Abstract carotenoids. Medical search. Frequent questions

A method for analysis of carotenoid pigments in peanut oil is described. (springer.com)
The major carotenoid pigments found in peanut oil were beta-carotene and lutein. (springer.com)
Meléndez-Martínez, A. J., George, B. and Isabel, M. V. (2007) Relationship between the colour and the chemical structure of carotenoid pigments. (scirp.org)
Diflufenican inhibits the synthesis of carotenoids in weeds, which causes photo-bleaching of green tissues due to oxidative degradation of chlorophylls, the main light-harvesting pigments. (slu.se)
Carotenoids are the most common pigments in nature and are synthesised by all photosynthetic organisms and fungi. (uhu.es)
The carotenoid pigments of the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas rhodos were identified as 4,4′-diapocarotene-4-oic acid, di (β,ᴅ-glucosyl) 4,4′-diaptocarotene-4,4′-dioate, and β,ᴅ-glucosyl-4,4′-diapocarotene-4-oate-4′-oic acid. (degruyter.com)
Carotenoids are a group of naturally occurring pigments that are responsible for giving color to many plants, bacteria, and fungi. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Carotenoids are well-known isoprenoid pigments naturally produced by plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria as well as by several heterotrophic microorganisms. (frontiersin.org)
Carotenoids are important photosynthetic pigments that play key roles in light harvesting and energy transfer, photoprotection, and in the folding, assembly, and stabilization of light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes. (uea.ac.uk)
The genetically tractable purple phototrophic bacteria have been useful for investigating the biosynthesis and function of photosynthetic pigments and cofactors, including carotenoids. (uea.ac.uk)
Among these compounds are carotenoids, which are microalgal pigments with unique antioxidant and coloring properties. (uhi.ac.uk)
Carotenoid pigments are found in the retinas of many vertebrate species, where they serve a range of functions. (lincoln.ac.uk)

The photoactive Orange Carotenoid Protein (OCP) photoprotects cyanobacteria cells by quenching singlet oxygen and excess excitation energy. (nih.gov)

The retinoic acid receptor antagonist Ro 41-5253 was capable of suppressing retinoid-induction Cx43 luciferase reporter construct in F9 cells, but did not suppress reporter activity induced by the non-pro-vitamin A carotenoids astaxanthin or lycopene, indicating that retinoids have separate mechanisms of gene activation than non-pro-vitamin A carotenoids. (nih.gov)
Whether vegetables rich in carotenoids, such as β-carotene or lycopene, modulate immune functions in healthy humans is presently not known. (karger.com)
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a low-carotenoid diet supplemented with either tomato (providing high amounts of lycopene) or carrot juice (providing high amounts of α- and β-carotene) on immune functions in healthy men. (karger.com)
In a blinded, randomized, cross-over study, male subjects on a low-carotenoid diet consumed 330 ml/day of either tomato juice (37.0 mg/day lycopene) or carrot juice (27.1 mg/day β-carotene and 13.1 mg/day α-carotene) for 2 weeks with a 2-week depletion period after juice intervention. (karger.com)
The important stage for the accumulation of the major carotenoid, lycopene was found to be at 120 DAF (days after florescence). (researchsquare.com)
Plasma β -carotene, retinol, and α -carotene of these patients increased, but plasma concentrations of other carotenoids and α -tocopherol as well as concentrations of β -carotene, lycopene, α -tocopherol, and vitamin C in BMC remained unchanged. (hindawi.com)
Abstract Background Most studies focused on the benefits of lycopene on serum lipids but no studies have been specifically designed to assess the role of a tomato sauce from vine-ripened tomatoes on patients affected by polygenic hypercholesterolemia. (researchgate.net)
Fasting plasma carotenoids (α- and β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene and cryptoxanthin) were assessed using high performance liquid chromatography in a sample of 38 adult volunteers (66% female). (elsevierpure.com)
respectively) and relationships between plasma carotenoids (except lycopene) and weight status metrics (BMI, waist circumference, fat mass) were negative and highly significant. (elsevierpure.com)
Lower levels of all plasma carotenoids, except lycopene, were found in individuals with higher BMI. (elsevierpure.com)
To address these questions USDA scientists, in collaboration with a FDA scientist, examined the effects of individual responses of the carotenoids lycopene, beta-carotene, phytoene, and phytofluene to watermelon and tomato juice supplements. (usda.gov)
Lycopene is a type of organic pigment called a carotenoid. (medlineplus.gov)

Phytochrome-mediated light signals are major cues regulating carotenoid biosynthesis in plants, but we still lack fundamental knowledge on the components of this signaling pathway. (lancs.ac.uk)
The significant roles of carotenoids invoke an inclination towards understanding the mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. (usda.gov)
2008. Metabolic engineering of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants . (hutton.ac.uk)

In order to provide more insight in the potential signal function and underlying mechanisms of such colorations we here quantified patterns of variation of leg coloration in adult male and female Eurasian kestrels (Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus) over the breeding season, and evaluated the relationship between coloration and levels of carotenoids, androgens and estrogens, oxidative damage and plasma non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity. (rug.nl)
Conclusions: Neighborhood deprivation was associated with lower serum levels of carotenoids. (utmb.edu)

Different solvents including diethyl ether, 5% ethanol, pure acetone, 20% acetone, pure methanol and 10% methanol were used to extract chlorophyll and carotenoids from the purslane plant. (preprints.org)
The results indicated that stress, growth type and different solvents had a significant effect on the extraction of chlorophyll and carotenoids. (preprints.org)
Light-triggered degradation of PIFs after interaction with photoactivated phytochromes during deetiolation results in a rapid derepression of PSY gene expression and a burst in the production of carotenoids in coordination with chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development for an optimal transition to photosynthetic metabolism. (lancs.ac.uk)
We conclude that domestication of Chlorella vulgaris, by optimizing both carotenoid/chlorophyll ratio and resistance to photooxidative stress, boosted light-to-biomass conversion efficiency under high light conditions typical of photobiore-actors. (unife.it)

Total carotenoids in Antarctic Krill from. (ices.dk)
Under the selected conditions, the yield of total carotenoids for UAE was 23.4(±2.3) and 6.73(±0.56) mg of carotenoids per 100 g dry sample for the head and the body of shrimp, while for MAE was 23.92(±0.63) and 13.3(±1.1) mg of carotenoids per 100g dry sample, respectively. (unboundmedicine.com)
The optimum total carotenoids (TC) extraction from rapeseed with solvent extraction method by UV-visible spectrophotometer determination was investigated by using response surface methodology (RSM). (scirp.org)
Wang, L. and Liu, Y. (2009) Optimization of solvent extraction conditions for total carotenoids in rapeseed using response surface methodology. (scirp.org)

In this work, the importance of dietary carotenoids in skin health and appearance is comprehensively reviewed and discussed. (mdpi.com)
Attention is focused on the colourless UV radiation (UVR)-absorbing dietary carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene, which are attracting increased interest in food science and technology, nutrition, health and cosmetics. (mdpi.com)
These compounds are major dietary carotenoids, readily bioavailable, and have been shown to be involved in several health-promoting actions, as pinpointed in recent reviews. (mdpi.com)
Moreover, the recovery of a high-added value group of bioactive molecules from natural sources, such as carotenoids, can constitute a profitable and valuable commercial alternative, as these compounds can be used as dietary supplements, food color enhancers and additives in animal feeds, functional foods, preservatives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. (unboundmedicine.com)
ABSTRACT Food fortification is an effective, low-cost way to eliminate dietary micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. (who.int)
Dietary carotenoid manipulation is known to affect the allocation of carotenoids to the retina, although the effects this has on vision are less well understood. (lincoln.ac.uk)
Using dietary manipulations, in which juvenile Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) received either a high- or a low-carotenoid diet, we tested the effects of carotenoid availability on the ability to perform a color discrimination task. (lincoln.ac.uk)
however, only high-carotenoid diet birds were able to make a finer-scale discrimination involving intermediate colors, showing that dietary carotenoid availability can directly affect the ability of birds to make chromatic discriminations. (lincoln.ac.uk)
This finding has implications for our understanding of trade-offs in carotenoid allocation between vision and other key functions such as sexual ornamentation and health maintenance, and suggests that variation in dietary carotenoid availability may affect the ability of animals to make ecologically pertinent color discriminations, such as between sexual signals or cryptic food items. (lincoln.ac.uk)
Dietary carotenoids and the complex role of redness in the behavior of the firemouth cichlid Thorichthys meeki. (louisville.edu)
Chapter II documents how altering the availability of dietary carotenoids affects redness in the integument of male and female T. meeki . (louisville.edu)
abstract = "Dietary validation studies of self-reported fruit and vegetable intake should ideally include measurement of plasma biomarkers of intake. (elsevierpure.com)

0.05) in carotenoid, tocopherol, total phenolic, and condensed tannin contents of both extractable and bound phenolics fractions, as well as in antioxidant activities, were found in lentils before and after cooking. (unboundmedicine.com)
Sotirios, K. and Vassiliki, O. (2006) Antioxidant proper-ties of natural carotenoid extracts against the AAPH-ini-tiated oxidation of food emulsions. (scirp.org)
Andrew, J. and Young, G. M. (2001) Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of carotenoids. (scirp.org)
Seasonal variation in leg color was associated with circulating carotenoids, but concentrations of these molecules were not related to antioxidant capacity, body condition or oxidative damage. (rug.nl)
Jaques PF, Chylack LT . Epidemiologic evidence of a role for the antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids in cataract prevention. (nature.com)
The basis for the vivid color of carotenoids and their antioxidant activity is the multiple conjugated double bonds, which are characteristic for these phytonutrients. (bgu.ac.il)
Nonenzymatic antioxidant system also maintains the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including vitamin C, carotenoids and fish oil. (bvsalud.org)

Increased plasma carotenoid concentrations after vegetable juice consumption are accompanied by a time-delayed modulation of immune functions in healthy men consuming a low-carotenoid diet. (karger.com)
Second, it was investigated if an increase in plasma β -carotene concentrations by RPO supplementation modulates blood levels of retinol, α -tocopherol, and other carotenoids. (hindawi.com)
Quasiment tous les échantillons de sel iodé contenaient des concentrations en iode respectant les normes égyptiennes. (who.int)
While microalgae can produce some of the highest concentrations of carotenoids (especially astaxanthin) in living organisms, there are challenges associated with the mass production of microalgae and downstream processing of carotenoids. (uhi.ac.uk)
The results of the current study demonstrate that carotenoid intakes as assessed by the AES FFQ are significantly related to plasma concentrations of α-carotene, β-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin, the carotenoids commonly found in fruit and vegetables. (elsevierpure.com)
Objective: The objective of this study was to conduct a pooled analysis of the associations of the concentrations of 7 carotenoids, retinol, a-tocopherol, and g-tocopherol with risk of prostate cancer and to describe whether any associations differ by stage or grade of the disease or other factors. (bris.ac.uk)

To develop molecular markers for breeding of Chinese cabbage lines with high carotenoid content and to isolate the candidate gene underlying carotenoid synthesis, we performed fine mapping of the orange locus in a F2S4 mapping population. (usda.gov)

High-energy assisted extraction techniques, like ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE), are widely applied over the last years for the recovery of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, antioxidants and phenols from foods, animals and herbal natural sources. (unboundmedicine.com)
abstract = "Microalgae produce a variety of compounds that are beneficial to human and animal health. (uhi.ac.uk)
Carotenoid compounds were more stable in nanofibers followed by olive oil , milk and water . (bvsalud.org)

Orange head Chinese cabbage accumulates significant amount of carotenoids in comparison with white Chinese cabbage, which gives an incentive to breed orange head Chinese cabbage for further improving nutritional quality. (usda.gov)

This review discusses the synthesis of carotenoids within microalgae, their physiological role, large-scale cultivation of microalgae, up- and down-stream processing, commercial applications, natural versus synthetic carotenoids, and opportunities and challenges facing the carotenoid markets. (uhi.ac.uk)

Biological properties of carotenoids allow for wide range of commercial applications. (uhu.es)

Lutein, β -carotene, and zeaxanthin were the identified carotenoids. (scirp.org)
The determination of total carotenoid yield was carried out using the spectophotometric calibration curve (A=0.1646(±0.0061)C-0.005(±0.022), R(2)=0.996, n=3) of a standard mix solution of canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein at 452.1 nm. (unboundmedicine.com)
Zeaxanthin is another carotenoid closely related to lutein. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Individuals who were efficient and non-efficient responders for one carotenoid were not necessarily efficient and non-efficient responders for another carotenoid. (usda.gov)

In this study, Cara cara navel orange fruit at four development stages were used to identify the key genes and TFs for carotenoids and flavonoids accumulation. (researchsquare.com)
Furthermore, 15/15 candidate TFs might regulate at least three key genes and contribute to carotenoids/flavonoids accumulation in CNO fruit. (researchsquare.com)
Collectively, our results suggest that DXS1 , DXR , GGPPS2 , PSY1 and LCYB genes were the most important genes for carotenoids accumulation, while PAL-1 , PAL-4 , 4CL-2 , 4CL-5 , CHS-1 and CHI for flavonoids biosynthesis. (researchsquare.com)
A total of 34 TFs were postulated as co-regulators in both pathways directly or indirectly, which might play important roles in carotenoids and flavonoids accumulation in CNO fruit. (researchsquare.com)
Nutrient limitation is the main regulatory factor for carotenoid accumulation and for Psy and Pds steady state transcript levels in Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta) exposed to high light and salt stress. (ualg.pt)
In this study, we show that carotenoid accumulation is consistently inhibited in cells grown in nutrient-supplemented media and exposed either to high-light or medium-low-light conditions. (ualg.pt)
The regulatory effect of nutrient availability on the accumulation of carotenoids and messenger RNA levels of the first two enzymes committed to carotenoid biosynthesis is discussed. (ualg.pt)
Here we show that phytochrome-interacting factor 1 (PIF1) and other transcription factors of the phytochrome-interacting factor (PIF) family down-regulate the accumulation of carotenoids by specifically repressing the gene encoding phytoene synthase (PSY), the main rate-determining enzyme of the pathway. (lancs.ac.uk)
Our results also suggest a role for PIF1 and other PIFs in transducing light signals to regulate PSY gene expression and carotenoid accumulation during daily cycles of light and dark in mature plants. (lancs.ac.uk)
Moreover, transient gene expression through viral vectors allowed the accumulation of carotenoids outside the plastid. (frontiersin.org)

More specifically, cooking was found to favor the release of carotenoids and tocopherols and flavonols (kaempferol glycosides), but led to losses of flavanols (monomeric and condensed tannin). (unboundmedicine.com)
Background: Individual studies have suggested that circulating carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols may be associated with prostate cancer risk, but the studies have not been large enough to provide precise estimates of associations, particularly by stage and grade of disease. (bris.ac.uk)

Purpose A review of the role of vitamins, minerals, carotenoids and essential fatty acids in relation to eye health. (nature.com)

Individual responsiveness was found to be associated with genetic variants of the carotenoid metabolizing enzyme beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase 1 but not beta-carotene 9,10 -monooxygenase. (usda.gov)

Light capture, photosynthesis photoprotection, excess light dissipation and quenching of singlet oxygen are among key biological functions of carotenoids relevant for life on earth. (uhu.es)
Comparison with strains previously reported for enhanced tolerance to singlet oxygen, reveals that ROS resistance in Chlorella is promoted by at least two independent mechanisms, only one of which is carotenoid-dependent. (unife.it)

Considering the extraction efficiency for carotenoids from Aristeus antennatus shrimp, the selected conditions for UAE were 5 min, 600 W and 10:1 mL g(-1). (unboundmedicine.com)
Akhtar, M. H. and Bryan, M. (2008) Extraction and quantification of major carotenoids in processed foods and supplements by liquid chromatography. (scirp.org)
Sachindra, N. M. and Mahendrakar, N. S. (2005) Process optimization for extraction of carotenoids from shrimp waste with vegetable oils. (scirp.org)
Different trend was observed in extraction rate for chlorophylls and carotenoids. (preprints.org)
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Carotenoids from Pumpkin (Cucurbita spp. (wikipedia.org)

Among different solvents, pure methanol for chl a, pure acetone and methanol for carotenoids were best solvent for purslane plant with a growing type scrollable of under shade. (preprints.org)

Consequently, the condensation of two GGPP molecules produces the first carotenoid, the colorless 15- cis -phytoene ( Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)

New metabolic engineering approaches have recently been developed to modulate carotenoid content, including the employment of CRISPR technologies for single-base editing and the integration of exogenous genes into specific "safe harbors" in the genome. (frontiersin.org)
In addition to the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, several carotenoid metabolites were shown to modulate the activity of various transcription systems. (bgu.ac.il)

Carotenoids and flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in plants, which exert multiple bioactivities and benefits to human health. (researchsquare.com)
Carotenoids are also precursors of bioactive metabolites called apocarotenoids, including vitamin A and the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactones (SLs). (frontiersin.org)

Carotenoids are considered key molecules for life. (uhu.es)
Using appropriate examples from the literature, we discuss how such approaches have enhanced our understanding of the biosynthesis of carotenoids and the photosynthesis-related functions of these fascinating molecules. (uea.ac.uk)

The aim was to conduct a validation study of self-reported fruit and vegetable intakes in adults, using the Australian Eating Survey (AES) food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), against a range of plasma carotenoids. (elsevierpure.com)
We examined the association between the frequency of translocations (the most stable form of CA) and the intakes of vitamins C and E, and carotenoids among 82 male airline pilots. (cdc.gov)

We provide detailed procedures for manipulating carotenoid biosynthesis, and for the preparation and analysis of the light-harvesting and photosynthetic reaction center complexes that bind them. (uea.ac.uk)

Here, we give an overview of the roles of carotenoids in photosynthesis and of their biosynthesis, focusing on the extensively studied purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides as a model organism. (uea.ac.uk)
Vitamins play important roles in carotenoids obtained from foods may be many functions in the human body and The sample covered all ages, but associated with a lower risk of some may act to reduce the risk of many the following subgroups were cancers and cardiovascular disease, and common diseases. (cdc.gov)

Especially for the case of xanthophylls, the main carotenoid group of crustaceans, they can be extracted in a rapid and quantitative way with the use of UAE and MAE. (unboundmedicine.com)
Lutein is a member of the group of carotenoids called xanthophylls. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Emulsion electrospinning of zein nanofibers with carotenoid microemulsion: Optimization, characterization and fortification. (bvsalud.org)

Carotenoid coloration has been repeatedly shown to serve as a sexually selected signal of individual quality. (researchgate.net)
Healthy, agile individuals should be better prepared to avoid predators, so it could be expected that individuals displaying brighter carotenoid-based coloration would show a higher escape ability from predator attacks. (researchgate.net)
individuals displaying brighter carotenoid-based coloration would show a higher escape ability from predator attacks. (researchgate.net)

McGraw, KJ & Hill, GE 2004, ' Plumage color as a dynamic trait: Carotenoid pigmentation of male house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) fades during the breeding season ', Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 734-738. (elsevierpure.com)
abstract = "Evolutionary biologists studying sexually selected bird plumage generally consider this trait to be static throughout a breeding season and assign trait values to individuals on the basis of single measurements. (elsevierpure.com)

Here, we briefly describe carotenoid biosynthesis and highlight the latest advances and discoveries related to synthetic carotenoid metabolism in plants and microorganisms. (frontiersin.org)
The mechanisms as well as the genetics underlying bioavailability and metabolism of health promoting carotenoids in humans remain unclear. (usda.gov)
The mechanisms as well the genetics underlying bioavailability and metabolism of carotenoids in humans remains unclear. (usda.gov)

In birds, carotenoid containing retinal oil droplets act as optical filters, modifying the light reaching the underlying visual pigment and thereby enhancing color vision. (lincoln.ac.uk)
The carotenoid pigment producing yeast isolated from soil sample of Parambikulam Tiger reserve, India was identified as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa . (microbiologyjournal.org)
DPPH scavenging and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays were carried out with yeast carotenoid pigment. (microbiologyjournal.org)
The carotenoid pigment from R. mucilaginosa resulted in three peaks at retention time of 3.35, 4.55 and 5.92 min respectively. (microbiologyjournal.org)

Since androgens did not explain carotenoid variation we suggest that multiple interacting factors can regulate carotenoid levels along the season. (rug.nl)

Although the role of carotenoids in inflammation and in the pathogenesis of CF is not completely understood, it can be assumed that a low status of carotenoids has harmful effects such as those seen also for other antioxidants. (hindawi.com)

Lutein, a type of compound known as a carotenoid, may play a role in preventing or reducing the symptoms of macular degeneration. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The total carotenoid concentration in oil from mature peanuts appears to be less than 1 µg per liter of oil. (springer.com)
The maximum antioxidation characteristics of carotenoid by DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging antioxidantassays (77.18 and 74.74 %) were achieved by pigmentation of R. mucilaginosa at the concentration of 100 µg ml-1. (microbiologyjournal.org)

Experiments with birds have also shown that carotenoid supplementation can enhance flight performance, allowing birds to take off faster from the ground. (researchgate.net)

The major source of carotenoids is fruits and vegetables. (hindawi.com)

Glycolipids dominate in PL. Among the unsaponifiable substances were found biologically active components such as hydrocarbons, carotenoids, aliphatic alcohols, sterols and triterpenols. (who.int)

Unlike the other so-called food bioactives, some carotenoids can be converted into retinoids exhibiting vitamin A activity, which is essential for humans. (unimi.it)

Since the algal biomass did not increase over the course of this study, the existing carotenoids might have been sufficient, at least for some of the algae. (slu.se)
In this study, Cara cara navel orange (CNO) was used to investigate the profiles of carotenoids and flavonoids by a combination of metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. (researchsquare.com)
In this study, InDel and SSR molecular markers were used to construct a high resolution genetic map and define carotenoid isomerase (BrCRTISO) as the candidate gene for Br-or. (usda.gov)
To account for this potential effect of carotenoids in my study animals, I examined if color vision was affected by the high- and low-carotenoid diet treatments (chapter III). (louisville.edu)
Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that neighborhood deprivation will be associated with lower levels of serum carotenoids in comparison with wealthy residential areas. (utmb.edu)
Using cluster analysis, individual, temporal response of plasma carotenoids was analyzed from a controlled-diet study of adults who consumed carotenoid-containing juices. (usda.gov)
In this study, carotenoid microemulsion was encapsulated in zein nanofibers via emulsion electrospinning. (bvsalud.org)

Recently, the characteristics of a family of soluble carotenoid-binding proteins (Helical Carotenoid Proteins [HCPs]), paralogs of the N-terminal domain of OCP, were described. (nih.gov)

Carotenoids are isoprenoids widely distributed in foods that have been always part of the diet of humans. (unimi.it)

Here, we show that the latter genes encode carotenoid proteins (CTDHs). (nih.gov)

B-carotene and other or African American persons, low cognitive functioning, especially among carotenoids and vitamins C and E also income persons, and pregnant women. (cdc.gov)

Carotenoids, retinol, and α -tocopherol were measured in plasma at baseline and after intervention. (hindawi.com)

β -Carotene is one of more than 50 carotenoids present in the human diet and is known as provitamin A. β -Carotene is seen as the major plant source of retinol. (hindawi.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms9

Chemicals and Drugs27

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes7

Technology, Industry, Agriculture7

Information Science2

Health Care1

Pigments12

Orange carotenoid protein1

Lycopene12

Biosynthesis in plants3

Levels of carotenoids2

Chlorophyll4

Total carotenoids4

Dietary12

Antioxidant7

Concentrations6

High carotenoid content1

Compounds3

Amount of carotenoids1

Synthesis of carotenoids1

Properties of carotenoids1

Zeaxanthin3

Another carotenoid1

Accumulation10

Tocopherols2

Fatty acids1

Beta-carotene1

Singlet oxygen2

Extraction5

Solvent1

Phytoene1

Modulate2

Metabolites2

Molecules2

Intakes2

Photosynthetic1

Roles2

Xanthophylls2

Optimization1

Coloration3

Trait2

Metabolism3

Pigment4

Regulate1

Antioxidants1

Lutein1

Concentration2

Supplementation1

Vegetables1

Sterols1

Retinoids1

Study7

Soluble1

Humans1

Genes1

Vitamins1

Plasma1

Retinol1