSimian virus 40VirulencePlant VirusesDNA VirusesNeutralization TestsDibucaineCercopithecus aethiopsEncephalitis Virus, Venezuelan EquineGene Expression Regulation, ViralEncephalitis, ArbovirusAntiviral AgentsMeasles virusDemyelinating DiseasesLiposomesInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeEncephalitis Virus, Western EquineHemagglutinins, ViralSpecies SpecificityTemperatureRabies virusInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeCell MembraneProtein PrecursorsCulture TechniquesViral Core ProteinsNucleocapsidCells, CulturedRNA ReplicaseDNA, ViralKidneyForestryMicroscopy, ElectronVaccines, SyntheticViral VaccinesThiomalatesProtein BiosynthesisLeporipoxvirusEncephalitis Viruses, Tick-BorneInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeChick EmbryoHepatitis B virusTropical ClimateWest Nile virusCysteine EndopeptidasesSequence Analysis, DNARespiratory Syncytial VirusesMutationHeLa CellsMonensinMice, Inbred BALB CPlasmids
TogaviridaeMosquitoesFlavivirusMayaroPathogenicReplicon vectorReplicationChikungunya virusRecombinantSindbis VirusParticlesInfectionCompriseGenomeZikaDengueArbovirusesCHIKVMembrane FusionMosquitoInfectVectorFamilyEpidemiologySINVInfluenzaFebrileNsP2ViralSpeciesPathogensProteinsTransmissionHemorrhagicArthropodCellsMolecularRashIllnessStructureBacteriaGeneActivityHuman
Togaviridae7
  • Alphavirus is a genus of RNA viruses, the sole genus in the Togaviridae family. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alphaviruses comprise a genus of the family Togaviridae, currently containing about 26 members, including the well-characterized prototype viruses, semliki forest virus (SFV) and sindbis virus (SV). (elsevierpure.com)
  • genus Alphavirus , family Togaviridae ) is a single-stranded positive RNA virus that was first isolated in Trinidad in 1954 ( 1 ) and is one of the viruses that comprise the Semliki Forest virus complex ( 2 ). (blogspot.com)
  • CHIKV is a small (60 - 70 nm) spherical enveloped virus with single- stranded positive sense RNA molecule and belongs to the genus Alphavirus, which included more than 30 species of arthropod borne viruses [1], and the family Togaviridae (Figure 1). (actascientific.com)
  • Diagram shows the RNA viruses/Togaviridae family viruses/Alphaviruses [Modified from 41]. (actascientific.com)
  • Equine arboviral encephalomyelitis is due to infection with arthropod-borne viruses typically belonging to the families Togaviridae (genus Alphavirus ) or Flaviviridae (genus Flavivirus ). (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Sindbis viruses are enveloped, single-strand RNA viruses, belonging to the genus of Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae that has more than 30 members [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mosquitoes10
  • Transmission between species and individuals occurs mainly via mosquitoes, making the alphaviruses a member of the collection of arboviruses - or arthropod-borne viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Taking a synthetic biology approach, we mimicked this naturally occurring phenomenon by generating a superinfection exclusion-like state in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, rendering them refractory to alphavirus infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • By artificially expressing Sindbis virus (SINV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nsP2 in mosquito cells and transgenic mosquitoes, we demonstrated a reduction in both SINV and CHIKV viral replication rates in cells following viral infection as well as reduced infection prevalence, viral titers, and transmission potential in mosquitoes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Viruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes are an increasingly important global cause of disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sialokinin is unique within the insect world as having a vertebrate-like tachykinin sequence and is absent from Anopheles mosquitoes, which are incompetent for most arthropod-borne viruses, whose saliva was not proviral and did not induce similar vascular permeability. (bvsalud.org)
  • Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), Madariaga virus (MADV), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus complex (VEEV) are New World alphaviruses transmitted by mosquitoes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Ilheus virus (ILHV) are flaviviruses maintained by enzootic transmission networks between mosquitoes and birds. (bvsalud.org)
  • As a Sindbis-like virus (SINLV), XJ-160 virus was isolated from a pooled sample of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, China, in 1990. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 1990, we have reported the isolation of a Sindbis-like virus from a pool of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, China during an arbovirus survey. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They are transmitted through blood-feeding insects such as mosquitoes and ticks, and include viruses such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). (encyclopedia.pub)
Flavivirus3
  • University of Florida (Gainesville, FL, USA) have studied In Vero E6 cells, which had been inoculated with the speci- alphavirus and flavivirus transmission in Haiti in collabo- men, diffuse cytopathic effects typical for DENV-1 devel- ration with the Christianville Foundation. (cdc.gov)
  • Since May 2014, when chikungunya virus (CHIKV) swept across the island of Hispaniola, researchers at the University of Florida (Gainesville, FL, USA) have studied alphavirus and flavivirus transmission in Haiti in collaboration with the Christianville Foundation. (blogspot.com)
  • The flavivirus membrane fusion machinery, like that of many other enveloped viruses, is triggered by the acidic pH in endosomes after virus uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis. (rupress.org)
Mayaro1
Pathogenic4
  • The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
  • Multiple viruses, including pathogenic viruses, bacteriophages, and even plant viruses, cause a phenomenon termed superinfection exclusion whereby a currently infected cell is resistant to secondary infection by the same or a closely related virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • The South American variant, now called Madariaga virus (MADV), is less pathogenic and is confined to Central and South America. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Due to the relative difficulty and risk of handling these dangerous pathogenic alphaviruses, Sindbis virus (SINV), that normally causes a mild rash and arthritis in humans but can cause fatal encephalomyelitis in mice, has been used extensively as a model system for the study of the infectivity and pathogenesis of alphaviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Replicon vector2
Replication7
  • Four nonstructural proteins (nsP1-4) which are produced as a single polyprotein constitute the virus' replication machinery. (wikipedia.org)
  • The explosion of information in modern cell biology has in many cases been fostered by the use of viruses as experimental paradigms Subjects as wide ranging as RNA splicing, DNA replication, on cogenes, cell polarity, and membrane protein biosynthesis have all taken advantage of the experimental manipulability, high signal-to-noise ratio, and defined components of virus systems. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The extensive literature on alphavirus replication, structure, entry, and fusion has also been summarized in a number of reviews that are cited under the appropriate section. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Rubella Virus Replication and Links to TeratogenicityJIA-YEE LEE* ANDD. (vdocuments.net)
  • 2 incompatible viruses that were interfering with the replication of each other. (blogspot.com)
  • In alphaviruses, this process is thought to be mediated, at least in part, by the viral protease (nsP2) which is responsible for processing the nonstructural polyproteins (P123 and P1234) into individual proteins (nsP1-nsP4), forming the viral replication complex. (bvsalud.org)
  • Exogenously provided, e.g. transgene encoded, small RNAs could be used to inhibit virus replication, breaking the transmission cycle. (bvsalud.org)
Chikungunya virus4
  • Since May 2014, when chikungunya virus (CHIKV) described by Santiago et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Chikungunya fever, a re-emerging viral disease affecting both old and new world countries is caused by Chikungunya virus, an RNA virus belonging to Alphaviridae. (actascientific.com)
  • Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) was first detected in 1952, during a febrile outbreak on the Makonde Plateau, a border area between Mozambique and Tanzania [1]. (actascientific.com)
  • albopictus cell lines, reporter-based strategies for assessing the ability of two types of small RNAs to inhibit a chikungunya virus (CHIKV) derived target. (bvsalud.org)
Recombinant2
  • Recombinant plasmid pBR-XJ160 is an infectious full-length cDNA clone of XJ-160 virus, from which rescued virus BR-XJ160 can be obtained by transcription in vitro and transfection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using the mutational analysis of recombinant subviral particles of tick-borne encephalitis virus, we provide direct experimental evidence that the initiation of fusion is crucially dependent on the protonation of one of the conserved histidines (His323) at the interface between domains I and III of E, leading to the dissolution of domain interactions and to the exposure of the fusion peptide. (rupress.org)
Sindbis Virus6
  • On basis of pBR-XJ160, the effects of substitutions within nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) or nsP2 on the infectivity and pathogenesis of Sindbis virus (SINV) have been investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sindbis virus genome is a single strand of positive-sense RNA of approximately 12 kb which is capped at the 5' terminus and polyadenylated at the 3' terminus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Based on the divergence of nucleotide sequencing and biological characteristics, Sindbis virus can be divided into two groups: SINV and Sindbis-like virus (SINLV) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Biological and serological studies show this virus is a new subtype of Sindbis virus firstly isolated in China. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Complete sequence of the genomic RNA of XJ-160 virus contains 11626nt and shows typical genomic organization of Sindbis virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, nucleotide difference between XJ-160 virus and prototype Sindbis virus (AR339 strain) is 18%, much more than the nucleotide difference (2~7%) among the Sindbis virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Particles3
  • Glycoprotein (GP) is the major protective antigen of EBOV, and can generate virus-like particles (VLPs) by co-expression with matrix protein (VP40). (frontiersin.org)
  • Alphavirus particles are enveloped, have a 70 nm diameter, tend to be spherical (although slightly pleomorphic), and have a 40 nm isometric nucleocapsid. (wikipedia.org)
  • The expelling of virus particles from the body. (lookformedical.com)
Infection5
  • The endocytic virus infection pathway and the involvement of low pH in triggering virus-membrane fusion were first delineated, using SFV, and this virus has remained an important tool in the study of both endocytosis and membrane fusion. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Infection of the vertebrate host with these viruses is enhanced by mosquito saliva, a complex mixture of salivary-gland-derived factors and microbiota. (bvsalud.org)
  • Instead, the Aedes gene product sialokinin mediated the enhancement of virus infection through a rapid reduction in endothelial barrier integrity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting sialokinin have the potential to limit disease severity following infection with Aedes-mosquito-borne viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Infection with alphaviruses is common in the Chinese population. (biomedcentral.com)
Comprise1
Genome2
  • Alphaviruses belong to group IV of the Baltimore classification of viruses, with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The alphaviruses are small, spherical, enveloped viruses with a genome of a single strand of positive-sense RNA. (wikipedia.org)
Zika4
  • The clinical presentation can mimic that of chikungunya, previously isolated from members of this school cohort dengue, and Zika virus infections. (cdc.gov)
  • ples were obtained from 177 children who met the crite- Furthermore, no CHIKV- or Zika virus-specific amplicons ria for acute undifferentiated febrile illness. (cdc.gov)
  • The clinical presentation can mimic that of chikungunya, dengue, and Zika virus infections. (blogspot.com)
  • Zika virus and enterovirus D68 have been previously isolated from members of this school cohort ( 7 , 8 ). (blogspot.com)
Dengue1
  • Alpha viruses are not found in the Antarctica, and they are also sensitive to temperature above 58°C. Ecological pattern and vector transmission of Alpha viruses is similar to many Flaviviruses like dengue fever virus and yellow fever virus. (actascientific.com)
Arboviruses1
  • Arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses have a unique effect on neutrophil function since viral factors as well as vector factors can affect the activity of these cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
CHIKV1
  • CHIKV is now included in the re-emerging virus group, particularly due to its recent expansion in the Americas. (actascientific.com)
Membrane Fusion3
Mosquito4
  • He had no rash and no mosquito vectors, especially those of genus Haemagogus conjunctivitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Its transmission cycle is thought to occur mainly through mosquito vectors, especially those of genus Haemagogus ( 3 ), but Aedes spp. (blogspot.com)
  • albopictus are the main vectors of mosquito-borne viruses of medical and veterinary significance. (bvsalud.org)
  • Together, our rRT-PCR validation in human and mosquito samples suggests that this method can be incorporated into mosquito and human encephalitic alphavirus surveillance programs in endemic regions. (bvsalud.org)
Infect2
  • Alphaviruses that could infect both vertebrates and arthropods are referred dual-host alphaviruses, while insect-specific alphaviruses such as Eilat virus and Yada yada virus are restricted to their competent arthropod vector. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, some viruses such as influenza, specifically H5N1, and West Nile virus are known to infect and replicate within neutrophils, using these cells as reservoirs for dissemination, although mechanisms involved in this phenomenon remain unclear [ 4 ] [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Vector1
  • The ability of their vector to enhance viral pathogenesis and transmission makes the development of treatments against these viruses challenging. (encyclopedia.pub)
Family2
  • genus Alphavirus , family Toga- The Case viridae ) is a single-stranded positive RNA virus that On January 8, 2015, an 8-year-old boy was examined at was first isolated in Trinidad in 1954 ( 1 ) and is one of the the school clinic because of fever and abdominal pain. (cdc.gov)
  • A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Epidemiology1
  • Along with the treatment part a review of the biology and epidemiology of the virus is also included. (actascientific.com)
SINV1
  • In addition, XJ-160 virus possesses some special biological characteristics, for example, we found that XJ-160 virus can be neutralized by anti-Sindbis antibody, but SINV can't be neutralized by anti-XJ-160 antibody, i.e. it has nonreciprocal serological reaction between XJ-160 virus and SINV. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza1
  • The alphaviral glycoprotein E1 is a class II viral fusion protein, which is structurally different from the class I fusion proteins found in influenza virus and HIV. (wikipedia.org)
Febrile1
  • We isolated this virus from a child cultured by using cell lines and conditions as previously with acute febrile illness in rural Haiti, confirming its role as a cause of mosquitoborne illness in the Caribbean region. (cdc.gov)
NsP21
  • Mutations in nsP2 that produce noncytopathic viruses or a temperature sensitive phenotypes cluster at the P2/P3 interface region. (wikipedia.org)
Viral4
  • Upon exposure of the virus to the acidity of the endosome, E1 dissociates from E2 to form an E1 homotrimer, which is necessary for the fusion step to drive the cellular and viral membranes together. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most alphaviruses lose the peripheral protein E3, but in Semliki viruses it remains associated with the viral surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most alphaviruses have conserved domains involved in regulation of viral RNA synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The entry of enveloped viruses into host cells involves a fusion step between the viral and a cellular membrane. (rupress.org)
Species3
  • There are five species of EBOV, including Zaire virus (ZEBOV), Sudan virus (SEBOV), Taï Forest virus (TEBOV), Bundibugyo virus (BEBOV), and Reston virus (REBOV). (frontiersin.org)
  • Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
  • The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS , but whose true origin is unknown. (lookformedical.com)
Pathogens2
  • Diagnostic testing for these viruses is difficult because many of the pathogens require specialized biocontainment. (bvsalud.org)
  • Note the virus list is broken down to genus level classification and only contains BSL2 and BSL3 non select agent pathogens. (cdc.gov)
Proteins1
  • The E1 and E2 proteins mediate contact between the virus and the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
Transmission2
  • Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). (lookformedical.com)
  • This group of viruses have been known to cause significant morbidity and mortality around the world, with the potential to spread quickly and expand their geographical range due to their distinct mode of transmission using arthropods. (encyclopedia.pub)
Hemorrhagic1
  • Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans, and no approved therapeutics or vaccine is currently available. (frontiersin.org)
Arthropod1
  • These arthropod-borne viruses are a large group consisting of viruses from a wide range of families. (encyclopedia.pub)
Cells3
  • Here, we describe the generation of 39 flaviviral virus-like particle (VLP)- and nonstructural protein 1 (NS1)-secreting stable cell lines in HEK-293 cells representing 13 medically important flaviviruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • The BR-XJ160 virus raised in BHK-21 cells was indistinguishable from the XJ-160 virus in its biological properties, including its plaque morphology, growth kinetics and suckling mouse neurovirulence. (biomedcentral.com)
Molecular2
  • Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response. (lookformedical.com)
  • It has been hypothesized that conserved histidines in the class II fusion protein E of these viruses function as molecular switches and, by their protonation, control the fusion process. (rupress.org)
Rash1
  • Similar to other SINVs, XJ-160 virus causes fever, rash, and arthritis in humans but causes an age-dependent encephalitis in mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Illness1
  • The notion that rubella wasonly a mild illness of children was dispelled in 1941, whenNorman Gregg, an Australian ophthalmic surgeon, reportedthe devastating teratogenic effects of the virus (47). (vdocuments.net)
Structure1
  • The structure of the Semliki Forest virus revealed a structure that is similar to that of flaviviral glycoprotein E, with three structural domains in the same primary sequence arrangement. (wikipedia.org)
Bacteria1
  • The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses ( PROVIRUSES ) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Gene1
  • Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Activity1
Human1
  • BACKGROUND: Only two naturally occurring human Sabiá virus (SABV) infections have been reported, and those occurred over 20 years ago. (bvsalud.org)