TumorsGlandsSecretionAdrenocorticotropic hormoneMacronodular adrenal hyperplasiaAdenomaInsufficiencyCorticalTumorBenignCushing'sAdenomasEndogenousDestruction of the adrenalBilateralMalignantStimulation testPituitary GlandEndocrineDiagnosisGlucocorticoidNormal adrenalAldosteroneHormonesCongenitalSuppressionZona glomerulosaAIMAHPrimatesNeuroendocrineSuppressDisordersLesionsUltrasoundHumansOccurSteroidsDistinctCellsCharacteristicsLevelsMolecularLung
Tumors13
- Adrenal adenomas are often categorized as endocrine-inactive tumors considering that majority of them are non-functioning and asymptomatic. (wikipedia.org)
- correspondingly, the developmental physiology of the adrenal cortex is believed to play a pivotal role in formation of the adrenocortical tumors. (wikipedia.org)
- Hence, the molecular mechanisms involved in normal development of the adrenal glands are like double edged swords that can lead to the formation of tumors within the adrenal cortex. (wikipedia.org)
- Adrenocortical adenoma encapsulated, expansile, yellow tumors, lipid-rich cells, adjacent adrenal cortex and contralateral adrenal glands are atrophic b/c of suppression of endogenous ACTH by high cortisol levels. (docsbay.net)
- Cushing's is a disease of middle-aged to older cats (7-12 years), and may be caused by a pituitary tumor (90% are adenomas), pituitary hyperplasia, adrenal tumors, adrenal hyperplasia, by non-endocrine tumors (usually lung) or it may be iatrogenic. (dvm360.com)
- Thus, we can't use it to discriminate between adrenal tumors and PDHA in cats. (dvm360.com)
- Rather, the feline 'High-dose dexamethasone test', i.e. administering 1.0mg/kg dexamethasone IV and sampling at times 0,2, 4, 6 and 8 hours will differentiate PDHA from adrenal tumors in most cases. (dvm360.com)
- Morning levels of plasma cortisol in patients with adrenal carcinoma and ectopic ACTH producing tumors were reduced on the average to about one half of the pretreatment levels, and in patients with adrenal hyperplasia to about two thirds of the pretreatment levels, during 1-3 months of therapy with Aminoglutethimide. (wikidoc.org)
- Methods of analysis of tumors of the DNS are also presented because some of these techniques are indispensable for the diagnosis of many neuroendocrine neoplasms. (basicmedicalkey.com)
- A few cases are due to genetics such as giantism in the family, some cases of pituitary tumors are found in the setting of multiple endocrine neoplasms of group 1. (vinmec.com)
- In the last 30 years, an unprecedented production of new knowledge about the tumors of the pituitary gland has led to a series of new discoveries important for the understanding of how these neoplasms form and the management of our patients. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- Adrenal gland lesions (nodules and masses) commonly develop in older dogs, but surgery is indicated in only a small fraction of such cases, usually in malignant and hormone-secreting tumors [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- While ultrasonography is an effective method for localizing adrenal lesions, standardized ultrasound criteria to distinguish benign from malignant lesions or functional cortisol-secreting from non-functional tumors are lacking [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Glands7
- Located within the adrenal glands are the three zones that are responsible for secretion of the three major classes of adrenal steroids. (wikipedia.org)
- The adrenal glands are located at the top of each kidney and produce hormones that help regulate metabolism, blood sodium and potassium levels, blood pressure, response to stressors, immune function, and other essential functions. (health.mil)
- 1 The adrenal glands produce cortisol, aldosterone, catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine), and small amounts of androgens (hormones with testosterone-like function). (health.mil)
- Once excited, the PVN produces the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which travels through the hypophyseal portal system and stimulates the adrenal and pituitary glands to produce many neurotransmitters. (bvsalud.org)
- A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. (lookformedical.com)
- Infections of the adrenal glands , particularly with cytomegalovirus, are found in nearly half of patients with untreated HIV at autopsy. (difusireview.com)
- Of these, 50 dogs had normal adrenal glands whereas 69 showed pathological ones. (biomedcentral.com)
Secretion6
- Hence, functional adrenocortical adenomas can induce over-secretion of adrenal steroids associated with pure or mixed endocrine syndromes, a condition commonly known as hyperadrenalism. (wikipedia.org)
- The most relevant hormones for the neuroendocrine axis are the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and ß-endorphins, which stimulate the secretion of various endogenous substances, such as glucocorticoids, produced in the adrenal cortex, and noradrenaline and adrenaline, produced in the adrenal medulla and nerve endings 5-7 . (bvsalud.org)
- Secondary adrenal insufficiency is caused by deficient secretion of ACTH. (difusireview.com)
- Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, thereby facilitating renal sodium and fluid reabsorption. (nih.gov)
- ACTH maintains the adrenal gland size, structure, and function and induces adrenal steroid production and secretion. (medscape.com)
- ACTH secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus through CRH and vasopressin, by some paracrine factor, and by negative feedback of the glucocorticoids. (medscape.com)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone2
- 2,3 A diagnosis of primary adrenal insufficiency is established on the basis of a poor response to the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test and an elevated blood ACTH level.4 Adrenal insufficiency is rare with prevalence estimates in Western countries ranging from 82 to 280 cases per million population. (health.mil)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) must be interpreted in context with the other components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, including hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenal cortisol. (medscape.com)
Macronodular adrenal hyperplasia4
- Cellular and molecular abnormalities of a macronodular adrenal hyperplasia causing beta-blocker-sensitive Cushing's syndrome. (hal.science)
- Cushing's syndrome due to ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) can be associated with abnormal responses of aberrantly expressed adrenocortical receptors. (hal.science)
- Pathogenic ARMC5 variants are the main genetic cause of Primary Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (PBMAH) explaining roughly 20% of index cases. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- ACTH independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) is a rare cause of Cushing s syndrome. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Adenoma4
- An adrenocortical adenoma or adrenal adenoma is commonly described as a benign neoplasm emerging from the cells that comprise the adrenal cortex. (wikipedia.org)
- aldosterone secreting adenoma in one adrenal gland. (docsbay.net)
- Data available from the few patients with adrenal adenoma suggest similar reductions in plasma cortisol levels. (wikidoc.org)
- Lesions based on histology were classified as cortical adrenal hyperplasia ( n = 67), adenocarcinoma ( n = 17), pheochromocytoma ( n = 10), metastases ( n = 7), adrenal adenoma ( n = 4), and adrenalitis ( n = 4). (biomedcentral.com)
Insufficiency18
- During 2002-2017, the most common incident adrenal gland disorder among male and female service members was adrenal insufficiency and the least common was adrenomedullary hyperfunction. (health.mil)
- Adrenal insufficiency was diagnosed among 267 females (crude overall incidence rate: 8.2 cases per 100,000 person-years [p-yrs]) and 729 males (3.9 per 100,000 p-yrs). (health.mil)
- In both sexes, overall rates of other disorders of adrenal gland and Cushing's syndrome were lower than for adrenal insufficiency but higher than for hyperaldosteronism, adrenogenital disorders, and adrenomedullary hyperfunction. (health.mil)
- 1 for adrenal insufficiency to 5.5 for androgenital disorders and Cushing's syndrome. (health.mil)
- The highest overall rates of adrenal insufficiency for males and females were among non-Hispanic white service members. (health.mil)
- In both sexes, the annual rates of adrenal insufficiency and other disorders of adrenal gland increased slightly during the 16-year period. (health.mil)
- The most common type of adrenal disorder was adrenal insufficiency. (health.mil)
- 1 Adrenal insufficiency occurs when the outer portion of the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex) does not produce an adequate amount of cortisol. (health.mil)
- 3 Both primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency occur more frequently in adult women than in adult men and can be life threatening if untreated. (health.mil)
- Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease) is caused by dysfunction or absence of the adrenal cortices. (difusireview.com)
- Addison disease refers to a chronic deficiency of cortisol caused by adrenocortical insufficiency (plasma ACTH and alpha-MSH levels are consequently elevated) causing pigmentation that ranges from none to strikingly dark. (difusireview.com)
- In contrast, mineralocorticoid deficiency is not present in patients with familial corticosteroid deficiency, Allgrove syndrome, or secondary adrenal insufficiency. (difusireview.com)
- Crisis may occur in the course of treatment of chronic adrenal insufficiency, or it may be the presenting manifestation of adrenal insufficiency. (difusireview.com)
- Acute adrenal crisis is more commonly seen in primary adrenal insufficiency than in secondary adrenal insufficiency. (difusireview.com)
- adrenal function decreases over several years as it progresses to overt adrenal insufficiency. (difusireview.com)
- Bilateral adrenal infiltrative diseases cause primary adrenal insufficiency. (difusireview.com)
- The diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency in HIV patients is often problematic. (difusireview.com)
- The laboratory tests revealed growth hormone deficiency, se condary adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. (nel.edu)
Cortical1
- Bilaterality of adrenal lesions was a useful ultrasonographic criterion for predicting benign lesions, as cortical hyperplasia. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumor2
- Although the term carcinoid tumor has been broadly used to refer to many neoplasms derived from the DNS ( 9 ), this term is being replaced by neuroendocrine neoplasms. (basicmedicalkey.com)
- However, to communicate effectively with clinicians, the term carcinoid tumor can still be used in parenthesis for neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Benign2
- INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Adrenal adenomas are benign neoplasms of the adrenal cortex which can be functional or non-functional. (bvsalud.org)
- The goal of our study was to investigate which ultrasound features of adrenal gland abnormalities could aid in discriminating between benign and malignant lesions. (biomedcentral.com)
Cushing's7
- Adrenocortical adenomas are classified as ACTH-independent disorders, and are commonly associated with conditions linked to hyperadrenalism such as Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism) or Conn's syndrome (hyperaldosteronism), which is also known as primary aldosteronism. (wikipedia.org)
- The term "Cushing's disease" refers specifically to "secondary hypercortisolism" classified as "ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome" caused by pituitary adenomas. (wikipedia.org)
- In contrast, "Cushing's syndrome" refers specifically to "primary hypercortisolism" classified as "ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome" caused by adrenocortical adenomas. (wikipedia.org)
- Among females, rates of Cushing's syndrome and other disorders of adrenal gland were higher among non-Hispanic white service members compared with those in other race/ethnicity groups. (health.mil)
- Aminoglutethimide is an aromatase inhibitor that is FDA approved for the treatment of suppression of adrenal function in selected patients with Cushing's syndrome . (wikidoc.org)
- Aminoglutethimide is indicated for the suppression of adrenal function in selected patients with Cushing's syndrome . (wikidoc.org)
- A decreased effect or "escape phenomenon" seems to occur more frequently in patients with pituitary dependent Cushing's syndrome , probably because of increasing ACTH levels in response to decreasing glucocorticoid levels. (wikidoc.org)
Adenomas3
- If functional, adrenocortical adenomas can affect the normal activities of the adrenal cortex. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Due to their asymptomatic nature, most reported cases of adrenal adenomas have been discerned fortuitously through autopsy, or during medical imaging, particularly CT scan (computed tomography) and magnetic resonance imaging. (wikipedia.org)
- Though adrenocortical adenomas are considered challenging to differentiate from the normal adrenal cortex, they appear as well-circumscribed lesions once isolated. (wikipedia.org)
Endogenous3
- Although distinguishing endogenous from exogenous Cushing syndrome is usually straightforward, the investigation and differentiation of Cushing syndrome from other causes of hypercortisolism require a sound understanding of the physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. (medscape.com)
- In the rare cat who doesn't suppress even at this dose, endogenous ACTH levels, abdominal ultrasound, CT or MRI are required to confirm the location of the tumour. (dvm360.com)
- DHEA and DHEAS (an active, sulfated form of DHEA), are endogenous hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex in primates and a few non-primate species in response to ACTH. (medilabcompounding.com)
Destruction of the adrenal2
- the former is most often the result of autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex and the latter is generally the result of pituitary disease. (health.mil)
- Patients with destruction of the adrenal cortices or with classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency also have mineralocorticoid deficiency, typically with hyponatremia, volume depletion, and hyperkalemia. (difusireview.com)
Bilateral1
- A family with autosomal dominant AIMAH was studied trying to elucidate the involved genetic basis.Methods and results: Adrenal hypercortisolism with giant bilateral AH was diagnosed in three adult me. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Malignant2
- 20 mm in diameter were histologically confirmed as malignant neoplasms (pheochromocytoma and adenocarcinoma). (biomedcentral.com)
- Cancer , known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a large group of different diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Stimulation test1
- There is controversy about the definitive test with some endocrinologists saying that ACTH stimulation test is the test of choice in cats. (dvm360.com)
Pituitary Gland1
- Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) is a polypeptide hormone composed of 39 amino acids that is secreted by corticotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland. (medscape.com)
Endocrine2
- The steroid-producing endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex, ovary, and testis, as well as the thyroid hormone-producing follicular cells in the thyroid gland, do not form part of the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
- Background: Carney complex (CNC) is a rare multiple neoplasia syndrome, its commonest endocrine manifestation being ACTH-independent Cushing s syndrome, histologically characterized by primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Diagnosis4
- Many broad-spectrum IHC markers are available to aid in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine neoplasms. (basicmedicalkey.com)
- Abnormal appearance of structural features on ultrasound images (e.g., adrenal gland lesion size, shape, laterality, and echotexture) may aid in diagnosis, but these features alone were not pathognomic. (biomedcentral.com)
- In the present study involving a large sample of dogs, we asked which ultrasound characteristics of adrenal lesions could predict for malignancy and how accurate ultrasound diagnosis (specificity and sensitivity) was as compared with histopathological diagnosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Diagnosis Bowen's disease is carried out by visual examination and dermoscopy, a biopsy confirmed the results of a neoplasm. (medicalformat.com)
Glucocorticoid1
- Glucocorticoid synthesis and release is strictly regulated by the pituitary and hypothalamus by negative feedback and, to a lesser extent, by catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and neural inputs from the autonomic system. (medscape.com)
Normal adrenal1
- Its application in small animal practice has yielded extensive information on normal adrenal gland appearance in the dog [ 3 - 10 ], but it has also led to an increase in the incidental discovery of adrenal masses. (biomedcentral.com)
Aldosterone1
- Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Hormones1
- In humans, the adrenal cortex comprises three concentric zones including the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis that under normal conditions respond to body's physiological demands for steroid hormones. (wikipedia.org)
Congenital2
- Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. (lookformedical.com)
- Defects in CYP21 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL). (lookformedical.com)
Suppression2
- Glucocorticoids can be categorized as short, intermediate, or long acting, based on their biologic effective half-life, which is defined as the duration of corticotropin (ACTH) suppression after a single dose of the compound. (medscape.com)
- Normal cats and cats with non-adrenal illnesses will consistently show cortisol suppression at this dose. (dvm360.com)
Zona glomerulosa1
- Zona fasciculate and Zona reticularis affected Zona glomerulosa function independently of ACTH and so it's normal thickness. (docsbay.net)
AIMAH2
- Curiously, cortisol levels of AIMAH cells under basal condition were 15-fold higher than those of control cells and were not responsive to ACTH. (hal.science)
- Analysis of culture medium from AIMAH cells could detect the presence of ACTH, which was immunohistochemically confirmed. (hal.science)
Primates1
- In humans and primates that undergo adrenarche, the adrenal zona reticularis (ZR) is the major site of DHEA production, however this is also reduced with age. (biomedcentral.com)
Neuroendocrine2
- The cells and neoplasms of the neuroendocrine and paracrine systems make up the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
- and (b) those of epithelial type, which include neuroendocrine neoplasms from many sites. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Suppress1
- In order to get the adrenals to suppress in the cat, the 'Low-dose dexamethasone test' requires 0.1mg/kg dexamethasone sodium phosphate IV and sample plasma at times 0,2,4,6 and 8 hours after injection. (dvm360.com)
Disorders4
- Crude overall rates of adrenal gland disorders among females tended to be higher than those of males, with female:male rate ratios ranging from 2. (health.mil)
- This is the first MSMR report of the incidence of adrenal disorders in the U.S. Armed Forces. (health.mil)
- Adrenal disorders can be caused by the production of too much or too little of a particular adrenal hormone. (health.mil)
- Paraneoplastic syndromes are rare disorders that are triggered by an altered immune system response to a neoplasm. (medscape.com)
Lesions3
- Ultrasonography to visualize adrenal gland lesions and evaluate incidentally discovered adrenal masses in dogs has become more reliable with advances in imaging techniques. (biomedcentral.com)
- Ultrasonographic examination showed high specificity (100%) but low sensitivity (63.7%) for identifying the adrenal lesions, which improved with increasing lesion size. (biomedcentral.com)
- In the dog, only one study to date has compared the ultrasonographic appearance of adrenal lesions with their histopathological characteristics. (biomedcentral.com)
Ultrasound1
- Clinical records of 119 dogs that had undergone ultrasound adrenal gland and histological examination were reviewed. (biomedcentral.com)
Humans1
- Background: General anaesthesia and surgical intervention in humans are known to affect the function of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Occur1
- Physiologic variations of plasma ACTH levels occur in response to physical stress (eg, hypoglycemia), diurnal variation (eg, highest in morning and lowest in late evening), and feedback inhibition from cortisol (see below). (medscape.com)
Steroids1
- An adrenal microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 21-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. (lookformedical.com)
Distinct1
- Many of these neoplasms have distinct clinicopathologic features, so precise classification by the pathologist is necessary for optimal clinical management. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Cells2
- The adrenal cortex is considered a dynamic organ in which senescent cells are replaced by newly differentiated cells. (wikipedia.org)
- The principal cells and neoplasms that form the DNS are listed in Table 11.1 . (basicmedicalkey.com)
Characteristics1
- This constant renewal facilitates organ remodeling which contributes to dynamic characteristics of the adrenal cortex. (wikipedia.org)
Levels1
- ACTH levels are higher in men and during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
Molecular1
- Altogether, the demonstration of aberrant responses to hormonal receptors and autocrine hormone production in the same tissue supports the assumption of multiple molecular alterations in adrenal macronodular hyperplasia. (hal.science)
Lung1
- Causative neoplasms include lymphomas, breast cancer, and lung cancer. (difusireview.com)