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ViralFlavivirusVaccineTBEVInfect DisIncidenceVenezuelanOutbreakEpidemicAntibodies1995Infection1999Limbic encephalitisInflammation of the BRAINVaccinationMosquitoesVirusesAutoimmuneTick BorneInfectiousRetrospectiveOutbreaksPrognosisHerpesFlaviviridaeDiagnosisWest NileMVEVVirusNeurologicalJapaneseSLEVBrainYellow FeverCasesClinically

Viral11

• Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that causes Venezuelan equine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis (VEE). (wikipedia.org)
• To investigate the etiology of the human encephalitis outbreak, we sought to detect and characterize a viral agent from mosquitoes and evaluate prevalence of SLEV-neutralizing antibodies in domestic birds in Córdoba. (cdc.gov)
• Flavivirus , Flaviviridae ) was the most important agent of epidemic viral encephalitis ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
• Although bacterial, fungal, and autoimmune disorders can produce encephalitis, most cases are viral in origin. (medscape.com)
• Go to Encephalitis and Viral Encephalitis for complete information on these topics. (medscape.com)
• Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. (curehunter.com)
• West Nile encephalitis (WNE), or neuroinvasive West Nile virus (WNV) infection, is distinguished from other arthropod-borne causes of viral encephalitis (eg, western equine encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis [EEE], Japanese encephalitis, Venezuelan encephalitis) based on its geographic distribution, clinical features, and laboratory findings. (medscape.com)
• WNE, like other arthropod-borne viral encephalitides, traverses the blood-brain barrier and infects the brain parenchyma, clinically manifesting as viral encephalitis. (medscape.com)
• Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the most important viral tick-borne zoonosis in Europe and causes between 5352 (in 2008) and 12,733 (in 1996) human cases per year in Europe and parts of Asia, especially in the Siberian part of Russia [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of brain caused by either host immune response or viral infection. (ommegaonline.org)
• JEV is the main cause of viral encephalitis in many countries of Asia with an estimated 68,000 clinical cases every year [1,2] . (ommegaonline.org)

Flavivirus9

• Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is a tickborne flavivirus that is focally endemic in a geographic region extending from western and northern Europe through to northern and eastern Asia ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
• Consensus tree of the maximum parsimony analyses of Saint Louis encephalitis virus and other related flavivirus E glycoprotein genes. (cdc.gov)
• Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is caused by a flavivirus usually transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected Ixodes ricinus tick. (health.mil)
• Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a flavivirus distributed throughout Eurasia. (health.mil)
• Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a serious acute neuroinfection of humans caused by a tick-borne flavivirus. (nih.gov)
• Usutu virus, a flavivirus of African origin, was first detected in Austria in 2001, when it caused a severe bird die-off, mainly of blackbirds. (sciencedaily.com)
• Usutu virus, the aetiological agent, belongs to the flavivirus family, together with tick-borne encephalitis-, West Nile- and Dengue viruses. (sciencedaily.com)
• Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes acute encephalitis in humans, with a high fatality rate of 20 to 50% [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• Expression of cloned envelope protein genes from the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis virus in mammalian cells and random mutagenesis by PCR. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Vaccine3

• The envelope protein of tick-borne encephalitis virus influences neuron entry, pathogenicity, and vaccine protection. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
• Stable and Highly Immunogenic MicroRNA-Targeted Single-Dose Live Attenuated Vaccine Candidate against Tick-Borne Encephalitis Constructed Using Genetic Backbone of Langat Virus. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
• As a result, hundreds of children became sick and some even perished while this unethical vaccine was released to the public en masse anyway. (hpathy.com)

TBEV2

• The European tick Ixodes ricinus is the vector of several potential human pathogens, of which Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) are the most important and well-known in human medicine. (frontiersin.org)
• Background: Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is considered to be the medically most important arthropod-borne virus in Europe. (helmholtz-hzi.de)

Infect Dis1

• Published Date : 2001 May-Jun Source : Emerg Infect Dis. (cdc.gov)

Incidence2

• The incidence of encephalitis is 1 case per 200,000 population in the United States, with herpes simplex virus (HSV) being the most common cause. (medscape.com)
• The incidence of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) in Bali Province remains high, and is one among the highest in Indonesia . (bvsalud.org)

Venezuelan20

• In the Americas, there have been 21 reported outbreaks of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. (wikipedia.org)
• This outbreak resulted in 14,156 human cases that were attributable to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus with 26 human deaths. (wikipedia.org)
• It is caused by the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and has a significant presence in the tropical Americas. (medscape.com)
• Epidemics of Venezuelan equine encephalitis involving tens of thousands of humans and hundreds of thousands of equines have been reported. (medscape.com)
• Although predominantly a disease found in South and Central America, Venezuelan equine encephalitis has been reported in southern border areas of the United States. (medscape.com)
• Venezuelan equine encephalitis may have been present for centuries as one of many undiagoised fevers common in the tropical Americas. (medscape.com)
• In 1943, the first descriptions of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in humans were reported from laboratories where equine isolates were being characterized. (medscape.com)
• In 1952, the first naturally acquired human case of Venezuelan equine encephalitis was reported from Colombia, whereas the first reported natural human infection in the United States was not documented until 1968. (medscape.com)
• This was the first major epidemic of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in 22 years. (medscape.com)
• Studies have begun to document a geographic spread of Venezuelan equine encephalitis. (medscape.com)
• Over the past few years, Venezuelan equine encephalitis has been found in Brazil and the northern countries of South America. (medscape.com)
• Major outbreaks involving humans have been associated with Venezuelan equine encephalitis subtype I, varieties AB and C. The IA and IB strains are considered genetically indistinguishable and are thus classified as IAB. (medscape.com)
• While these epizootic strains are virulent in equines and humans, the enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus serotypes ID, IE, and IIIA can cause illness in humans but not in equines. (medscape.com)
• All natural transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalitis is via mosquitoes. (medscape.com)
• Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is highly infectious by the aerosol route, and numerous laboratory infections have occurred, making it a possible biowarfare agent. (medscape.com)
• Recognition of signs and symptoms of illness by those living and working in endemic areas is essential to limit the spread of Venezuelan equine encephalitis. (medscape.com)
• Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a positive-strand, unsegmented ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus. (medscape.com)
• Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a member of the genus Alphavirus of the family Togaviridae. (medscape.com)
• Enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis serotypes ID, IE, and IIIA are avirulent in equines but can cause illness in humans. (medscape.com)
• Venezuelan equine encephalitis is an arthropod-borne virus, with the mosquito serving as the most common vector. (medscape.com)

Outbreak7

• Kohl I , Kožuch O , Elecková E , Labuda M , Žaludko J . Family outbreak of alimentary tick-borne encephalitis in Slovakia associated with a natural focus of infection. (cdc.gov)
• Kerbo N , Donchenko I , Kutsar K , Vasilenko V . Tickborne encephalitis outbreak in Estonia linked to raw goat milk, May-June 2005. (cdc.gov)
• Tick-borne encephalitis outbreak in Hungary due to consumption of raw goat milk. (cdc.gov)
• Twenty-six years after it was last detected, Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) genotype III reemerged in 2005 in Córdoba, Argentina, where it caused an outbreak. (cdc.gov)
• During a human encephalitis outbreak in February 2005, we collected adult mosquitoes and blood-sampled domestic geese and chickens at an urban residence of a patient with confirmed SLE. (cdc.gov)
• In 1999, a late summer outbreak of West Nile encephalitis (WNE), not found previously in the United States, was implicated in several deaths in New York. (medscape.com)
• Following the discovery of the virus during an outbreak of severe encephalitis in Nipah, Malaysia, cases of the Nipah virus were first documented in humans in 1998, with cases also being recorded in Singapore. (yahoo.com)

Epidemic1

• Gresíková M , Sekeyová M , Stúpalová S , Necas S . Sheep milk-borne epidemic of tick-borne encephalitis in Slovakia. (cdc.gov)

Antibodies4

• This is essential, for example, in determining that antibodies detected against St. Louis encephalitis virus are not the result of an infection with West Nile (or dengue) virus, or vice versa, in areas where both of these viruses occur. (cdc.gov)
• Juceviciene A , Vapalahti O , Laiskonis A , Ceplikiene J , Leinikki P . Prevalence of tick-borne-encephalitis virus antibodies in Lithuania. (cdc.gov)
• A 71.43% prevalence for neutralizing antibodies was found in domestic fowl in the homestead of a patient with encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
• 46 There are numerous reports of immunotherapy for WNV encephalitis in Israel and the United States with WNV-specific intravenous immunoglobulin (Omr-IgG-am, Omrix Biopharmaceuticals, Tel Aviv, Israel) obtained from donors with high titres of WNV antibodies. (mja.com.au)

19951

• On May 23, 1995, equine encephalitis-like cases were reported in the northwest portion of the country. (wikipedia.org)

Infection8

• The patient received empirical treatment with acyclovir, ampicillin and ceftriaxone for infection in the central nervous system, but nonetheless developed severe encephalitis requiring mechanical ventilation. (tidsskriftet.no)
• The pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is not definitely elucidated as the initial interaction between virus and host cell receptors required for JEV infection is not clearly defined yet. (biomedcentral.com)
• The symptoms of an infection range from subclinical to mild flu-like disease to lethal encephalitis. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
• In rare cases, however, this pathogen causes an intracranial infection called granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) mainly in immunocompromised patients. (biomedcentral.com)
• Further screening of brain samples, virus isolation, and infection studies are needed to estimate the significance of these findings and the causative association of BoRV CH15 with neurological disease and encephalitis in cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
• However, at that point we could draw no conclusion regarding the association of BoRV CH15 infection with encephalitis in cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
• Insights into the immunopathogenesis during Japanese encephalitis virus infection (2017) Cell Immunol Serum Biol 3(1): 83- 86. (ommegaonline.org)
• The primary focus of this review is to discuss the immunopathogenesis during JEV infection including the future perspectives that might be crucial in understanding the involvement of various cytokines and chemokines in the development of neuroinflammation and encephalitis. (ommegaonline.org)

19991

• West Nile encephalitis in Israel, 1999: the New York connection. (cdc.gov)

Limbic encephalitis4

• Voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) antibody-associated encephalopathy has been identified as a potentially immunotherapy-responsive form of limbic encephalitis. (psychiatrist.com)
• 2 Limbic encephalitis is typically a paraneoplastic syndrome with a poor prognosis. (psychiatrist.com)
• On the basis of these findings, the diagnosis of limbic encephalitis was made and immunotherapy with intravenous immunoglobulin (Octagam), intravenous methylprednisolone (500 mg/d), and 5 sessions of plasmapheresis over 9 days was initiated. (psychiatrist.com)
• Background and Objectives Limbic encephalitis (LE) is an autoimmune disease often associated with temporal lobe epilepsy and subacute memory deficits. (neurology.org)

Inflammation of the BRAIN1

• However, a small proportion of infected individual may develop inflammation of the brain which is known as encephalitis. (ommegaonline.org)

Vaccination3

• Tick-borne encephalitis vaccination breakthroughs are rare, but when they occur the diagnosis is often postponed due to a secondary immune response with delayed IgM development, as illustrated in this case. (tidsskriftet.no)
• Cost-effectiveness analysis of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) vaccination program in Bali Province, Indonesia. (bvsalud.org)
• The protective effects of bednets impregnated with pyrethroid insecticide and Japanese encephalitis vaccination on Japanese encephalitis : a case control study / Luo Dapeng. (who.int)

Mosquitoes1

• Seventeen species of wild birds transmit West Nile encephalitis (WNE) to humans via the Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles mosquitoes. (medscape.com)

Viruses3

• When the CNS is affected, clinical syndromes ranging from febrile headache to aseptic meningitis to encephalitis may occur, and these are usually indistinguishable from similar syndromes caused by other viruses. (cdc.gov)
• Reassortment between influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses resulted in the circulation of A (H1N2) virus during the 2001-02 and 2002-03 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
• The viruses identified in Hungary between 2010 and 2015 were closely related to the "original" virus strain that was responsible for the blackbird die-off in Austria from 2001 to 2005. (sciencedaily.com)

Autoimmune4

• Why does it feel like we know so little about autoimmune encephalitis? (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
• When you or someone you love is diagnosed with a disease like autoimmune encephalitis, the seemingly slow pace at which research progresses can feel frustrating. (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
• In this post I will walk you through why the pace of research on diseases like autoimmune encephalitis can seem slow and what this means for scientific progress toward understanding autoimmune encephalitis. (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
• The discovery of NMDAR autoantibodies in 2007/8 by Josep Dalmau and his group and the since-emerging recognition and definition of Autoimmune Encephalitis (AE) for a widening spectrum of neurological disorders ( 4 , 5 ) have especially moved the field, because AE can be well diagnosed as a result of presenting with severe neurologic symptoms. (edupony.com)

Tick Borne16

• Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is focally endemic in parts of Europe and Asia. (cdc.gov)
• Lindquist L , Vapalahti O . Tick-borne encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
• Tick borne encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
• Kríz B , Benes C , Daniel M . Alimentary transmission of tick-borne encephalitis in the Czech Republic (1997-2008). (cdc.gov)
• Tick-borne encephalitis from eating goat cheese in a mountain region of Austria. (cdc.gov)
• Ličková M , Fumačová Havlíková S , Sláviková M , Klempa B . Alimentary infections by tick-borne encephalitis virus. (cdc.gov)
• Buczek AM , Buczek W , Buczek A , Wysokińska-Miszczuk J . Food-borne transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus-spread, consequences, and prophylaxis. (cdc.gov)
• Slovakia reports highest occurrence of alimentary tick-borne encephalitis in Europe: Analysis of tick-borne encephalitis outbreaks in Slovakia during 2007-2016. (cdc.gov)
• Milk outbreaks of tick-borne encephalitis in Slovakia, 2012-2016. (cdc.gov)
• Tick-borne encephalitis complicated by a polio-like syndrome following a holiday in central Europe. (cdc.gov)
• An immunosuppressed woman in her sixties, living in an endemic tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) county in Norway, was admitted with high fever and affected mental status, giving rise to clinical suspicion of encephalitis. (tidsskriftet.no)
• For the most important and well-known infections spread by Ixodes ticks, Lyme borreliosis (LB) and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), there are recommendations for diagnosis and management available from several health authorities and professional medical networks. (frontiersin.org)
• In patients with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), electrical parameters were measured from certain areas of the skin, functionally connected with various organs and systems of the body. (bioresonancetoba.ir)
• Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an important tick-borne disease in Europe. (biomedcentral.com)
• Oligomeric rearrangement of tick-borne encephalitis virus envelope proteins induced by an acidic pH. (microbiologyresearch.org)
• Synthesis and secretion of recombinant tick-borne encephalitis virus protein E in soluble and particulate form. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Infectious1

• The paradigm of clinically relevant neuroinflammation represents infectious (meningo-)encephalitis, representing an acute, strong type of neuroinflammation, thus up to now also dominating the definition of terms beyond states of classical acute neuroinflammation. (edupony.com)

Retrospective1

• Postmortem retrospective evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid sample in our case, as well as literature review, indicated that some cases of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba may be diagnosable by cerebrospinal fluid examination. (biomedcentral.com)

Outbreaks1

• Later, outbreaks occurred in regions of North East India and, since 2001, virtually yearly in particular Bangladeshi districts. (yahoo.com)

Prognosis2

• Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. (biomedcentral.com)
• For pathologists as well as physicians, increased awareness of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis is important for improving the poor prognosis along with the attempt to early diagnosis with cerebrospinal fluid. (biomedcentral.com)

Herpes2

• Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, even with appropriate antiviral therapy. (researchgate.net)
• Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a rare but severe condition. (biomedcentral.com)

Flaviviridae1

• Ribavirin (already established as therapy for hepatitis C virus, which is also in the Flaviviridae family) was used in a study of 153 Indian children with JEV encephalitis, but did not indicate any benefit compared with placebo. (mja.com.au)

Diagnosis2

• A diagnosis of rabies should be considered in any patient who presents encephalitis of unknown cause [5]. (scielo.br)
• The diagnosis of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis is challenging for clinicians because it is a rare and lethal disease. (biomedcentral.com)

West Nile2

• West Nile was first detected in Prince William County in 2001. (manassasjm.com)
• Two mosquito-borne diseases, St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) and West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis, are still serious problems in Mississippi. (msstate.edu)

MVEV1

• Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) is a mosquito-borne virus that is found across Australia, Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya. (mja.com.au)

Virus4

• We isolated and characterized St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) from cloacal swabs of naturally exposed adult sentinel chickens in 2006. (cdc.gov)
• Actualización sobre el virus la influenza aviar A (H5N1) en los seres humanos. (cdc.gov)
• A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. (curehunter.com)
• Nevertheless, in late 2001, the virus attacked my brain and triggered encephalitis. (huffpost.com)

Neurological1

• Many cases of neurological disease and encephalitis in livestock remain etiologically unresolved, posing a constant threat to animal and human health. (biomedcentral.com)

Japanese2

• The Okinawa Prefectural Department of Health and Welfare declared a caution for the Japanese encephalitis on Wednesday, Aug. 8. (japanupdate.com)
• The magnitude of Japanese encephalitis occurrence is escalating from last few years. (ommegaonline.org)

SLEV1

• For the first time since 2001, SLEV sentinel seroconversions (n = 40) exceeded WNV seroconversions (n = 30) ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)

Brain4

• Arboviral encephalitis is characterized by fever, headache, and altered mental status ranging from confusion to coma with or without additional signs of brain dysfunction (e.g., paresis or paralysis, cranial nerve palsies, sensory deficits, abnormal reflexes, generalized convulsions, and abnormal movements). (cdc.gov)
• Encephalitis is an acute inflammatory process that primarily involves the brain. (medscape.com)
• For patient education resources, see the Brain and Nervous System Center , as well as Encephalitis . (medscape.com)
• I had encephalitis which left me with brain damage and problems with my sight which resulted in constant pain in my head. (ukcho.co.uk)

Yellow Fever1

• 2001). Jungle yellow fever, Rio de Janeiro. (cdc.gov)

Cases3

• Sporadic symptomatic cases of Saint Louis encephalitis (SLE) have been reported since 1964 ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
• To address the need for accurate risk predictions of contracting TBE, data on 4,044 TBE cases reported in the Czech Republic during 2001-2006 were compared with questing activity of I. ricinus nymphs monitored weekly at a defined location for the same 6-year period. (nih.gov)
• The notion that high intracranial pressure (ICP) might be associated with a poor acute-phase outcome of severe cases of encephalitis arose from the historical series of Barnett et al. (biomedcentral.com)

Clinically1

• The idea that mild encephalitis (ME) may be under-recognized though clinically relevant for severe mental disorders (SMI) ( 2 ), was not well accepted when first published in 2001 ( 3 ), but is gaining more support now ( 3 - 5 ). (edupony.com)