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The 2020-2023 Western Saharan clashes, also called the Guerguerat crisis, Moroccan military intervention in Guerguerat or Second Western Sahara War, is an armed conflict between the Kingdom of Morocco and the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), represented at the United Nations by the Polisario Front, in the disputed region of Western Sahara. (wikipedia.org)
All contents (c) 2023, Graham Digital Holding Company. (foreignpolicy.com)

Morocco has occupied the area since 1975. (euobserver.com)
While the Polisario Front had waged a low-intensity war of national liberation against Spanish colonial authorities since May 1973, the Western Sahara War began in October 1975, just weeks before the death of long-time Spanish dictator Francisco Franco, when Moroccan and Mauritanian forces, aided by France, invaded the Spanish colony. (wikipedia.org)
The territory was ceded to Morocco and Mauritania after the exit of Spain as a colonial power in 1975. (popularresistance.org)
While the 1975 annexation and the resulting conflict forced tens of thousands of Sahrawi people into refugee camps in the desert, European countries and Morocco have remained fixed on exploiting the occupied territory's resources, such as fertile fishing grounds off the coast. (left.eu)
Sahara since 1975. (lu.se)
In October 1975, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) rejected claims from Morocco and Mauritania regarding their alleged sovereignty over the territory. (regjeringen.no)
Former colonizer of the territory, Spain, which had handed over the territory of Western Sahara to the invading Moroccan forces in 1975, once again in March 2022 rescinded recognition of SADR and accepted Morocco's claim of sovereignty over the territory. (atlasofwars.com)
Morocco annexed Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony, in 1975. (cameroonconcordnews.com)
The Western Sahara conflict dates back to 1975, after the withdrawal of colonial occupier Spain, sparking a 15-year war between the Algeria-backed Polisario Front and Morocco for control over the territory. (arabnews.com)
8 On 16 October 1975, the International Court of Justice handed down the Advisory Opinion requested (Western Sahara, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1975, p. 12). (wsrw.org)

In February, three Danish journalists who came to see the situation in Western Sahara for themselves were expelled by Moroccan authorities," he added. (euobserver.com)
Sweden u-turned on a decision to recognise Western Sahara earlier this year, and signed a extradition agreement allowing it to return Moroccan children that are living on Swedish streets. (euobserver.com)
Tensions between Morocco and the Polisario Front deepened in mid-October 2020 when Sahrawi peaceful protesters blocked a controversial road connecting Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara to sub-Saharan Africa. (wikipedia.org)
The Polisario Front urged the United Nations to intervene, noting that the Moroccan military operation violated the ceasefire agreements of the 1990s, and furthermore accused the Moroccan security forces of shooting at unarmed civilians in the buffer strip. (wikipedia.org)
Clashes spread that same day along the Moroccan Berm, with Morocco claiming that it had repelled a Sahrawi incursion near Al Mahbes. (wikipedia.org)
reports Fighting has erupted in several areas between the Moroccan military and the Polisario Front, the Sahrawi liberation movement seeking independence, after the Moroccan military broke into a no-go buffer zone in southern Western Sahara. (parkindymedia.org)
Former United States President Donald Trump in 2020, recognized Moroccan control over the Western Sahara in an attempt to strengthen relations between the Kingdom and the State of Israel. (popularresistance.org)
Systematic human rights abuses, police brutality, violations of international law and fundamental rights, the Sahrawi people of Africa's last colony, Western Sahara, have endured decades of repression at the hands of Moroccan occupying forces. (left.eu)
What followed was a sham effort at 'consultation' by the Commission, involving a strange assortment of groups such as Morocco's largest mining firm, officials elected illegally under Moroccan occupation, Moroccan state-owned companies and private corporate interests. (left.eu)
MEP Patricia Lalonde, was a board member at a secretive Morocco-based foundation, EuroMedA, alongside former Moroccan government ministers and state officials. (left.eu)
This led to a reported shortage of gas in both Morocco and also Spain, which had previously received gas supplies through the Gazoduc Maghreb Europe (GME) pipeline, despite claims made by Moroccan officials that the move would have little impact. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
We express our strongest condemnation of the new aggression perpetrated by the Moroccan army against the Saharawi population, as well as our total rejection of the unacceptable behaviour of the Spanish Government in the face of the worrying events in Western Sahara. (pressenza.com)
We urge the Spanish Government to fulfil its obligations as the administering power of the Saharawi territory pending decolonisation so that the Saharawi population can gain access to their freedom and independence and, in turn, we demand that the Spanish Government immediately cease the sale and donation of arms to the Moroccan army. (pressenza.com)
We denounce the crimes against humanity committed by Morocco in the Occupied Territories of Western Sahara and the ongoing harassment and brutality with which the Moroccan apparatus of repression treats the Saharawi civilian population, activists and journalists. (pressenza.com)
The company Kerr-McGee Corporation 3 Through its subsidiary Kerr-McGee du Maroc Ltd. entered in 2001 into a contract with the governmental Moroccan oil company ONAREP regarding geological and geophysical studies off shore Western Sahara. (regjeringen.no)
Moroccan authorities describe Western Sahara as "Moroccan Saharan Provinces", and claim sovereignty over the area. (regjeringen.no)
According to the UN, however, Western Sahara is still a Non-Self-Governing Territory, and, as such, not subject to Moroccan sovereignty. (regjeringen.no)
This includes falling government stability in Israel and challenges to Moroccan long-term foreign policy goals, which could face some setbacks due to an escalation of tensions with the Polisario Front. (fitchsolutions.com)
Moroccan forces currently occupy over 80% of SADR, also known as Western Sahara, which remains classified by the UN as among the last countries still awaiting decolonization. (atlasofwars.com)
The ceasefire broke down after Moroccan troops crossed the berm to forcibly remove unarmed and peaceful Sahrawi protesters who were blocking an illegal Moroccan road to Mauritania through their territory. (atlasofwars.com)
On December 10, 2020, the Donald Trump administration in the US announced that "the United States recognizes Moroccan sovereignty over the entire Western Sahara territory. (atlasofwars.com)
The US government's approval of Moroccan occupation of Western Sahara came in exchange for its normalization of diplomatic relations with Israel on the same day. (atlasofwars.com)
The Moroccan government has targeted advocates like Khaya for their work defending the region's Sahrawi people and advocating for an independent Western Sahara. (democracynow.org)
Western Sahara is home to the Algerian-backed Polisario Front, a Sahrawi rebel national liberation movement aiming to end Moroccan presence in the territory. (cameroonconcordnews.com)
In 1991, Moroccan forces and Sahrawi rebels agreed on a UN-brokered truce and a referendum to settle the status of Western Sahara. (cameroonconcordnews.com)
The Campaign to End the Moroccan Occupation of the Western Sahara in partnership with the Institute of the Black World 21st Century and Pan African Unity Dialogue sponsored the webinar. (finalcall.com)
The aim was to break the silence on the Western Sahara," explained Mr. Fletcher, who is also co-coordinator of the Campaign to End the Moroccan Occupation of the Western Sahara. (finalcall.com)

In this Political Risk Tracker, we look at political risk developments in the Middle East And North Africa (MENA) in November 2020. (fitchsolutions.com)
The SPLA has been engaging the occupying troops along the length of the berm since the war for liberation of SADR resumed on November 13, 2020, after 29 years of ceasefire. (atlasofwars.com)
In February 2020, the U.S. and Taliban insurgents signed a deal in which Washington pledged to withdraw international forces from Afghanistan in return for the Taliban promising to prevent international terrorists from using Afghan territory to threaten the U.S. and to enter talks with the Afghan government. (cemas.org.uk)

A 1991 ceasefire deal brought fighting to an end, with Morocco in control of 80 percent of the resource-rich desert region and the Polisario Front clinging to hopes of a UN-supervised referendum on independence provided for in the deal. (arabnews.com)
The U.S. move came weeks after Morrocco violated a 1991 ceasefire agreement by breaching a buffer strip between Western Sahara and Morocco. (finalcall.com)

Morocco has also told the United States that she can bring stability to North Africa. (finalcall.com)

Young refugees in Algeria camps feel betrayed by EU over Western Sahara, threaten attacks on Morocco, as UN chief Ban Ki-moon makes rare trip to 'forgotten' conflict. (euobserver.com)
Some commentators have connected Morocco's interests over the region with the idea of Greater Morocco, which encompasses Western Sahara and parts of both Mauritania, Mali, and Algeria, and according to the narrative, was divided up by the French and Spanish colonizers. (wikipedia.org)
Morocco, claiming Tindouf and Béchar provinces, invaded Algeria in 1963, resulting in the brief Sand War, which ended in a military stalemate. (wikipedia.org)
However, several years ago, the Kingdom petitioned for readmission which was granted despite objections from several states including Algeria and the member-states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). (popularresistance.org)
With Israel's normalization, the feud between Algeria and Morocco is escalating. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
Dubbed North Africa's new 'Cold War', the tensions between Morocco and neighboring Algeria threaten to escalate and the consequences of this have a lot more to do with Western meddling in the affairs of the two countries than meets the eye. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
Algeria justified its move further by citing examples, such as Morocco using the Israeli Pegasus spyware against Algerian officials, supporting terrorists groups, failing to uphold bilateral commitments, the normalisation of ties with Israel, and refusing to engage diplomatically on the Western Sahara issue. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
Although many of the accusations made against Morocco by Algeria have been strongly denied, they nonetheless have a real impact on public perception of the two sides. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
He said that "first you are going to have them [Algeria and Morocco] seeking regional supremacy, through the arms race that we have been seeing for nearly a decade now, but also through the diplomatic race. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
Algeria, on the other hand, is trying to devise diplomatic efforts and we have seen the visits of Foreign Minister Ramdane Lamamra to the Gulf and also to many African countries … so that's the first way that will make either Algiers or Rabat as the leading regional power. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
Given that the Polisario Front enjoys a degree of support from Algeria and South Africa, Morocco's bilateral relations with these countries are likely to deteriorate somewhat, potentially affecting its goals of developing deeper economic and political ties with Sub-Saharan Africa. (fitchsolutions.com)
Morocco continues to support the efforts of the UN to relaunch roundtables with the same format and the same participants, especially Algeria, the main party to this conflict, in line with its Security Council resolution 2654," he added. (arabnews.com)
1 Western Sahara is a territory in north-west Africa bordered by Morocco to the north, Algeria to the north-east, Mauritania to the east and south, while its west coast faces the Atlantic. (wsrw.org)
From Algeria to Zimbabwe and countries in between, a weekly roundup of essential news and analysis from Africa. (foreignpolicy.com)
Regional violence and extremist groups have increased, spilling over into West African countries and worsening relations between Morocco and Algeria, Dr. Mundy added. (finalcall.com)

The UN brokered a ceasefire in 1991, after 16 years of armed conflict. (euobserver.com)

It was the latest escalation of an unresolved conflict over the region, which is largely occupied by Morocco, but 20-25% is administered by the SADR. (wikipedia.org)
Morocco denied there had been any armed clashes between the sides and said the truce remained in place, while SADR authorities declared the ceasefire over. (wikipedia.org)
The SADR declared war on Morocco the next day. (wikipedia.org)
Since then, the region has been the subject of a long-running territorial dispute between Morocco, supported by a number of its prominent Arab allies, including Saudi Arabia and Jordan, and the Saharawi Republic (SADR), an African Union member state established by the Algerian-backed pro-independence Polisario Front, which is recognized by the United Nations as the legitimate representative of the indigenous Sahrawi people. (wikipedia.org)
Spain has announced that it has endorsed a proposal by the Kingdom of Morocco to designate the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) as an "autonomous" region within the North African state. (popularresistance.org)
The most progressive states within the AU have supported the SADR in their struggle to win independence from Morocco. (popularresistance.org)
Both the United Nations and the African Union (AU) has recognized the SADR as a government in waiting with a legitimate claim to represent the people of the de facto colony. (popularresistance.org)
Nonetheless, in response to the seating of the SADR by the OAU/AU, Morocco withdrew its membership from the continental organization. (popularresistance.org)
The background for this request was that the Minister of Finance had received letters from the Western Sahara Support Committee and the Government of the SADR (Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic), asking him to disinvest from the Fund's investments in the company Kerr-McGee Corporation. (regjeringen.no)
Morocco, Western Sahara - M oroccan forces illegally occupying the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) have come under repeated bombardment by the Sahrawi People's Liberation Army (SPLA) . (atlasofwars.com)
Morocco withdrew from the AU in 1984, when the mineral-rich and sparsely populated Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) - commonly known as Western Sahara - was accepted as a member. (cameroonconcordnews.com)

But Morocco stopped the UN-negotiated referendum from taking place. (euobserver.com)
The violence ended a ceasefire between the opposing sides that had held for 29 years in anticipation of a referendum of self-determination that would have settled the dispute. (wikipedia.org)
Despite the establishment of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara in 1991, the referendum was never held. (wikipedia.org)
After the war, on 6 September 1991, an UN-brokered ceasefire was signed, promising a referendum on self-determination to the Sahrawis. (wikipedia.org)
The UN has been unable to ensure that Morocco holds a national referendum within the Western Sahara over the future of the territory. (popularresistance.org)
However, Morocco has persistently worked to defer the referendum, which has still not taken place. (left.eu)
In 1991, a truce was negotiated with the promise on a referendum on the right to self-determination of Western Saharan inhabitants, the Sahrawi. (lu.se)
Spain, as the administering power, has the obligation, not only to protect its citizens, but also to facilitate the holding of a referendum on self-determination so that the territory ceases to be the last colony in Africa. (pressenza.com)
The ceasefire had been secured in August 1991 after the UN Security Council (UNSC) established the UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) with the promise of fulfilling the Sahrawi people's right to self-determination. (atlasofwars.com)
However, backed by the US, UK, and the EU, Morocco successfully sabotaged the referendum promised by the UN, and MINURSO was reduced to a peace-keeping force. (atlasofwars.com)
6 On 20 August 1974, the Kingdom of Spain informed the UN that it proposed to organise a referendum in Western Sahara under UN auspices. (wsrw.org)
Furthermore, the UN General Assembly called upon the Kingdom of Spain, which it treated as the administering power, to postpone the referendum that it was planning to organise in Western Sahara until the General Assembly had decided on the policy to be pursued in order to accelerate the decolonisation process in the territory. (wsrw.org)
The UN Security Council recently voted 13-0 with abstentions of Russia and Tunisia to extend the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) for another year. (finalcall.com)
The UN established MINURSO in 1991 to monitor a ceasefire agreement between the two sides and a referendum on self-determination for the Saharawi people. (finalcall.com)

Egypt advocates a ceasefire in the Gaza Strip without any additional demands, Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry said, APA reports. (apa.az)

Christian Juhl, a green-left MP that initiated the motion, told EUobserver his peers were all worried that Morocco's occupation of Western Sahara was getting worse. (euobserver.com)
Since Joe Biden took office in January 2021, the endorsement of Morocco's occupation of Western Sahara has been reiterated. (atlasofwars.com)

Chinese President Xi Jinping rolled out the red carpet in Beijing on Monday for his Eritrean counterpart Isaias Afewerki, saying that China opposed sanctions imposed on the Horn of Africa nation. (vifindia.org)

Western Sahara is often referred to as Africa's last colony. (euobserver.com)
The region was a Spanish colony until February 1976, when the Spanish government informed the United Nations that it withdrew from the territory. (wikipedia.org)
A nearly thirty-year-old ceasefire has ended in occupied Western Sahara-what many consider to be Africa's last colony. (parkindymedia.org)
The line was 460 km long and sealed off Algeria's eastern and western borders to prevent FLN guerrillas from entering the colony from Tunisia and Morocco. (montrealserai.com)

The country is a quadrilateral located between French-speaking central Africa and English-speaking southern Africa. (thechiefobserver.com)

For nearly a year, his government had been at war with rebels from the Tigray People's Liberation Front, which was now pushing south from its stronghold near the Eritrean border and threatening to move on the country's capital of Addis Ababa. (juancole.com)
News seeped out of towns like Alamata and Mlazat that the drones' missiles were killing not just suspected rebels but dozens of people, many of them civilians, as they rode buses or shopped in markets. (juancole.com)
South Sudan's government and rebels will tomorrow implement their ceasefire signed after peace talks in Addis Ababa. (jjcornish.com)

While Mauritania withdrew from Western Sahara and recognized the Saharawi Republic early in the conflict, by the end of the war Morocco had obtained control of more than two-thirds of the vast desert territory in its western part, along the Atlantic Ocean. (wikipedia.org)
On the 28th of October, Soviets called for a ceasefire and Soviet forces withdrew from Budapest. (everydaysaholiday.org)

Formerly known as the "Spanish Sahara", the people of the territory have been demanding national independence for decades. (popularresistance.org)
The Western Sahara is the only country which has not been declared independent within the AU, whose predecessor, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) after contentious debate, has advocated for the total liberation of the Western Sahara for nearly four decades. (popularresistance.org)
For the Sahrawis under occupation, the nearly three decades of ceasefire are often considered wasted years. (atlasofwars.com)
Morocco has made an official request to join the African Union (AU) again more than four decades after leaving the pan-African bloc in protest at Western Sahara's membership. (cameroonconcordnews.com)
The freedom struggle for Western Sahara, a state in Northwest Africa, was recently discussed by experts worried about increased violence between Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic freedom fighters and Morocco, which has occupied the country for decades. (finalcall.com)

Harold Acemah, a retired Ugandan diplomat who represented the country at the UN for 25 years, says that Sudan's divided loyalty between African and Arab leagues has complicated the situation, as various players look up to different blocs for solutions. (co.ke)
One month since Sudan's conflict erupted, its capital is a desolate war zone where terrorised families huddle at home as gun battles rage, while the western Darfur region has descended into deadly chaos. (vifindia.org)

There are two main approaches to resolving the divide between the internationally recognised Government of National Accord (GNA) led by Faiez el Serraj which is based in Tripoli and controls almost all the west and the rival Libyan National Army led by General Khalifa Haftar which controls the east. (africa-confidential.com)
The last two points were directed at the fighters and officials supplied by Turkey to the Tripoli-based Government of National Accord (GNA) as well as Russia's Wagner Group which is backing the eastern-based General Khalifa Haftar . (africa-confidential.com)
The company flew its Boeing 757 from Washington to Dublin then on to Benghazi on 2 August at the height of US discussions with Libyan National Army commander Khalifa Haftar about a ceasefire with the Tripoli government. (africa-confidential.com)
Turkey and the Tripoli-based Government of National Accord (GNA) continue to insist there will be no negotiations unless the eastern-based Libyan National Army of General Khalifa Haftar pull out of both places. (africa-confidential.com)
General Khalifa Haftar may be in retreat on the battlefield after his Libyan National Army was forced away from Tripoli back to its eastern strongholds but the war for the support of foreign governments for both sides of the conflict is growing more intense (AC Vol 61 No 12 Haftar falls back). (africa-confidential.com)
Meanwhile, the internationally recognized Tripoli authorities, the Government of National Accord (GNA), are unlikely to make inroads in the south given that they have long neglected the region and do not have deep pocketed sponsors such as Haftar has in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). (aberfoylesecurity.com)

Mauritania relinquished its falsely designated authority over the Western Sahara, while the Kingdom of Morocco, one of the few remaining monarchies on the continent, has refused to allow the people of the territory to even conduct an internationally supervised and monitored election on the status of their own country. (popularresistance.org)
The Kingdom of Morocco has officially submitted a request to accede to the African Union Constitutive Act, and therefore, become a Member of the Union," the statement read. (cameroonconcordnews.com)
After its independence in 1956, the Kingdom of Morocco demanded the 'liberation' of Western Sahara, considering that that territory belonged to it. (wsrw.org)
If the answer to the first question was in the negative, it also requested the International Court of Justice to rule on the issue of the legal ties between Western Sahara and the Kingdom of Morocco and the Mauritanian entity. (wsrw.org)
Over the past year, fighting between the kingdom of Morocco and Western Sahara has grown. (finalcall.com)

However, while the Court's judgment meant the European Commission would first need to obtain the consent of the Sahrawi people before finalising agreements with Rabat, the Commission went on to relaunch a new trade deal, the EU-Morocco Association Agreement. (left.eu)
Rabat has denied most of the charges laid out against it by the Algerian government. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
Morocco has demanded that Israel recognise its sovereignty over the disputed territory of Western Sahara before Rabat opens an embassy in Tel Aviv, the news outlet Axios has reported, citing four current and former Israeli officials involved in the matter. (vifindia.org)

This recent proclamation by Spain is clearly a manifestation of the legacy of neo-colonialism, where even independent governments are subjected to the economic domination of the imperialist states. (popularresistance.org)
West African leaders will not go through with a threat to sanction Mali for jailing 46 Ivorian soldiers, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) said on Wednesday. (vifindia.org)
While we expect Hariri will eventually form a government, we do not expect this will lead to meaningful reforms, which in turn implies economic conditions will continue to deteriorate, thus fuelling social unrest. (fitchsolutions.com)
Egypt has played a mediator role between Hamas and Israel, having helped broker a cease-fire in May 2021, but the Egyptian government is now mired in economic difficulties . (foreignpolicy.com)
He is a Transformational Leadership Fellow at the Oxford University Blavatnik School of Government, a Distinguished Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson Center, and an International Leadership Fellow at the Adam Smith Center for Economic Freedom at Florida International University. (laurelstrategies.com)

The disputed region of Western Sahara is a sparsely-populated area mostly comprising desert territories, situated in the Maghreb region of Africa's northwest coast. (wikipedia.org)

News of the clashes in Budapest spread throughout the country. (everydaysaholiday.org)
Despite sporadic clashes with protestors and occasional use of tear gas and rubber bullets, government forces exhibited restraint with only one death reported. (state.gov)

In 2016, the European Court of Justice reaffirmed that Morocco had no sovereignty over Western Sahara, meaning that the EU's agreements with Morocco cannot cover the territory. (left.eu)

But amid all of this - negotiations, votes, rulings, resolutions - the fate of the people of the Western Sahara is at issue. (left.eu)
Somalia's government claimed on Saturday that the Al Shabab extremist group has for the first time asked to open negotiations, amid a military offensive the government has described as "total war. (vifindia.org)
On April 17, Igad appointed President Kiir to lead ceasefire negotiations alongside Kenyan President William Ruto and Djibouti's Ismail Omar Guelleh. (co.ke)
NEW YORK: Morocco's permanent representative to the UN on Tuesday called for a resumption of negotiations over the situation in Western Sahara. (arabnews.com)

The Ethiopian government did not respond to requests for comment, but authorities have previously denied targeting civilians in the war. (juancole.com)
To blame for the attack, according to the authorities, was "the Zionist entity [Israel]" and a "North African country," broadly interpreted to have meant Morocco. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
Burkina Faso's military junta has expelled France's ambassador, authorities said Monday, amid a surge in anti-French sentiment as the West African country moves to develop closer ties with Russia. (vifindia.org)
An attempt to destabilize Chad has been defeated, authorities in the Central African nation have announced, adding that 11 army officers were indicted over their alleged roles in the bid that took place last month. (vifindia.org)

All of the former colonies of Europe within the African continent have sought independence from the former imperialist masters. (popularresistance.org)
Since replacing Spain as coloniser, Morocco has attempted to control a territory about the size of the UK using military force to suppress free speech and pro-independence protests. (left.eu)
doesn't accept advertising income, corporate underwriting or government funding because nothing is more important to us than our editorial independence. (democracynow.org)
Polisario Front1, the liberation movement of Western Sahara, had fought to claim its independence but failed to do so. (lu.se)
Its aim was to achieve independence for Western Sahara. (regjeringen.no)
The escalation of tensions between Morocco and the Polisario Front - the Western Sahara independence movement - reportedly led to a limited military confrontation in November. (fitchsolutions.com)
Highlighting the consequences of this recognition, Dr M'membe continued, "By siding with imperialists and recognizing Morocco's colonization of Western Sahara, Mr Hichilema has not only disregarded the aspirations of the Sahrawi people for independence but has also compromised Zambia's reputation as a supporter of justice and freedom. (lusakatimes.com)

Libyan Prime Minister Abdul-Hamed Dbeibah said his government is ready to hold general elections this year. (vifindia.org)
According to a story that circulated in West Africa and the Sahel-given credence by an email sent by an "unofficial adviser" to former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton-one of the reasons why France's then-president Nicolas Sarkozy wanted to overthrow Libya's Muammar Gaddafi in 2011 was because the Libyan leader had proposed a new African currency instead of the CFA franc. (midwesternmarx.com)
In June Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el Sisi said that the Libyan central coastal town of Sirte and the airbase at Jufra further south both held by General Khalifa Haftar 's Libyan National Army (LNA) were red lines warning the Government of National Accord and its Turkish backers that Egypt would intervene if they were attacked. (africa-confidential.com)
A Libyan interposition force deployed in the country's western city of Zawiya after battles between armed groups left three people dead. (vifindia.org)

Although there are 55 African countries which are members of the African Union (AU) and the United Nations, the phenomenon of neo-colonialism has hampered genuine liberation and continental unification. (popularresistance.org)
3 In 1963, following the transmission of information by the Kingdom of Spain pursuant to Article 73(e) of the Charter of the United Nations, the UN added Western Sahara to its list of non-self-governing territories. (wsrw.org)
The U.S. position is contrary to the official positions of the United Nations, the African Union, the European Union, and the International Court of Justice. (finalcall.com)
The webinar panelists Nov. 2 agreed the embrace of Morocco undermined U.S. credibility as a broker on Western Sahara, which has been home to a United Nations peacekeeping force. (finalcall.com)

What is the incentive for Morocco to engage in peace talks when it has Europe's consent to carry on ignoring international law? (left.eu)

A year that began with no end in sight for one of the world's deadliest conflicts finished on a note of cautious optimism in Ethiopia's northern region of Tigray after a November ceasefire agreement. (vifindia.org)
The highlights this week: Amhara forces begin to withdraw in Tigray , anti-government protests in Tunisia , and reports of abuse of Kenyan migrants in the Gulf. (foreignpolicy.com)

In a joint news conference with his Egyptian counterpart, Sameh Shoukry, the pair said talks addressed regional issues including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, combating terrorism, and achieving regional security. (foreignpolicy.com)

The massacre of nine workers in the Central African Republic and other recent attacks raise questions about China's ability to protect its citizens overseas. (vifindia.org)
There has been a furious African response to the latest xenophobia attacks in South Africa that have left at least five people dead. (jjcornish.com)

South African Finance Minister Enoch Godongwana said his country had resolved a dispute with the U.S. over allegations that Pretoria supplied weapons to Russia, and South Africa is unlikely to face U.S. repercussion. (vifindia.org)
A delegation of six African presidents will be available to visit Ukraine and Russia in mid-June to put forward a peace initiative to the leaders of both countries, the South African president's office has confirmed, APA reports citing RT News. (apa.az)

This file photo released by China's Xinhua news agency shows an African Union summit at the headquarters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. (cameroonconcordnews.com)

Egypt stands for a ceasefire without additional conditions,' Shoukry said. (apa.az)

The country has recently seen the rise of far-right groups opposing the entry of refugees, most of whom are fleeing conflict zones in Africa and the Middle East, particularly Syria. (cameroonconcordnews.com)
Taking the form of a photographic book containing 18 cyanotype impressions of plant specimens, the project results from a collaboration between the artist and eight refugees from the Middle East and Africa. (montrealserai.com)

The Russian Federation intervention in Ukraine, which has gained significant support among the masses within the AU member-states, is taking place alongside the proliferation of Pentagon and EU troops on the African continent. (popularresistance.org)
It is disheartening that while the African Union works towards a peaceful resolution and maintains a ceasefire, Mr Hichilema has chosen to side with imperialist forces, undermining the solidarity of the African continent. (lusakatimes.com)

Mali's military has increasingly been establishing closer ties with the Russian government and military. (midwesternmarx.com)

The ceasefire in Libya and subsequent pledge to form a transitional government and hold national elections in December 2021 raised hopes of ending the ongoing civil war in the country. (fitchsolutions.com)
Elections for the lower chamber of parliament were held in 2017 and did not result in significant changes in the composition of the government. (state.gov)

In a letter from the Ministry of Finance dated 12 December 2004, the Petroleum Fund's Council on Ethics was asked to assess whether the investments by the Fund in the company Kerr-McGee could constitute a violation of the Ethical Guidelines for the Government Petroleum Fund. (regjeringen.no)

More than 15 senior officers have been purged from the Zimbabwe Defence Force following investigations into plots to oust President Robert Mugabe , a group of military officers told Africa Confidential this week. (africa-confidential.com)

He said, "The African Union, the successor to the Organization of African Unity, recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as a full member in 1984. (lusakatimes.com)

Drawing attention to the historical struggle of the Sahrawi people, Dr M'membe explained, "The Polisario Front, founded in 1973, has fought for the self-determination and liberation of Western Sahara. (lusakatimes.com)

The letter endorses Rabat's position on Western Sahara, describing Morocco's 2007 proposal for Sahrawi autonomy - which would integrate the territory into Morocco - as 'the most serious, realistic, and credible' basis for resolving the conflict. (popularresistance.org)
The judicial activism in a relatively uncharted area in this field, external relations, was analyzed through a qualitative case study of the CJEU case Polisario Front , concerning the application of a EU trade agreement to the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara. (lu.se)
The territory in this case is Western Sahara, South of Morocco, who includes the territory as part of its own country. (lu.se)
Western Sahara, a Spanish protectorate since 1884, was, according to the provisions of the UN Charter, established as a Non-Self-Governing Territory in 1963. (regjeringen.no)
The agreement did not alter the status of Western Sahara as Non-Self-Governing Territory under the UN. (regjeringen.no)
It separates the areas occupied by Morocco on the coast-side from the inland territory that is under the control of the Polisario Front (PF), recognized by the UN General Assembly as the Sahrawi people's international representative. (atlasofwars.com)
7 By Resolution 3292 (XXIX) on the Question of the Spanish Sahara, adopted on 13 December 1974, the UN General Assembly decided to request the International Court of Justice for an Advisory Opinion on whether Western Sahara (Rio de Oro and Sakiet El Hamra) was, at the time of its colonisation by the Kingdom of Spain, a territory belonging to no one (terra nullius). (wsrw.org)

Morocco used the accord to sell goods from occupied territories, which is illegal under international law. (euobserver.com)

According to the MINURSO, both Morocco and Polisario deployed forces near the area in late October, with Mauritanian forces reinforcing their positions along its border with Morocco, which is controlled by the Polisario Front. (wikipedia.org)
Finally, in 1991, the Moroccans and the Polisario Front independent movement signed a ceasefire. (left.eu)
For all these reasons, we demand from the Spanish Government coherence and firmness in its defence of International Law and the support and respect for the legitimate right to freedom of the Saharawi people, as well as the formal recognition of the diplomatic status of the Polisario Front, as the sole and legitimate representative of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic. (pressenza.com)
Another security issue is the conflict in the Western Sahara between Morocco and the Polisario Front, with fighting recently breaking out again, ending a 29-year old ceasefire. (atradius.it)

On 13 November, Morocco launched a military operation from the Berm into the demilitarized buffer strip of Western Sahara to clear the protesters near Guerguerat and restore the free movement of goods and people. (wikipedia.org)

On Sunday, China's new foreign minister, Qin Gang, ended his five-nation African tour in Egypt, where he held separate meetings with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi and Arab League Secretary-General Ahmed Aboul-Gheit. (foreignpolicy.com)
The members of the Africa Peace Initiative made the decision at a meeting of heads of state from the Comoros Islands, Egypt, Senegal, Uganda, and Zambia, as well as the host President Cyril Ramaphosa, on June 5 in Pretoria. (apa.az)

Speaking on the final day of the 78th session of the UN General Assembly, Omar Hilale said Morocco is resolute in finding a solution to the "fabricated regional conflict" as an aid to promoting peace and stability in the region and Africa more widely. (arabnews.com)

Starting as a reporter on his hometown newspaper, he moved briefly to then Rhodesia before returning to South Africa to become a parliamentary correspondent with the South African Press Association . (jjcornish.com)

Juhl said that Danish companies and municipalities should not take the risk of breaking international law. (euobserver.com)

On November 3, the infant government was invited to negotiate the withdrawal of Soviet forces. (everydaysaholiday.org)

They sadly went on to consolidate the illegal annexation by extending various EU-Morocco deals to cover Western Sahara. (left.eu)
Morocco maintains that Western Sahara is an integral part of the kingdom, but the international community has not recognized the annexation. (cameroonconcordnews.com)

Amid an ongoing dispute on the EU-Morocco trade agreement, the Danish parliament on Thursday (2 June) voted unanimously to warn Danish companies and municipalities from trading with Western Sahara. (euobserver.com)
Portugal renewed its support for Morocco's Autonomy Plan, describing it as a serious and credible basis to end the dispute over Western Sahara. (vifindia.org)

Further, under the current power-sharing arrangement, Netanyahu is due to cede the premiership to Gantz in November 2021, meaning the PM could collapse the government closer to this date, at a more politically advantageous time. (fitchsolutions.com)

Later that year, Spain entered into an agreement with Morocco and Mauritania concerning the transfer of power over Western Sahara. (regjeringen.no)
In the Agreement, Spain confirmed her intentions of contributing to the decolonisation of Western Sahara, and to transfer the duties as Administrative Power to Morocco and Mauritania. (regjeringen.no)

Africa Confidential reported early this year on highly lucrative British banking operations in Harare and the Botswana-based Imara Capital's recovery fund (AC Vol 48 Nos 2 & 6). (africa-confidential.com)

This commentary is published by BMI, a Fitch Solutions company, and is not a comment on Fitch Ratings Credit Ratings. (fitchsolutions.com)

The following day, alleged drone strikes carried out by Morocco directly targeted clearly marked Algerian trucks near the Mauritanian border with the disputed Western Sahara region. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)

Morocco constructed the berm in the 1980s, with the help of American companies Northrop and Westinghouse. (atlasofwars.com)

Juhl hopes that Denmark will take up the vacant leadership role in defending Western Sahara's interests in the EU. (euobserver.com)

As the weapon spreads across the globe, some U.S. lawmakers seek to crack down on the country, saying it's exploiting its NATO status to obtain key parts from Western manufacturers. (juancole.com)
The Sudanese are conflicted on whether to seek solutions to the conflict from the African Union and regional bodies, the Arab League, or the various countries that have vested interests in the country. (co.ke)
He stated, "It's very sad and humiliating that Mr Hichilema has decided to make our country a puppet and agent of imperialism against the subjugated, humiliated, and struggling courageous people of Western Sahara. (lusakatimes.com)
HH understands that Zambia has done more any other country in Africa to free other oppressed Africans. (lusakatimes.com)
Angola, in long form the Republic of Angola, in Portuguese República de Angola, in Kikongo Repubilika ya Ngola, is a country in South West Africa, bordering the Democratic Republic of Congo to the north and north east, from the Republic of Congo to the northwest (by the Cabinda enclave), Zambia to the east-southeast and Namibia to the south. (thechiefobserver.com)
On the same day as Qin's news briefing in Cairo, China's National Health Commission reported nearly 60,000 COVID-related deaths at hospitals across the country since the end of strict pandemic restrictions in December. (foreignpolicy.com)

Organisms1

Phenomena and Processes1

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena9

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities1

Information Science3

Named Groups1

Health Care6

Publication Characteristics1

Geographicals10

20232

197510

Moroccan27

20203

1991 ceasefire2

North Africa1

Algeria15

Armed conflict1

SADR11

Referendum14

Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh1

Morocco's occupation of Western Sahara2

Horn of Afr1

Colony4

Central Africa1

Rebels3

Withdrew2

Decades5

Sudan's2

Tripoli6

Kingdom of Moro5

Rabat3

Economic5

Africa's1

Clashes2

Sovereignty1

Negotiations4

Authorities4

Independence7

Libyan4

United Nations4

Peace talks1

Tigray2

Talks1

Attacks2

Russia2

Addis Ababa1

Shoukry1

Refugees2

Continent2

Ties1

Elections2

Violation1

Zimbabwe1

Sahrawi Arab Dem1

Self-determination1

Territory7

Occupied territories1

Polisario4

Buffer1

Egypt2

Stability1

Parliamentary1

Breaking international1

Withdrawal1

Annexation2

Dispute2

Closer1

Mauritania2

Confidential1

COMMENTARY1

Mauritanian1

Berm1

Sahara's1

Country6