20th century avian flu subtype influenza a virus h2n2 subtype. Medical search. Frequent questions

Writing Committeee of the Second World Health Organization Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Human Infection with Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus, Abdel-Ghafar AN, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, Hayden FG, Nguyen DH, et al. (medscape.com)
Update on avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in humans. (medscape.com)
Examples include H5N1 and H7N1, both of which are Avian flu strains that have also caused human infections. (avianscienceinstitute.com)
Other pandemics and outbreaks have also occurred in Hong Kong (H3N2), China (H5N1), Thailand and other parts of Asia (H2N2, H5N2, H5N6, H5N7, H7N9 etc), and have resulted in millions of deaths. (avianscienceinstitute.com)
Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
Between 2006 and 2008 the biggest pandemic threat was believed to be H5N1 from Asia, but as it turned out, we were blindsided by a North American origin flu pandemic in the spring of 2009. (outbreaknewstoday.com)

The Hong Kong flu, also known as the 1968 flu pandemic, was a flu pandemic whose outbreak in 1968 and 1969 killed between one and four million people globally. (wikipedia.org)
However, due to a lack of etiological information on the outbreak and a strained relationship between Chinese health authorities and those in other countries at the time, it cannot be ascertained whether the Hong Kong virus was to blame. (wikipedia.org)
By 13 August, it was clear to virologists that strains isolated from the outbreak in Hong Kong differed markedly from previous strains of influenza. (wikipedia.org)
An outbreak of influenza-like illness in Singapore during the second week of August was the first indication of spread outside of Hong Kong. (wikipedia.org)
An outbreak of influenza soon erupted among the participants, afflicting at least a third of them. (wikipedia.org)
The virus entered Japan repeatedly throughout August and September, but these introductions did not spark any larger outbreak. (wikipedia.org)
Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. (medscape.com)
Novel avian influenza H7N3 strain outbreak, British Columbia. (medscape.com)
Outbreak of low pathogenicity H7N3 avian influenza in UK, including associated case of human conjunctivitis. (medscape.com)
Avian influenza A/(H7N2) outbreak in the United Kingdom. (medscape.com)

The H7N9 virus , which emerged suddenly in China 20 months ago, has sparked two winter waves of illness, with the second year's toll roughly twice that of the first year. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
While we can't know what this fall holds in store for the H7N9 virus, studies released earlier this year (see EID Journal: H7N9 As A Work In Progress ), show that the H7N9 avian virus continues to reassort with local H9N2 viruses , introducing new clades of the virus into China's poultry population. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Last June, in Eurosurveillance: Genetic Tuning Of Avian H7N9 During Interspecies Transmission , researchers working for China's National and Provincial CDCs, announced that the genetic diversity of the H7N9 virus was even greater than previously described, and that continual reassortment with the H9N2 virus, along with passage through a variety of host species, appears to be influencing its ongoing evolution. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Remarkably, out of 146 H7N9 viruses with full genome sequences they examined, they detected at least 26 separate genotypes, mostly from the first wave in 2013. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Overall, due to the genetic tuning procedure, the potential pandemic risk posed by the novel avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses is greater than that of any other known avian influenza viruses. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
And indeed, over the past two years we've seen the emergence of no less than four new subtypes ( H7N9, H10N8, H5N8, H5N6 ) from this region that pose significant risks to poultry or human health. (outbreaknewstoday.com)

There were two waves of the flu in mainland China, one between July-September in 1968 and the other between June-December in 1970. (wikipedia.org)
The reported data were very limited due to the Cultural Revolution, but retrospective analysis of flu activity between 1968 and 1992 shows that flu infection was the most serious in 1968, implying that most areas in China were affected at the time. (wikipedia.org)
The same month, the virus entered the United States and was carried by troops returning from the Vietnam War, but it did not become widespread in the country until December 1968. (wikipedia.org)
In 1968, many countries (e.g., the UK, Japan) did not immediately see outbreaks despite repeated introductions of the virus throughout August and September. (wikipedia.org)
The era: influenza A, influenza B, influenza C, and Thogoto influenza pandemic of 1968 started in Hong Kong and was viruses. (cdc.gov)
The 1968 pandemic virus had gene segments. (cdc.gov)
Meltzer viruses appeared in 1968, replacing H2N2 viruses, and and colleagues have estimated that, in the absence of effec- have remained in circulation in the human population. (cdc.gov)
The 1918 H1N1 virus pandemic was followed by an H2N2 virus pandemic in 1957, an H3N2 virus pandemic in 1968 and another H1N1 virus pandemic in 2009 (ref. 7 ). (nature.com)
In 1968, only the H3 HA was newly introduced to humans, whereas the N2 of the H3N2 pandemic virus was derived from the previously circulating H2N2 virus 5 , 7 . (nature.com)

Currently, influenza epidemics in the winter are caused by in Asia and associated human infections have led to a H3N2 and H1N1 influenza A and influenza B viruses. (cdc.gov)
H1N1 viruses appeared in 1918 and circulated until used. (cdc.gov)
H1N1 viruses reappeared in the human population in 1977 influenza pandemic could cause 89,000-207,000 excess and continue to cocirculate with H3N2 viruses ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
The impact of Avian/Swine Flu on communities has been reported since the early 20th century where the H1N1 Spanish flu affected swine and birds, resulting in 40 to 50 million deaths. (avianscienceinstitute.com)
The 100-year anniversary of the 1918 pandemic and the 10-year anniversary of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic are milestones that provide an opportunity to reflect on the groundbreaking work that led to the discovery, sequencing and reconstruction of the 1918 pandemic flu virus. (cdc.gov)
This collaborative effort advanced understanding of the deadliest flu pandemic in modern history and has helped the global public health community prepare for contemporary pandemics, such as 2009 H1N1, as well as future pandemic threats. (cdc.gov)
The 1918 H1N1 flu pandemic, sometimes referred to as the "Spanish flu," killed an estimated 50 million people worldwide, including an estimated 675,000 people in the United States. (cdc.gov)
not only did it emerge on the ` wrong ' continent, it came from the `wrong' host ( pigs ), and was of the ` wrong ' subtype ( H1N1 ). (outbreaknewstoday.com)
According to the World Health Organization, seasonal influenza viruses - including the H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A viruses, as well as influenza B viruses - cause approximately 3-5 million severe cases and 290,000-650,000 deaths each year worldwide 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
In 2009, a seasonal H1N1 virus was circulating in humans, but the incoming pandemic H1N1 virus had antigenically distinct H1 and N1 surface glycoproteins 6 . (nature.com)

Vaccination is the best option by Influenza Pandemics which spread of a pandemic virus could be prevented and In addition to seasonal influenza epidemics, influenza severity of disease reduced. (cdc.gov)
Farm poultry inspection report, poultry must be checked and certified as free from Avian Influenza by the specific country's regulatory body, proof of vaccination. (avianscienceinstitute.com)
Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)

Later reporting suggested that the flu had spread from the central provinces of Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, and Shanxi, which had experienced epidemics in the spring. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
The morbidity and mortality associated with these pandemics can exceed that of seasonal influenza virus epidemics , and such pandemics can cause millions of deaths. (nature.com)
Travel restric- that the emergence of a pandemic flu could tions, possible limitations on public gather- PREVENTING EPIDEMICS. (nih.gov)

It is among the deadliest pandemics in history, and was caused by an H3N2 strain of the influenza A virus. (wikipedia.org)
1,2,3 Each strain of the Influenza A virus differs depending on the two protein subtypes they consist of. (avianscienceinstitute.com)
The severity of an emerging pan- implications as soon as a pandemic out- the Benjamin Spencer Fund demic would be determined by the particular break occurred in any part of the world due in loving memory of strain of the new form of the virus and how eas- to the interdependence of economies. (nih.gov)

The proteins of influenza A are encoded on 8 RNA caused by an H3N2 virus. (cdc.gov)

Vaccines for Pandemic Influenza za pandemic would be severe. (cdc.gov)
Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
Furthermore, inactivated influenza virus vaccines focus on the induction of systemic IgG responses but do not effectively induce mucosal IgA responses. (nature.com)
A better understanding of how natural infection induces broad and long-lived immune responses will be key to developing next-generation influenza virus vaccines. (nature.com)

Influenza A virus subtypes are classified on the pandemics, with estimated influenza-associated excess basis of the antigenicity of their surface glycoproteins, deaths of 1 million ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Pandemics are typically caused by viruses that feature surface glycoproteins - haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) - to which the human immune system is relatively naive. (nature.com)

One bird, captured in 1917, was infected with a virus of the same hemagglutinin (HA) subtype as that of the 1918 pandemic virus. (nih.gov)
The 1917 HA is more closely related to that of modern avian viruses than it is to that of the pandemic virus, suggesting (i) that there was little drift in avian sequences over the past 85 years and (ii) that the 1918 pandemic virus did not acquire its HA directly from a bird. (nih.gov)
The story of how a CDC microbiologist reconstructed the live 1918 pandemic virus in a secure CDC laboratory to unravel its secrets and protect against future pandemics. (cdc.gov)
Site of the mass grave in Brevig Mission, Alaska, where 72 of the small village's 80 adult inhabitants were buried after succumbing to the deadly 1918 pandemic virus. (cdc.gov)
Following the 1918 pandemic, generations of scientists and public health experts were left with only the epidemiological evidence of the 1918 pandemic virus' lethality and the deleterious impact it had on global populations. (cdc.gov)

Nevertheless, the World Health Organization warned of potential worldwide spread of the virus on 16 August. (wikipedia.org)

Phylogenetic analysis of H7 haemagglutinin subtype influenza A viruses. (medscape.com)

Influenza virus hemagglutinin cleavage into HA1, HA2: no laughing matter. (medscape.com)

Characterisation of an avian influenza A virus isolated from a human-is an intermediate host necessary for the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses? (medscape.com)

However, they were not at the time considered to be an entirely new subtype of influenza A, only a variant of older strains. (wikipedia.org)
There are four types of influenza viruses - A, B, C and D. Avian Flu consists of multiple strains of the Influenza A virus, some of which also cause human infections. (avianscienceinstitute.com)
Last year, in EID Journal: Predicting Hotspots for Influenza Virus Reassortment , we looked at research that ranked eastern China as one of the globe's top breeding grounds for new flu strains. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
4 New strains ductivity, excluding other "disruptions to of the flu traditionally emerge in animals, often commerce and society. (nih.gov)

The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 24,000 to 62,000 deaths during the 2019-2020 season. (medscape.com)
The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)

Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome. (medscape.com)
Influenza viruses cause mild to severe respiratory infections in humans and are a major public health problem. (nature.com)

Human infection with influenza H9N2. (medscape.com)

The adaptive immune response to influenza virus infection is multifaceted and complex, involving antibody and cellular responses at both systemic and mucosal levels. (nature.com)
Immune responses to natural infection with influenza virus in humans are relatively broad and long-lived, but influenza viruses can escape from these responses over time owing to their high mutation rates and antigenic flexibility. (nature.com)
The evolutionary pressure exerted by antibody responses (together with other factors and random events), mostly from natural infection, forces the virus to change its surface antigens, usually by introducing point mutations, in a process known as antigenic drift . (nature.com)
Cytomegalovirus establishes a lifelong latent infection following primary infection that can periodically reactivate with shedding of infectious virus. (cdc.gov)

The economic costs due to Until 1997, it was widely believed that to infect humans deaths, illness, and hospitalizations in the United States an AI virus would have to undergo reassortment with a alone, excluding disruptions to commerce and society, human influenza virus in an intermediate mammalian would be $71.3-$166.5 billion ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
Serological analysis of serum samples from humans exposed to avian H7 influenza viruses in Italy between 1999 and 2003. (medscape.com)
fear this avian flu could become the next 'MILD' PANDEMIC COULD pandemic for humans. (nih.gov)

The virus was descended from H2N2 (which caused the Asian flu pandemic in 1957-1958) through antigenic shift, a genetic process in which genes from multiple subtypes are reassorted to form a new virus. (wikipedia.org)

1957, when they were replaced by H2N2 viruses. (cdc.gov)

Human illness from avian influenza H7N3, British Columbia. (medscape.com)

Production of live attenuated and inactivated vaccine seed viruses against avian influen- pandemics have occurred periodically. (cdc.gov)
In the 20th century, pandemics such a virus into the human population. (cdc.gov)
In fact, Influenza A viruses can infect many different animals and can cause pandemics in cases where there are sustained inter-human transmissions. (avianscienceinstitute.com)
3 A comparable death rate has not been observed during any of the known flu seasons or pandemics that have occurred either prior to or following the 1918 pandemic. (cdc.gov)
and "What can the public health community learn from the 1918 virus to better prepare for and defend against future pandemics? (cdc.gov)
These questions drove an expert group of researchers and virus hunters to search for the lost 1918 virus, sequence its genome, recreate the virus in a highly safe and regulated laboratory setting at CDC, and ultimately study its secrets to better prepare for future pandemics. (cdc.gov)

The story of a virus hunter's lifelong pursuit to discover the deadliest pandemic flu virus in human history. (cdc.gov)

The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)

Preliminary in-season burden estimates for the 2021-2022 flu season were updated for the final time this season on June 17, 2022. (medscape.com)
Information used to generate influenza in-season burden estimates were too low during the 2020-2021 season to provide an estimate. (medscape.com)
Preliminary in-season burden estimates for the 2022-2023 flu season were updated for the final time this season on May 26, 2023. (medscape.com)
The regional direc- I CLSA Asia-Pacific Markets, the Asian KILL MANY MILLIONS OF tor of the WHO for the Western Pacific investment banking arm of Crédit Agricole PEOPLE" WORLDWIDE.7 region stated in February 2005 that the of France, estimates that avian influenza "world is now in the gravest possible danger has already cost the impacted region in of a pandemic. (nih.gov)

As part of the Institute's efforts to address the Avian Flu crisis that has periodically plagued the regions markets since the 1950s, the team has worked to incorporate guidelines established by WHO, FAO, CDC as well as Good Agricultural Practices from the various markets to develop more stringent protocols. (avianscienceinstitute.com)

In the Northern Hemisphere, all persons aged 6 months or older should receive influenza vaccine annually by the end of October, if possible. (medscape.com)

9 NA subtypes are known to exist, and all of them infect explain why this pandemic was less severe than the 2 pre- aquatic birds. (cdc.gov)

A colorized image of the 1918 virus taken by a transmission electron microscope (TEM). (cdc.gov)

Influenza traditionally has been diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria, but rapid diagnostic tests, which have a high degree of specificity but only moderate sensitivity, are becoming more widely used. (medscape.com)

Owing to the lack of population immunity, these emerging pandemic viruses initially spread quickly through the human population. (nature.com)
The lack of antibody-based population immunity is the main factor that enables emerging pandemic viruses to spread quickly throughout the whole population. (nature.com)

Forecasts of the severity of the next influenza pandemic have circulated in the human population in the 20th centu- differ in their predictions of deaths based on the models ry. (cdc.gov)
The virus' unique severity puzzled researchers for decades, and prompted several questions, such as "Why was the 1918 virus so deadly? (cdc.gov)

Prevention of influenza is the most effective management strategy. (medscape.com)

Phylogenetic analysis of a portion (bases 494 to 659 as aligned to the sequence of A/Puerto Rico/8/34) of the influenza A virus HA gene. (nih.gov)

Influenza viruses, because they are spread via droplets, aerosols, and fomites ( contaminated inanimate objects like door handles, coffee pot handles, keyboards ) - and because carriers can often be infectious prior to showing symptoms - are the type of pandemic threats that keep most epidemiologists up at night. (outbreaknewstoday.com)

THE NEXT PANDEMIC12 " - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Mike Leavitt, May 16, 2005 MAJOR FLU OUTBREAKS OF THE 20TH CENTURY13 1918 - The "Spanish" flu pandemic killed triggering global concern until all samples 500,000 in the U.S., 50 million worldwide. (nih.gov)

An estimated 5,000 to 14,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2021. (medscape.com)
An estimated 19,000 to 58,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2022. (medscape.com)

This 1951 photo shows Johan Hultin (on left) and fellow university colleagues during his initial attempt to obtain the 1918 virus from bodies of victims buried in permafrost at the Brevig Mission burial site. (cdc.gov)

The story of how a team of U.S. scientists decoded and assembled the genome of the 1918 virus. (cdc.gov)

During the second week of September, nearly 2000 participants from 92 countries, including some in southeast Asia where the flu was epidemic, met in Tehran for the Eighth International Congresses on Tropical Medicine and Malaria. (wikipedia.org)

Influenza causes significant loss of workdays, human suffering, and mortality. (medscape.com)

Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States. (medscape.com)

In the USSR, the first cases of the flu began to appear in mid-December. (wikipedia.org)
Since 2014, there has been a significant increase in the number of cases of Avian Influenza across all continents including Australasia, North America, Europe, Asia and Africa. (avianscienceinstitute.com)

For decades, the 1918 virus was lost to history, a relic of a time when the understanding of infectious pathogens and the tools to study them were still in their infancy. (cdc.gov)

We cannot predict when the next influenza pandemic ease in the human population. (cdc.gov)
The 1918 virus caused the deadliest flu pandemic in recorded human history, claiming the lives of an estimated 50 million people worldwide. (cdc.gov)

Recently, however, health experts worldwide I In the U.S., projection models predict that have been sounding the alarm about a differ- a pandemic may cause over a half a million ent type of flu. (nih.gov)

Spanish flu," was caused by an influenza A virus of the hosts. (cdc.gov)

poultry) or bird's nest reaches the following temperatures and is heated for the following times so that if there is an Avian Influenza virus present, it will be eradicated. (avianscienceinstitute.com)

Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)
The CDC analyzes the vaccine subtypes each year and makes any necessary changes for the coming season on the basis of worldwide trends. (medscape.com)

HPAI = highly pathogenic avian influenza. (medscape.com)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (fowl plague). (medscape.com)

Additionally, after September, there was little evidence of continued spread in new areas, despite similar importations of the virus into those areas. (wikipedia.org)
IN A MAY 2005 NEW to limit the spread of disease would also I As of June 17, 2005, this "bird flu" virus have rapid and far reaching repercussions. (nih.gov)

Update: influenza activity-United States and worldwide, 2003-04 season, and composition of the 2004-05 influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)

Anatomy14

Organisms75

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs31

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes40

Disciplines and Occupations7

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena9

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Humanities24

Information Science8

Named Groups2

Health Care21

Geographicals7

H5N17

Outbreak10

H7N96

19689

H1N110

Vaccination3

Epidemics4

Strain3

H3N21

Vaccines4

Surface glycoproteins2

1918 pandemic virus5

World Health Organ1

Haemagglutinin1

Hemagglutinin1

Emergence1

Strains4

Seasonal2

Respiratory2

H9N21

Infection4

Humans3

Antigenic shift1

19571

Illness1

Pandemics6

Pandemic flu1

Viral1

Estimates4

Periodically1

Annually1

Severe1

Transmission1

Traditionally1

Immunity2

Severity2

PREVENTION1

Gene1

Symptoms1

Outbreaks1

Deaths2

Bodies1

Genome1

Epidemic1

Mortality1

Hospitalizations1

Cases2

Infectious1

Human2

Predict1

Spanish1

Poultry1

Year2

Highly2

Spread2

Worldwide1