Activating transcription factor 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

LPA activates at least six G-coupled protein receptors (LPA 1-6 ) stimulating different signaling pathways through heterotrimeric G proteins such as G i/0 , G 12/13 , G q/11 , and G s . (hindawi.com)
NF-κB pathways can be mainly activated by two pathways. (springer.com)
Since ER stress can cause differential modulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which includes the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) pathways, these were individually tested in 3a-expressing cells. (nih.gov)
Methods Pathways governing airway mucus cell differentiation include SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2), Notch, forkhead box A3(FOXA3)/SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the EGF-related neuregulins NRG1α and NRG1β. (bmj.com)
Like all plus-strand RNA viruses, the SARS-CoV-2 replication process within cells requires de novo production of viral RNA species, including single-strand (ss)RNA and double-strand (ds)RNA that can be sensed by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) subsequently activating antiviral pathways 7 . (nature.com)
These data suggest that the synergistic action of glucose and GLP-1 to promote insulin gene transcription is mediated through NFAT via PKA- and calcineurin-dependent pathways in pancreatic β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
Two signaling pathways arising from glucose metabolism converge to activate NFAT-mediated insulin gene transcription. (diabetesjournals.org)
Pathway analysis revealed multiple activated pathways involved in immunity, including type 1 diabetes. (lu.se)
When a second nutrient and its metabolic pathway are introduced, the system must further decide whether and how to activate both pathways. (lu.se)
A committee of experts, initially sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), meets every 2 years with the goal to classify the group of primary immunodeficiency diseases according to current understanding of the pathways that become defective in the immune system. (medscape.com)

Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
This protein also phosphorylates histone, casein, and the transcription factors ATF2 (activating transcription factor 2) and c-JUN. (thermofisher.com)

Orthologous to human UBA2 (ubiquitin like modifier activating enzyme 2). (nih.gov)

The rpn-10 mutant animals survive through the activation of compensatory mechanisms regulated by the conserved SKN-1/Nrf2 and ELT-2/GATA transcription factors that mediate the increased expression of genes encoding proteasome subunits as well as those mediating oxidative- and heat-stress responses. (nebraska.edu)
Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) compose a family of transcriptional factors that regulate the expression of various genes required for the synthesis of phospholipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol. (novusbio.com)
Antioxidant genes such as ferritin are transcriptionally activated in oxidative stress via the antioxidant responsive element (ARE), to which nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) binds and activates transcription. (embl.de)
They are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in plants, metazoans, and mammals, and are predicted to control the activity of 30% of all protein-coding genes [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Researchers have demonstrated that genes activated during metastasis are also able to initiate primary tumor development, and they explain the molecular mechanism involved. (sciencedaily.com)
Researchers headed by Jordi Casanova at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) now demonstrate that genes activated during metastasis are also able to initiate primary tumour development, and they explain the molecular mechanism involved. (sciencedaily.com)
He goes on to say "And that is that the same genes can activate tumour growth and metastasis, and therefore some tumours are conferred metastatic capacity from their very outset. (sciencedaily.com)
This overlap made us question whether the so-called epithelial-mesenchymal factors -- which activate genes associated with cell movement and migration, which are common in embryo development and are also present in metastasis -- play a role in tumour initiation," says Casanova. (sciencedaily.com)
The transcription factors regulated by eIF2α control the activity of genes involved in processes that help reduce the stress on the cell. (medlineplus.gov)

Acute exposure to alcohol stimulates dopamine release into the NAc, which activates D1 receptors, stimulating PKA signaling and subsequent CREB-mediated gene expression, whereas chronic alcohol exposure leads to an adaptive downregulation of this pathway, in particular of CREB function. (genome.jp)
Only the PERK pathway was found to be activated in 3a-expressing cells based on (1) increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2alpha) and inhibitory effects of a dominant-negative form of eIF2alpha on GRP78 promoter activity, (2) increased translation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) mRNA, and (3) ATF4-dependent activation of the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) gene promoter. (nih.gov)
This activates a pathway for aerobic adaptations via a gene transcription factor called PGC-1α. (trainingpeaks.com)
One pathway results from the direct effect of increased [Ca 2+ ] i , which activates calcineurin, and in turn, it upregulates insulin gene transcription via NFAT. (diabetesjournals.org)
Glucose metabolism activates this pathway by means of increasing [Ca 2+ ] i via L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) by affecting the electrical activity of the cell. (diabetesjournals.org)
The second pathway also involves glucose metabolism but appears to be driven by glucose-derived factors that target insulin gene transcription independently of [Ca 2+ ] i . (diabetesjournals.org)
In paper №2, I describe how mesDA neurons transplanted in the adult SN of a PD mouse model, extended axons across millimetres into the striatum, functionally reforming the nigrostriatal pathway. (lu.se)

ATF3 contributes to induction of the CHOP transcriptional factor in response to amino acid starvation, and loss of ATF3 function significantly lowers stress-induced expression of GADD34, an eIF2 protein phosphatase regulatory subunit implicated in feedback control of the eIF2 kinase stress response. (northwestern.edu)
In a subset of individuals, a muscle biopsy was performed for transcriptional profiling via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and microarrays. (medscape.com)

ISRIB (integrated stress response inhibitor) as a drug, imparts resistance to the cells against the downstream effects of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2)α phosphorylation such as activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) induction. (sigmaaldrich.com)

In vivo, in rats, hypoxia increased the mRNA and protein expression of P-glycoprotein but did not affect the mRNA of breast cancer resistance protein and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2. (aspetjournals.org)

ATF-2 phosphorylation in response to treatment of cells with tumor promoter phorbol ester has been demonstrated. (wikipedia.org)
Activated receptors directly or indirectly regulate cellular biochemical processes (eg, ion conductance, protein phosphorylation, DNA transcription, enzymatic activity). (msdmanuals.com)

Damcott CM , Moffett SP, Feingold E, Barmada M, Marshall JA, Hamman RF, Ferrell RE (2003) Genetic variation in fatty acid-binding protein-4 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma interactively influence insulin sensitivity and body composition in males. (umaryland.edu)

In this report, we explore the role of a family of protein kinases that phosphorylate eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) in coordinating stress gene responses. (northwestern.edu)

A drug's ability to affect a given receptor is related to the drug's affinity (probability of the drug occupying a receptor at any given instant) and intrinsic efficacy (intrinsic activity-degree to which a ligand activates receptors and leads to cellular response). (msdmanuals.com)

We find that expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a member of the ATF/CREB subfamily of basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins, is induced in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress or amino acid starvation by a mechanism requiring eIF2 kinases PEK (Perk or EIF2AK3) and GCN2 (EIF2AK4), respectively. (northwestern.edu)
The EIF2AK4 protein can turn on (activate) another protein called eIF2 alpha (eIF2α), which helps control protein production. (medlineplus.gov)
When cells are under stress, for example when the level of protein building blocks (amino acids) is too low, EIF2AK4 activates eIF2α. (medlineplus.gov)
In addition, activated eIF2α can trigger production of certain proteins called transcription factors, which control gene activity. (medlineplus.gov)

At the same time, the nucleus pulposus cells release Fas ligand (FasL) tumor necrosis factor to destroy the infiltrating immune cells and maintain immune isolation [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)

We conclude that the increased cAMP stimulation of Pgc-1 alpha expression is regulated by the combinatorial effect of transcription factors acting at the CRE on the proximal Pgc-1 alpha promoter. (elsevierpure.com)
Glucose and GLP-1 also synergistically activated NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells)-mediated transcription from a minimal promoter construct containing tandem NFAT consensus sequences. (diabetesjournals.org)
NFAT binds to three distinct NFAT elements within the rat I insulin promoter and activates insulin gene transcription. (diabetesjournals.org)
The BIC gene is activated by promoter insertion at a retroviral integration site on chromosome 21q21 in B cell lymphomas induced by avian leukosis virus. (biomedcentral.com)

Forskolin stimulation and C/EBP beta overexpression in 3T3-L1 cells increased C/EBP beta and CREB but displaced ATF-2 and CHOP10 binding to the Pgc-1 alpha proximal CRE. (elsevierpure.com)
Overexpression of ATF-2 and CHOP10 in 3T3-L1 cells decreased Pgc-1 alpha transcription. (elsevierpure.com)

ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK. (wikipedia.org)

To test our hypothesis that histone H4R3 and H3R17 methylation regulates ferritin transcription, H4R3 and H3R17 protein arginine (R) methyltransferases 1 and 4 (PRMT1 and PRMT4) were investigated. (embl.de)

Chronic ER stress promotes apoptosis, at least in part through the UPR-induced transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). (jci.org)
These findings suggest that CHOP is a fundamental factor that links protein misfolding in the ER to oxidative stress and apoptosis in β cells under conditions of increased insulin demand. (jci.org)
MiR-155 also upregulates Mxd1/Mad1, a network of basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factors which mediate cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, through regulating BCL6. (biomedcentral.com)
apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor. (gsea-msigdb.org)

Long-term memory (LTM) is formed by repetitive training trials with rest intervals and LTM formation requires transcription factors, including CREB and c-Fos. (sciencedaily.com)
In the neurons to which information is input, MAPK(1) activates transcription factor CREB(2) by training with an interval, and expresses c-fos(3). (sciencedaily.com)
c-fos is also a transcription factor, which is activated by MAPK and expresses CREB. (sciencedaily.com)
By repeating training, it became clear that a transcription cycle such as c-fos expressing CREB and CREB expressing c-fos was formed. (sciencedaily.com)
By repetitive learning at intervals, MAPK is activated in the nerve cells to which repetitive information is input, so that a transcription cycle of CREB and c-fos is formed. (sciencedaily.com)
In the nerve cells in which the transcription cycle is formed, the amount of CREB increases and it becomes an engram cell in which long-term memory is formed. (sciencedaily.com)
Employing chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate that C/EBP beta, CREB, ATF-2, and CHOP10 are bound to the Pgc-1 alpha proximal CRE, but CHOP10 does not bind in HIB-1B cell lysates. (elsevierpure.com)

[ 2 ] However, it is known that millions of US individuals have obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus . (medscape.com)

This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins. (wikipedia.org)

When PGC-1α is activated, many adaptations occur, including the creation of new mitochondria. (trainingpeaks.com)
We have previously shown that in response to ROS, PKD1 is activated at the mitochondria. (biologists.com)
[ 1 , 2 ] Loss of mitochondria occurs in many of these maladies, but defects in the remaining mitochondria are emerging as key players in diabetes [ 3 ] and aging-related dysfunctions. (medscape.com)

Cardiomyocytes displayed a marked shift in metabolic gene transcription: downregulation of aerobic respiration and subsequent upregulation of glucose utilization, changes coincident with attenuated expression of PPARα and PPARγ coactivators -1α (PGC1α) and -1β, and increased expression of the metabolic regulator T-box transcription factor 15 ( Tbx15 ). (jci.org)
however, its role in antioxidant gene transcription remains elusive. (embl.de)
Currently there is intense interest to define the mechanism of action of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in regulating β-cell function, including insulin gene transcription. (diabetesjournals.org)
The rate of insulin gene transcription in pancreatic β-cells is regulated by a complex integration of signals derived from nutrients, hormones, and neurotransmitters ( 1 - 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
We have previously identified NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) as a key regulator of insulin gene transcription in pancreatic β-cells that is activated by the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin) in response to increased [Ca 2+ ] i ( 10 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

ATF-2 may mediate oncogenesis caused by mutant Ras protein and regulate maintenance of the aggressive cancer phenotype of some types of epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)

We conducted an ancillary study to the CALERIE 2 randomized controlled trial to examine the effects of 12 months of 25% CR on in vivo skeletal muscle mitochondrial energetics, mitochondrial content, and markers of oxidative stress. (medscape.com)

Enables SUMO activating enzyme activity. (nih.gov)
Predicted to be part of SUMO activating enzyme complex. (nih.gov)

S-phase kinase associated protein 2 [Source. (gsea-msigdb.org)

A nasopharyngeal swab from the patient tested positive for MERS-CoV by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)

protein phosphatase 2 catalytic subunit alp. (gsea-msigdb.org)

We first evaluated the expression of the gene coding for AP-2 γ (Tfap2c) in several bovine fibroblast donor cell lines and found it was not expressed. (usu.edu)
SCNT embryos expressed Tfap2c at the eight-cell stage, 2 days earlier than control embryos. (usu.edu)

upstream binding transcription factor [Sour. (gsea-msigdb.org)

We assessed the effect of Chop deletion in multiple mouse models of type 2 diabetes and found that Chop -/- mice had improved glycemic control and expanded β cell mass in all conditions analyzed. (jci.org)

This enhancement is combined with the activation of Pdx-1, the transcription factor that regulates insulin gene expression. (lu.se)

In vivo, the increase in CYP3A6 by hypoxia is associated with the increased expression and nuclear translocation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), activator protein 1 (AP-1), and constitutive androstane receptor ( Fradette and du Souich, 2003 ). (aspetjournals.org)
In X-linked SCID, loss of IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) function leads to the loss of a lymphocyte proliferation signal. (medscape.com)
Ability to bind to a receptor is influenced by external factors as well as by intracellular regulatory mechanisms. (msdmanuals.com)

Western Blot: SREBP2 Antibody (1D2) [NBP1-54446] - Lane1: HEp-2 cells. (novusbio.com)
Lane 2: MCF-7 cells. (novusbio.com)
The progression from insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes is caused by the failure of pancreatic β cells to produce sufficient levels of insulin to meet the metabolic demand. (jci.org)
Singularly, SPDEF, a transcription factor associated with mucus metaplasia, was rarely detected in mucus cells in IPF. (bmj.com)
Mucus cells lining abnormal airways from patients with IPF expressed MUC5B and SOX2 but lacked SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) and forkhead box A3(FOXA3). (bmj.com)
Knockdown of Chop10 in 3T3-L1 cells using siRNA increased Pgc-1 alpha transcription, whereas siRNA against C/ebp beta in HIB-1B cells decreased Pgc-1 alpha and Ucp1 expression. (elsevierpure.com)
Building on these observations, we found a specific activation of NF-κB and a block of IRF3 nuclear translocation in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. (nature.com)
Our results show that SARS-CoV-2 directs a cGAS-STING mediated, NF-κB-driven inflammatory immune response in human epithelial cells that likely contributes to inflammatory responses seen in patients and could be therapeutically targeted to suppress severe disease symptoms. (nature.com)
For SARS-CoV-2, lung epithelial cells are the primary site of infection and therefore are responsible for initiating immune responses to virus infection. (nature.com)
MiR-155 is produced from the processing of the B-Cell Integration Cluster (BIC), which is a non-coding transcript expressed in activated B cells, T cells, monocytes and macrophages [ 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Human influenza viruses preferentially recognize sialyloligosacchrides containing SAα2,6Gal ( 1 , 2 ), matched by mainly NeuAcα2,6Gal linkages on the epithelial cells of the human trachea ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
By contrast, avian viruses preferentially recognize SAα2,3Gal sialic acids ( 1 , 2 ), in accordance with the predominance of sialyoligosaccharides with SAα2,3Gal linkages on the epithelial cells of duck intestine. (cdc.gov)
2) T cell deficiencies affect the function in killing infected cells or helping other immune cells. (lu.se)
SCID can be broadly classified into 2 groups: SCID with B cells (70% of patients with SCID) and SCID without B cells. (medscape.com)
Assessment of T cell responses at 10 dpi showed a decrease in the number of total and activated (CD44hi) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at the site of infection (BAL and lung) in triclosan exposed mice compared to controls. (cdc.gov)
Reductions in the Th1 transcription factor T-bet were seen in both activated and tetramer+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the lungs of triclosan exposed infected mice, indicating reduced Th1 polarization and providing a potential mechanism for numerical reduction in T cells. (cdc.gov)
We still do not know what specific factors contribute to the success in transplantation i.e. what cells are responsible for motor recovery? (lu.se)

Substrate recognition by either RNA or DNA sensors leads to signaling cascades that activate two major branches of the innate immune response, the type I/III IFN response and the inflammatory cytokine response (reviewed in ref. 11 ). (nature.com)
Activated inflammatory cel s, in- persistent inflammation cluding neutrophils and macrophag- es, produce reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. (who.int)

It is the smallest (molecular weight: 430-480 Da) and the simplest bioactive glycerophospholipid derived from membrane phospholipids [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
In this study, we confirm that T-type CaV3.2 contributes to calcium influx by initiating membrane depolarization and activating L-type CaV. (lu.se)

Through transcriptome sequencing and functional validations, IL-23 was proven to up-regulate IL-9 expression in CTLs via activating the NF-κB signaling, leading to elevated productions of immune effector molecules and enhanced efficacy of antitumor immunotherapy. (bvsalud.org)
DNA, is preferred when demand for expression is rare, whereas an sources present at levels that are perturbed at some point in time activating mode is preferred in the opposite situation [8]. (lu.se)
Seven days of dermal exposure to triclosan decreased filaggrin 2 and keratin 10 expression, but increased filaggrin and keratin 14 protein along with the danger signal S100a8 and interleukin-4. (cdc.gov)

thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. (wikipedia.org)

Out of the three isoforms present (SREBP-1a, SREBP-1c and SREBP-2), SREBP-2 has been implicated more directly in the synthesis of cholesterol during metabolism. (novusbio.com)

Since the initial identification, SARS-CoV-2 has spread around the world leading the World Health Organization to declare a pandemic. (nature.com)
On August 2, a preexisting Infectious Disease Epidemic Plan (IDEP), established by the hospital outbreak committee and based on CDC and World Health Organization guidelines ( 3 , 4 ), was activated (Figure). (cdc.gov)

Transcription Factor CTCFL Promotes Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in Gastric Cancer via Activating DPPA2. (nih.gov)

The section is organized into three different types of studies: human cancer mortality studies ( Section 3.1.1 ), studies of lung-retained fibers in humans ( Section 3.1.2 ), and laboratory animal studies ( Section 3.1.3 ). (cdc.gov)
In late 2019 SARS-CoV-2 emerged as a highly infectious coronavirus that causes respiratory disease in humans, termed COVID-19. (nature.com)

The protein ATF-2 has 505 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)

Arsenic exposure activated ferritin transcription via the ARE concomitant with increased methylation of histones H4Arg3 (H4R3) and H3Arg17 (H3R17). (embl.de)

RESULTS: At baseline, CD4+ / CD8+ T cell ratio predicts good responses and outcomes, but activated T cell and cytotoxic T cell counts predict poor responses and outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
And for dynamic changes, after 6 weeks of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) treatment, compared with baseline level, the elevation of total T and B cell counts indicate poor responses, and total T and TH cell counts indicate poor prognosis while activated T cell predicts good prognosis. (bvsalud.org)
Recently, the RNA polymerase (PB2) protein has also been recognized as a critical factor in host range restriction, while the nonstructural (NS1) protein affects the initial host immune responses. (cdc.gov)
To investigate potential connections of the skin barrier and microbiome with immune responses to triclosan, SKH1 mice were exposed dermally to triclosan (0.5-2%) or vehicle for up to 7 consecutive days. (cdc.gov)

In this regard, this gene causes overgrowth of the wing, modifies tissue structure, and activates a series of genetic changes in order to facilitate initial tumour growth. (sciencedaily.com)
In this thesis, we aim to explore the underlying roles of CaV channels and aging-associated genetic changes in the development of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). (lu.se)
Aging is a recognized risk factor for T2D development, and the decline in pancreatic β-cell function is linked to genetic changes during aging. (lu.se)

Rabbits and rats were exposed to a fractional concentration of oxygen of 8% for 48 h to generate a stable arterial partial pressure of O 2 of 34 ± 1 mm Hg. (aspetjournals.org)
Eleven days old nursing Wistar rats were infected by direct intracisternal injection of 2 × 10 6 cfu/ml of Streptococcus pneumoniae . (biomedcentral.com)

Similar to SREBP-1a and SREBP-1c, SREBP-2 acts by first binding to sterol regulatory DNA sequences, and subsequently up-regulating the synthesis of enzymes involved in sterol biosynthesis. (novusbio.com)

In the second scenario, you do the same exact intervals, but add Zone 2 miles to your training to total 12 hours per week. (trainingpeaks.com)

Anatomy17

Organisms8

Chemicals and Drugs136

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes71

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Pathways10

ATF22

Ubiquitin-like modifier1

Genes9

Pathway7

Transcriptional2

ATF41

MRNA1

Phosphorylation2

Peroxisome1

Eukaryotic1

Receptors1

EIF24

Ligand1

Promoter4

Overexpression2

Protein kinases1

Histone1

Apoptosis4

CREB7

Type 2 diabet1

Proteins1

Mitochondria3

Gene transcription5

Mediate1

Oxidative stress1

Enzyme2

Kinase-associated protein1

Reverse transcri1

Subunit1

Tfap2c2

Upstream1

CHOP1

Insulin gene1

Receptor3

Cells17

Inflammatory2

Membrane2

Expression3

Chromatin1

Metabolism1

World Health Organ2

Invasion1

Humans2

Amino1

Concomitant1

Responses4

Genetic changes3

Rats2

Regulatory1

Intervals1