bone morphoge
- The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Hand2 , together with Ascl1, Phox2a, Phox2b and Gata2/Gata3 , is induced by bone morphogenetic proteins in neural crest-derived precursor cells during sympathetic neuron generation. (biologists.org)
- The development of autonomic neurons depends crucially on the presence of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), extrinsic differentiation factors that are produced in the environment of the primordia of autonomic ganglia. (biologists.org)
cells
- reprogrammed human and mouse somatic cells into ESC-like pluripotent cells (termed induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSC), simply by direct transduction of ESC transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc [ 2 , 3 ]. (mdpi.com)
Genes
- This gene encodes a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor that controls cholesterol homeostasis by stimulating transcription of sterol-regulated genes. (wikipedia.org)
- IRF5 seems to work "either by interacting with DNA directly, or by interacting with other proteins that themselves control which genes are switched on. (wikipedia.org)
- Taken together, our data reveal a new signaling pathway activated by amino acid starvation leading to ATF2 phosphorylation and subsequently positively affecting the transcription of amino acid-regulated genes. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- These two kinases play a major role in the control of protein synthesis ( 71 ), transcription, and mRNA turnover of specific genes ( 24 , 46 , 69 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- At a molecular level, most of the results have been obtained by studying the transcriptional regulation of the activating transcription factor 3 ( ATF3 ), C/EBP homologous protein ( CHOP ), and asparagine synthetase ( ASNS ) genes. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- This approach allowed to discover complex regulatory circuits involving novel miRNAs and protein coding genes not considered before in the HOS such as miR-34a and miR-30 and their targets. (frontiersin.org)
- A novel member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) cytokine family, designated TRANCE, was cloned during a search for apoptosis-regulatory genes using a somatic cell genetic approach in T cell hybridomas. (jax.org)
- They promote DNA binding and transactivation of p53-family proteins on the promoters of proapoptotic genes. (wikipedia.org)
- Initially described as a transcription factor able to activate expression of the cytokine Interferon beta, IRF-1 was subsequently shown to function as a transcriptional activator or repressor of a variety of target genes. (wikipedia.org)
- MTA2 inhibits the expression of target genes owing to its ability to interact with chromatin remodeling complexes, and modulates pathways involved in cellular functions, including invasion, apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and growth of normal and cancer cells Expression of MTA2 is stimulated by Sp1 transcription factor and repressed by Kaiso. (wikipedia.org)
- Here, ICP0 promotes transcription from viral genes, disrupts structures in the nucleus known as nuclear dots or promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies, and alters the expression of host and viral genes in combination with a neuron specific protein. (wikipedia.org)
- In HSV-1 infected cells, ICP0 activates transcription of many viral and cellular genes. (wikipedia.org)
- After translocating to the nucleus early in infection, ICP0 promotes degradation of many cellular antiviral genes, including those for nuclear body-associated proteins promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and Sp100, causing disruption of PML nuclear bodies and reduced cellular antiviral capacity. (wikipedia.org)
- This interaction is attributed to the partial similarity of ICP0 to the human protein CoREST, also called REST corepressor 1 (RCOR1), which combines with NRSF to repress expression of neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Combination of ICP0 with these NRSF-like neuronal factors may silence herpes genes in neurons, blocking the production of other immediate-early genes such as ICP4 and reducing production of ICP22. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, an NRSF-binding region is located between the viral genes expressing proteins ICP4 and ICP22. (wikipedia.org)
- Through this binding, it represses HBV core promoter activity, transcription of HBV genes, and production of HBV virions. (wikipedia.org)
- On the one hand, SON protein is required to maintain the genome stability in order to ensure an efficient RNA processing of affected genes. (wikipedia.org)
- The IRF family proteins bind to the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) and regulate expression of genes stimulated by type I IFNs, namely IFN-α and IFN-β. (wikipedia.org)
- IRF family proteins also control expression of IFN-α and IFN-β-regulated genes that are induced by viral infection. (wikipedia.org)
differentiation
- MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. (wikipedia.org)
- IRF5 is a member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, a group of transcription factors with diverse roles, including virus-mediated activation of interferon, and modulation of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune system activity. (wikipedia.org)
- NOR1 plays a central regulatory role in cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism and apoptosis Neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 has been shown to interact with SIX3. (wikipedia.org)
- miRNAs are involved in the regulation of many biological processes such as differentiation, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
- It has been found that these proteins may regulate the hematopoietic cells differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
- IRF8 is highly expressed in myeloid cells and was originally identified in as a critical lineage-specific transcription factor for myeloid cell differentiation, recent studies, however, have shown that IRF8 is also constitutively expressed in non-hematopoietic cancer cells, albeit at a lower level. (wikipedia.org)
- Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) also known as cluster of differentiation 274 (CD274) or B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD274 gene. (wikipedia.org)
host cell apoptosis
- Finally, the elimination or exit of the symbiont from host tissues is described through a variety of mechanisms including exocytosis, host cell detachment and host cell apoptosis. (biologists.org)
- This function of ICP0 also prevents production of RNase L, an enzyme that degrades single-stranded viral and cellular RNAs and induces host cell apoptosis in virus infected cells. (wikipedia.org)
kinase
- Mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 also known as c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK10 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. (wikipedia.org)
- Through its phosphorylation and nuclear localization, this kinase plays regulatory roles in the signaling pathways during neuronal apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Beta-arrestin 2, a receptor-regulated MAP kinase scaffold protein, is found to interact with, and stimulate the phosphorylation of this kinase by MAP kinase kinase 4 (MKK4). (wikipedia.org)
- Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 can phosphorylate, and inhibit the activity of this kinase, which may be important in preventing neuronal apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
- NOD2 associates with the caspase activation and recruitment domain of RIP-like interacting caspase-like apoptosis regulatory protein kinase (RICK)/RIP2 and activates nuclear factor (NF)-κB in epithelial cells and macrophages, whereas NOD2 mutant 3020insC, which is associated with CD, shows an impaired ability to activate NF-κB. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Previously, we have shown that FAK (focal adhesion kinase) and IGF-1R (insulin-like growth factor receptor-1) directly interact with each other and this interaction provides activation of crucial signaling pathways that benefit cancer cells. (ufl.edu)
- HspB1 is a protein of 205 amino acids (22783 Da), which can be phosphorylated at serines 15, 78 and 82 by mitogen- activated protein kinases associated protein kinases ( MAPKAP kinase 2 , MAPKAP kinase 3 ). (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
- We identified the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) module MEKK1/MKK7/JNK2 as the pathway responsible for ATF2 phosphorylation on the threonine 69 (Thr69) and Thr71 residues. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- We show here that stimulation of presynaptic AMPA receptors induces activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) through a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase-dependent and Na + /Ca 2+ -independent mechanism. (jneurosci.org)
- MAPKs [extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk)1,are highly conserved enzymes that mediate the actions of cell surface receptors to regulatory targets within the cell ( Chang and Karin, 2001 ). (jneurosci.org)
- TRANCE is a novel ligand of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase in T cells. (jax.org)
- NFATC2 has been shown to interact with MEF2D, EP300, IRF4 and Protein kinase Mζ. (wikipedia.org)
induce
- To induce and stabilize the pluripotent state, complex circuitries involving signaling pathways, transcription regulators and epigenetic mechanisms converge on a core transcriptional regulatory network of PSCs, thus determining their cell identity. (frontiersin.org)
- Excessive ROS, however, can exert cytotoxic effects, cause oxidative damage to proteins, and DNA, can interfere with cell growth and cell cycle progression, and induce apoptosis of gingival fibroblasts. (frontiersin.org)
- A conditionally replicative adenovirus (CRAd) with a 24 base pair deletion in the retinoblastoma-binding domain of the E1A protein (Ad5- Δ24E3), is unable to silence retinoblastoma, and therefore unable to induce S-phase in host cells. (wikipedia.org)
- ICP0 also inhibits the activity of IFN regulatory factors (IRF3) and IRF7, which are key transcription factors that induce production of antiviral cytokines called interferons. (wikipedia.org)
- The binding of PD-L1 to PD-1 or B7.1 transmits an inhibitory signal that reduces the proliferation of these T cells and can also induce apoptosis, which is further mediated by a lower regulation of the gene Bcl-2. (wikipedia.org)
- In this way, interferon-gamma can induce PD-L1 protein expression by inhibiting gene-mediated suppression of mRNA translation. (wikipedia.org)
pathways
- We have also studied the biclusters and analyzed the significant GO terms and KEGG pathways in which the human proteins of the biclusters participate. (biomedcentral.com)
- Professor Utz is an expert in the study of human and murine autoantibodies and autoantigens, apoptosis signaling pathways, animal models of autoimmunity, proteomics and multiplexed assay development for biomarker discovery. (stanford.edu)
induces
- Previous studies have shown that amino acid depletion induces transcription of the ATF3 (activation transcription factor 3) gene through an amino acid response element (AARE) located in its promoter. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
interacts
- Caspase-3 is a caspase protein that interacts with caspase-8 and caspase-9. (wikipedia.org)
- Nevertheless, this process is still a little uncertain and this is why in a future it will be interesting to understand how exactly this protein interacts with the spliceosomal complex, its exact molecular function in the context of splicing. (wikipedia.org)
interferon
- Interferon regulatory factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF5 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Interferon regulatory factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Interferon regulatory factor 1 was the first member of the interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family identified. (wikipedia.org)
- Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) also known as interferon consensus sequence-binding protein (ICSBP), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF8 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Interferon Consensus Sequence-binding protein (ICSBP) is a transcription factor of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family. (wikipedia.org)
- The PD-L1 gene promoter region has a response element to IRF-1, the interferon regulatory factor. (wikipedia.org)
- Upon treatment with interferon-gamma, miR-513 was down-regulated, thereby lifting suppression of PD-L1 protein. (wikipedia.org)
proliferation
- In the abdomen, Grh terminates neural proliferation by regulating the competence of neuroblasts to undergo apoptosis in response to Abdominal-A expression. (biologists.org)
- This study shows how a factor specific to late-stage neural progenitors can regulate the time at which neural proliferation stops, and identifies mechanisms linking it to the Hox axial patterning system. (biologists.org)
- We performed an integrated analysis of miRNA expression data with gene expression profiles to refine computational target prediction approaches by means of the inversely correlation of miRNA-mRNA expressions, and we highlighted targets, which have roles in cardiac contractility, cardiomyocyte proliferation/apoptosis, and morphogenesis, crucial functions regulated by Tbx5. (frontiersin.org)
- A recent study suggested that SON may be a novel therapeutic molecular target for pancreatic cancer as the results of a recent study show that this protein is very important as far as proliferation, survival and tumorigenicity of cancer cells are concerned. (wikipedia.org)
amino acids
- In such a situation, it has been shown that amino acids by themselves are involved in a variety of regulatory processes ( 26 , 47 , 67 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- The TRANCE gene encodes a type II membrane protein of 316 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 35 kDa. (jax.org)
- The protein is 785 amino acids long, with a molecular weight of 81 kDA. (wikipedia.org)
- The gene encoding the catalytic subunit encodes a protein of 367 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 72.773 kDa and maps to chromosome 6. (wikipedia.org)
- The 8.6-kb long human MTA2 gene contains 20 exons and seven transcripts inclusive of three protein-coding transcripts but predicted to code for two polypeptides of 688 amino acids and 495 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- The murine Mta2 consists of a 3.1-kb protein-coding transcript to code a protein of 668 amino acids, and five non-coding RNAs transcripts, ranging from 620-bp to 839-bp. (wikipedia.org)
mediate
- This receptor can activate the transcription factor NF-κB, mediate apoptosis, and function as a regulator of inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
- In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), IRF8 regulates acid ceramidase to mediate CML apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
- IRF8 mediates the expression of Fas, Bax, FLIP, Jak1 and STAT1 to mediate apoptosis in non-hemotopoietic cancer cells. (wikipedia.org)
2001
- Activated MAPKs may either phosphorylate cytosolic proteins or translocate to the nucleus, where they regulate transcription factors (for review, see Chang and Karin, 2001 ). (jneurosci.org)
vitro
- INT2-31 caused a disruption of protein interactions between FAK and IGF-1R in vitro in cancer cells starting at a concentration of 2.5 microM. (ufl.edu)
- To determine whether interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling directs the expression of pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF) in vitro and in vivo. (docme.ru)
- These molecules are sufficient to activate caspase-3 in vitro, but other regulatory proteins are necessary in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
- CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells have been called "naturally occurring" regulatory T cells to distinguish them from "suppressor" T cell populations that are generated in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
encodes
- Zebrafish homozygous for the lockjaw ( low ) mutation show defects in all of these derivatives and we show that low (allelic with montblanc ) encodes a zebrafish tfap2a , one of a small family of transcription factors implicated in epidermal and neural crest development. (biologists.org)
- Cross-hybridization of the mouse cDNA to a human thymus library yielded the human homolog, which encodes a protein 83% identical to the mouse ectodomain. (jax.org)
- This gene encodes a member of the ASPP (apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53) family of p53 interacting proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- MTA2 is acetylated at lysine 152 within the BAH domain This gene encodes a protein that has been identified as a component of NuRD, a nucleosome remodeling deacetylase complex identified in the nucleus of human cells. (wikipedia.org)
molecular
- In recent years this has focus on molecular evolution of protein families. (wikipedia.org)
- sHsps bind denatured proteins and facilitate their refolding by the ATP-dependent molecular chaperones of the Hsp70 family (Haslbeck et al. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
cDNA
- MTA2 was initially recognized as an MTA1 like 1 gene, named MTA1-L1, from a large scale sequencing of randomly selected clones from human cDNA libraries in 1999. (wikipedia.org)
regulate
- Interestingly, there is also evidence that two members of the temporal transcription factor series may regulate the overall number of divisions that a neuroblast undergoes. (biologists.org)
- erk1,2 are highly abundant in the CNS, where they regulate a variety of neuronal processes such as response to growth factors, growth cone dynamics, long-term potentiation, and apoptosis. (jneurosci.org)
- In myeloid cells, IRF8 regulates the expression of Bax and Fas to regulate apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
binds
- Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (TNFRSF1A) and CD120a, is a ubiquitous membrane receptor that binds tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). (wikipedia.org)
- The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger transcription factor that binds to GC-rich motifs of many promoters. (wikipedia.org)
- In the SV40 virus, Sp1 binds to the GC boxes in the regulatory region (RR) of the genome. (wikipedia.org)
- The SP1 transcription factor contains a zinc finger protein motif, by which it binds directly to DNA and enhances gene transcription. (wikipedia.org)
- Sp1 has been used as a control protein to compare with when studying the increase or decrease of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and/or the estrogen receptor, since it binds to both and generally remains at a relatively constant level. (wikipedia.org)
- The IRF-1 protein binds to the ISRE via an N-terminal helix-turn-helix DNA binding domain, which is highly conserved among all IRF proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- The protein encoded by SON gene binds to a specific DNA sequence upstream of the upstream regulatory sequence of the core promoter and second enhancer of human hepatitis B virus (HBV). (wikipedia.org)
- Each of these antibody subtypes binds to different proteins or protein complexes within the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
autoantigens
- In normal individuals, the immune system produces antibodies to foreign proteins (antigens) but not to human proteins (autoantigens). (wikipedia.org)
- In normal physiology, lymphocytes that recognise human proteins (autoantigens) either undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) or become non-functional. (wikipedia.org)
roles
- Antiapoptotic protein BCL2-associated athanogene 4 (BAG4/SODD) and adaptor proteins TRADD and TRAF2 have been shown to interact with this receptor, and thus play regulatory roles in the signal transduction mediated by the receptor. (wikipedia.org)
- IRF-1 has been shown to play roles in the immune response, regulating apoptosis, DNA damage and tumor suppression. (wikipedia.org)
- IRF8 is a transcription factor that plays critical roles in the regulation of lineage commitment and in myeloid cell maturation including the decision for a common myeloid progenitor (CMP) to differentiate into a monocyte precursor cell. (wikipedia.org)
interaction
- Such an intimate cellular relationship involves regulatory crosstalk between partners that allows the interaction to persist. (biologists.org)
- Our data suggest that the FAK-IGF-1R protein interaction is an important target and disruption of this protein-protein interaction with a small molecule has a potential anti-neoplastic therapeutic effect. (ufl.edu)
- Some recent studies have been conducted for computational prediction of new interactions based on the experimentally validated information stored in a HIV-1-human protein-protein interaction database. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, these techniques do not predict any regulatory mechanism between HIV-1 and human proteins by considering interaction types and direction of regulation of interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
- The prediction of possible viral-host interactions is one of the major tasks in Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) research for antiviral drug discovery and treatment optimization. (biomedcentral.com)
- At the DP (double-positive) stage, they are selected by their interaction with the cells within the thymus, begin the transcription of Foxp3, and become Treg cells, although they may not begin to express Foxp3 until the single-positive stage, at which point they are functional Tregs. (wikipedia.org)
- It also facilitates the interaction of SR proteins with RNA polymerase II and is required for processing of weak constitutive splice sites, having also strong implications in cancer and other human diseases. (wikipedia.org)
regulates
- It has been shown that the extreme C-terminus of IRF-1 regulates its ability to activate transcription, nanobodies targeting this domain (MF1) are able to increase IRF-1 activity. (wikipedia.org)
- Similar to the founding family member MTA1, MTA2 functions as a chromatin remodeling factor and regulates gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
- But as we could read in the article called "SON protein regulates GATA-2 through transcriptional control of the microRNA 23a-27-24-a clúster", SON protein has even more functions in the organism. (wikipedia.org)
neuronal
- Early in development, neuroblasts switch through a temporal series of transcription factors modulating neuronal fate according to the time of birth. (biologists.org)
- This protein is a neuronal-specific form of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs). (wikipedia.org)
- It is the predominant caspase involved in the cleavage of amyloid-beta 4A precursor protein, which is associated with neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
transcriptional
- The Agobacterium tumefaciens Transcriptional Factor BlcR Is Regulated via Oligomerization. (indiana.edu)
- It may represent one member of a small gene family that encode different but related proteins involved either directly or indirectly in transcriptional regulation. (wikipedia.org)
- Not only the SON protein interferes in the splicing but also makes complex mechanisms such as the RNA post-transcriptional to cooperate with the splicing-mRNA processing. (wikipedia.org)
cellular
- ROS causes major cellular damage including oxidizing membranes, denaturing proteins and damaging nucleic acids ( Lesser, 2006 ). (biologists.org)
- The most commonly used group of adenoviruses is serotype 5 (Ad5), whose binding to host cells is initiated by interactions between the cellular coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), and the knob domain of the adenovirus coat protein trimer. (wikipedia.org)
- CoREST and NRSF combine with another cellular protein, histone deacetylase-1 (HDAC) to form a HDAC/CoREST/NRSF complex. (wikipedia.org)
regulation
- Regulation of preB cell colony-enhancing factor by STAT-3dependent interleukin-6 trans-signalingImplications in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. (docme.ru)
- PBEF regulation by the IL-6- related cytokines, IL-6, sIL-6R, oncostatin M (OSM), IL-11, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. (docme.ru)
- To maintain the pluripotency of the embryonic stem cells, transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers play an important role despite the fact that little is known about the regulation of pluripotency throughout the process of splicing. (wikipedia.org)
Induction
- Induction of S phase by G1 regulatory factors. (biomedsearch.com)
- It also caused a dose dependent inhibition of cell viability and induction of apoptosis starting at doses of 0.5 microM and 5microM, respectively. (ufl.edu)
- most of which involve the induction of cytoprotective enzymes that scavenge ROS ( Mates and Sanchez-Jimenez, 1999 ). (frontiersin.org)
- ASPP proteins are required for the induction of apoptosis by p53-family proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Kinases
- They involve protein kinases mTORC1, activated by amino acid supplementation, and GCN2, activated by amino acid starvation. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Their activation by phosphorylation is achieved by a signaling cascade of three serially linked protein kinases. (jneurosci.org)
tumor necros
- Various signals modulate HspB1 phosphorylation: growth factors, tumor necrosis factor , differentiating agents, heat and oxidative stress (Arrigo et al. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
- The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, which also contains TNFRSF1B. (wikipedia.org)
- This protein is one of the major receptors for the tumor necrosis factor-alpha. (wikipedia.org)
- Germline mutations of the extracellular domains of this receptor were found to be associated with the human genetic disorder called tumor necrosis factor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) or periodic fever syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
- TRANCE is a novel ligand of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family" by B R. Wong, J Rho et al. (jax.org)
gene family
- LFG: a candidate apoptosis regulatory gene family" Apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Tbx5 is a member of the T-box gene family, which acts as transcription factor involved in the vertebrate heart development. (frontiersin.org)
nucleus
- MTA2 protein localizes in the nucleus and is a component of the nucleosome remodeling and the deacetylation complex (NuRD). (wikipedia.org)
- This protein is present in the cytosol and only translocates to the nucleus upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, where it becomes a member of the nuclear factors of activated T cells transcription complex. (wikipedia.org)
- During these early stages of infection, ICP0 protein is synthesized and transported to the nucleus of the infected host cell. (wikipedia.org)
- SON protein is essential for maintaining the subnuclear organization of the factors that are processed in the nucleus highlighting its direct role in pre-mRNA splicing. (wikipedia.org)
- Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs, also known as antinuclear factor or ANF) are autoantibodies that bind to contents of the cell nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
constitutive
- This event requires phosphorylation of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), a constitutive AARE-bound factor. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
human
- I studied the effect of this compound on FAK-IGF-1R protein interactions, when administered alone or in combination with 5-FU or gemcitabine chemotherapy on cell signaling, viability and apoptosis in human melanoma (A375, C8161, SK-Mel28), esophageal (KYSE 70, 140) and pancreatic (Miapaca-2, Panc-1) cancer cells and on in vivo tumor growth in xenograft mouse models. (ufl.edu)
- Discovering novel interactions between HIV-1 and human proteins would greatly contribute to different areas of HIV research. (biomedcentral.com)
- Here we present an association rule mining technique based on biclustering for discovering a set of rules among human and HIV-1 proteins using the publicly available HIV-1-human PPI database. (biomedcentral.com)
- These rules are subsequently utilized to predict some novel interactions among HIV-1 and human proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
- Moreover the predicted rules have also been analyzed to discover regulatory relationship between some human proteins in course of HIV-1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- We have also highlighted some human proteins that are likely to act against the HIV-1 attack. (biomedcentral.com)
- We pose the problem of identifying new regulatory interactions between HIV-1 and human proteins based on the existing PPI database as an association rule mining problem based on biclustering algorithm. (biomedcentral.com)
- We discover some novel regulatory interactions between HIV-1 and human proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
- Human Herpes Virus (HHV) Infected Cell Polypeptide 0 (ICP0) is a protein, encoded by the DNA of herpes viruses. (wikipedia.org)
- Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 (SUMO-1) is a protein produced by human cells that is involved in the modification of many proteins, including human PML protein. (wikipedia.org)
- Resting human cholangiocytes express PD-L1 mRNA, but not the protein, due to translational suppression by microRNA miR-513. (wikipedia.org)
shown to interact
- SREBF2 has been shown to interact with INSIG1 and CREB-binding protein. (wikipedia.org)
MAPK
- Then, we progressed backwards up the signal transduction pathway and showed that the GTPase Rac1/Cdc42 and the protein Gα12 control the MAPK module, ATF2 phosphorylation, and AARE-dependent transcription. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
immune system
- The regulatory T cells (Tregs /ˈtiːrɛɡ/), formerly known as suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T cells that modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and prevent autoimmune disease. (wikipedia.org)
- T regulatory cells are a component of the immune system that suppress immune responses of other cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a 40kDa type 1 transmembrane protein that has been speculated to play a major role in suppressing the immune system during particular events such as pregnancy, tissue allografts, autoimmune disease and other disease states such as hepatitis. (wikipedia.org)
membrane
- Comparison of the major outer-membrane protein (MOMP) gene of mouse pneumonitis (MoPn) and hamster SFPD strains of Chlamydia trachomatis with other Chlamydia strains. (wikipedia.org)
- HspB1 was also detected as a surface membrane protein in some cancer cell types (Shin et al. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
- One of the major factors thought to contribute to the chronic milieu is interleukin-6 (IL-6), exerting its effects through 2 membrane-bound receptors, namely, IL-6R and gp130 (2). (docme.ru)
family
- Legionella pneumophila inhibits macrophage apoptosis by targeting pro-death members of the Bcl2 protein family. (indiana.edu)
- The Origin and Evolution of the Ribosome" Biology Direct 3: 16, 1-13 (2008) Smith, Temple F. "Chapter 2: Diversity of WD-Repeat Proteins" The Coronin Family of Proteins, 20-30 (2008) Bhutkar, Arjun V., Gelbart, William M. and Smith, Temple F. (2007). (wikipedia.org)
- 2003). Functional conservation between members of an ancient duplicated transcription factor family, LSF/Grainyhead. (wikipedia.org)
- HspB1 belongs to the ubiquitous family of small heat shock proteins (sHsps). (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
- NOR1 is a member of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors. (wikipedia.org)
- SP1 belongs to the Sp/KLF family of transcription factors. (wikipedia.org)
- The CASP3 protein is a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. (wikipedia.org)
- This gene is a member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family. (wikipedia.org)
- The protein shows sequence similarities with other DNA-binding structural proteins such as gallin, oncoproteins of the MYC family, and the oncoprotein MOS. (wikipedia.org)
- Proteins of this family are composed of a conserved DNA-binding domain in the N-terminal region and a divergent C-terminal region that serves as the regulatory domain. (wikipedia.org)
suppresses
- Withaferin A suppresses the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells via Sp1 transcription" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
intracellular
- Potential factors for MDR includes enhanced drug detoxification, decreased drug uptake, increased intracellular nucleophiles levels, enhanced repair of drug induced DNA damage, overexpression of drug transporter such as P-glycoprotein(P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP1, MRP2), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). (frontiersin.org)
- In a mouse model of intracellular infection, L. monocytogenes induced PD-L1 protein expression in T cells, NK cells, and macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
endogenous
- HSV-1 ICP0 and several of its homologs in other herpes viruses bind to SUMO-1 in a manner similar to endogenous proteins, causing depletion of SUMO-1, and disruption of nuclear bodies. (wikipedia.org)
signaling molecules
- In addition to signaling molecules, a growing list of transcription factors appear to function in the early premigratory crest. (biologists.org)
modulates
- Recent studies in the developing central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila have identified a striking example of an expression sequence of transcription factors that modulates neural progenitor potential with time (reviewed by Pearson and Doe, 2004 ). (biologists.org)
- Among the transcription factors, MYC represents a central hub, which modulates and integrates multiple mechanisms involved both in the maintenance of pluripotency and in cell reprogramming. (frontiersin.org)
basic helix
- The encoded protein contains a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLH-Zip) domain. (wikipedia.org)
Nuclear Facto
- While earning his M.D. degree in 1991 from Stanford, Dr. Utz co-discovered the transcription factor Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (NFAT) with J.P. Shaw in Dr. Gerald Crabtree's laboratory. (stanford.edu)
- Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFATC2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Cell Cycle
- Among them, D-type G1 cyclins and a Cdk inhibitor, p27Kip1, function as the target of growth factors to integrate extracellular signals into cell cycle regulators. (biomedsearch.com)
- For adenovirus replication to occur, the host cell must be induced into S phase by viral proteins interfering with cell cycle proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- SON is the name that has been given to a large Ser/Arg (SR)-related protein, which is a splicing co-factor that contributes to an efficient splicing within cell cycle progression. (wikipedia.org)
- page needed] Although there is a lack of knowledge about its exact splicing control in the progression of the cell cycle and it has remained largely unexplored, it's certain that this splicing-associated protein is necessary for the maintenance of the embryonic stem cells because it influences the splicing of pluripotency regulators. (wikipedia.org)
Fusion
- These molecules are fusion proteins that are made up of an antibody raised against the knob domain of the adenovirus coat protein, fused to a natural ligand for a cell-surface receptor. (wikipedia.org)
- The translocation breakpoint led to the loss of the controlling elements of the NFATc2 protein and the fusion of the N terminal region of the EWSR1 gene conferred constant activation of the protein. (wikipedia.org)
humans
- Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-2) also known as sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2 (SREBF2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SREBF2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- The neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 (NOR1) also known as NR4A3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR4A3 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Transcription factor Sp1, also known as specificity protein 1* is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SP1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R13B gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Metastasis-associated protein MTA2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTA2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- SON protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SON gene. (wikipedia.org)
- The most common gene name of this splicing protein- which is only found in Humans (Homo sapiens)- is SON, but C21orf50, DBP5, KIAA1019 and NREBP can also be used as synonyms. (wikipedia.org)
transcript variants
- Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants that encode the same protein. (wikipedia.org)
genes
- Chromosomal assignment of human nuclear envelope protein genes LMNA, LMNB1, and LBR by fluorescence in situ hybridization. (wikipedia.org)
- The underlying mechanism appears to be mediated by SphK1 induced upregulation of select gene transcription programs such as that of CBP/p300 and PCAF, two histone acetyl transferases (HAT), and the down regulation of cell cycle dependent kinase inhibitor genes such as p27kip1 and p21cip1. (docplayer.net)
- Prevention of deacetylation of histones results in the transcriptional inactivation of the associated genes and the cells undergo apoptosis. (docplayer.net)
- In the absence of activated GR, other transcription factors such as NF-κB or AP-1 themselves are able to transactivate target genes. (wikipedia.org)
- However activated GR can complex with these other transcription factors and prevent them from binding their target genes and hence repress the expression of genes that are normally upregulated by NF-κB or AP-1. (wikipedia.org)
- Gene fusion Recurrent somatic fusions of the two genes, NGFI-A-binding protein 2 (NAB2) and STAT6, located at chromosomal region 12q13, have been identified in solitary fibrous tumors. (wikipedia.org)
- Calcineurin is a heterodimer of a 61-kD calmodulin-binding catalytic subunit, calcineurin A and a 19-kD Ca2+-binding regulatory subunit, calcineurin B. There are three isozymes of the catalytic subunit, each encoded by a separate gene (PPP3CA, PPP3CB, and PPP3CC) and two isoforms of the regulatory, also encoded by separate genes (PPP3R1, PPP3R2). (wikipedia.org)
- Calcineurin induces different transcription factors (NFATs) that are important in the transcription of IL-2 genes. (wikipedia.org)
- Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. (wikipedia.org)
- Most oncogenes began as proto-oncogenes, normal genes involved in cell growth and proliferation or inhibition of apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
- UBA52 and RPS27A genes code for a single copy of ubiquitin fused to the ribosomal proteins L40 and S27a, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
- The UBB and UBC genes code for polyubiquitin precursor proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Interaction of PAX3 with other transcription factors (such as SOX10) or chromatin factors (such as PAX3/7BP) enables synergistic activation of PAX3 target genes. (wikipedia.org)
- This protein controls cell cycle progression and proneural genes expression by acting as a transcription coregulator that enhances or inhibits the activity of transcription factors. (wikipedia.org)
antiapoptotic proteins
- Bax and Bad represent proapoptotic proteins, while Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl represent antiapoptotic proteins. (hindawi.com)
- Survivin is a member of the IAP family of antiapoptotic proteins. (wikipedia.org)
undergo
- Most normal cells will undergo a programmed form of rapid cell death (apoptosis) when critical functions are altered and malfunctioning. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, PAX3 can also undergo ubiquitination and acetylation at lysines 437 and 475, which regulates protein stability and function. (wikipedia.org)
- In normal physiology, lymphocytes that recognise human proteins (autoantigens) either undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) or become non-functional. (wikipedia.org)
nuclear
- The induction of tolerogenic DCs is mediated through the VPAC1 receptor and protein kinase A, and correlates with the inhibition of IκB phosphorylation and of NF-κBp65 nuclear translocation. (jimmunol.org)
- AGE-albumin) and in particular carboxymethyllysine (CML) are known to play a central role in diabetic nephropathy, we studied the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in tubular epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro by AGE-albumin and CML. (diabetesjournals.org)
- In two cohorts of therapy-naïve, node-negative breast cancer patients, low nuclear Stat5a protein levels were an independent marker of poor prognosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Calcineurin activates nuclear factor of activated T cell, cytoplasmic (NFATc), a transcription factor, by dephosphorylating it. (wikipedia.org)
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha), also known as NR1C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group C, member 1), is a nuclear receptor protein that in humans is encoded by the PPARA gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Two deletion mutations at the C-terminal (aa 1-185 and 1-300) result in nuclear localization and failure to effect cell death, suggesting that AIFM2 must be associated with the mitochondria in order to induce apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
gene transcription
- These results showed that epigenetic changes of provirus facilitated ATL cells to evade host immune system by suppressing viral gene transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, this study shows the presence of another reversible mechanism that suppresses the tax gene transcription without DNA methylation and hypoacetylated histone. (biomedcentral.com)
- Our findings suggest that MeCP2 is required for adjusting the robust changes in gene transcription and for proper regulation of alternative splicing during neuronal stimulation. (pnas.org)
- A direct mechanism of action involves homodimerization of the receptor, translocation via active transport into the nucleus, and binding to specific DNA responsive elements activating gene transcription. (wikipedia.org)
membrane associated proteins
- It stays associated with the membrane through protein-protein interactions of itself and other membrane associated proteins, such as LAP1. (wikipedia.org)
- It works together with cytosolic and peripheral membrane-associated proteins such as AHNAK in the development of the intracellular membrane. (wikipedia.org)
subunit
- Proteasome subunit beta type-3, also known as 20S proteasome subunit beta-3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSMB3 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- The human protein proteasome subunit beta type-3 is 23 kDa in size and composed of 205 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- As one of 28 subunits of 20S proteasome, protein proteasome subunit beta type-3 contributes to form a proteolytic environment for substrate degradation. (wikipedia.org)
- These are subunit vaccines, consisting of specific protein antigens (such as tetanus or diphtheria toxoid) or recombinant protein components (such as the hepatitis B surface antigen). (wikipedia.org)
- The AP-1 subunit Jun was identified as a novel oncoprotein of avian sarcoma virus, and Fos-associated p39 protein was identified as the transcript of the cellular Jun gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP1CA gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Its main function is to segregate protein molecules from large cellular structures such as protein assemblies, organelle membranes and chromatin, and thus facilitate the degradation of released polypeptides by the multi-subunit protease proteasome. (wikipedia.org)
Ubiquitin-Protea
- The proteasomes form a pivotal component for the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) and corresponding cellular Protein Quality Control (PQC). (wikipedia.org)
tumor
- Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, we report that the expression of Sphingosine Kinase 1 (SphK1) protein was preferentially elevated in MPM tumor tissues (49 epithelioid and 13 sarcomatoid) compared to normal tissue (n = 13). (docplayer.net)
- The expression of this gene is also found to be induced by tumor suppressor protein p53 in colon cancer cells. (wikipedia.org)
signaling pathways
- Smads2/3/4 stimulate MPK38- dependent ASK1/TGF-β/p53 signaling pathways, whereas have focused on the regulatory role of Smad phosphor- ylation in the TGF-β signaling pathway. (deepdyve.com)
- Additional stu- Smad7 inhibits these signaling pathways through differ- dies are required to investigate the effect of Smad proteins ential regulation of MPK38 activity. (deepdyve.com)
- Apoptosis, the process of programmed cell death, involves complex signaling pathways and cascades of molecular events. (wikipedia.org)
pathway
- Shikonin attenuated ConA-induced liver injury by reducing apoptosis and autophagy through the inhibition of the JNK pathway. (hindawi.com)
- Our results indicated that shikonin pretreatment attenuates ConA-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting apoptosis and autophagy through the suppression of the JNK pathway. (hindawi.com)
- The signaling pathway of G-CSF production involves AGAF and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) inhibitors and pattern-recognition receptor antibodies. (hindawi.com)
- Many of these proteins serve as adaptors that link p97/CDC48 to a particular subcellular compartment to function in a specific cellular pathway. (wikipedia.org)
- The human IAPs, XIAP, c-IAPl, C-IAP2 have been shown to bind to caspase-3 and -7, which are the effector caspases in the signaling pathway of apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
inhibits
- We have found that palmitate rapidly inhibits transcription of the adiponectin gene and the release of adiponectin from adipocytes. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Complexes
- These regulatory particles include 19S proteasome complexes, 11S proteasome complex, etc. (wikipedia.org)
inhibition
- In particular, the BTG2 protein has been shown to negatively control a cell cycle checkpoint at the G1 to S phase transition in fibroblasts and neuronal cells by direct inhibition of the activity of cyclin D1 promoter. (wikipedia.org)
mrna
- In addition, we also observed significantly elevated levels of SphK1 and SphK2 mrna and SphK1 protein expression in MPM cell lines such as H2691, H513 and H2461 compared to the non-malignant mesothelial Met5 cells. (docplayer.net)
- Intron A may sometimes be included to improve mRNA stability and hence increase protein expression. (wikipedia.org)
- As a result, these mRNA molecules are silenced, by one or more of the following processes: Cleavage of the mRNA strand into two pieces, Destabilization of the mRNA through shortening of its poly(A) tail, and Less efficient translation of the mRNA into proteins by ribosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- isolated the lin-4 gene, they found that instead of producing an mRNA encoding a protein, it produced short non-coding RNAs, one of which was a ~22-nucleotide RNA that contained sequences partially complementary to multiple sequences in the 3' UTR of the lin-14 mRNA. (wikipedia.org)
- This complementarity was proposed to inhibit the translation of the lin-14 mRNA into the LIN-14 protein. (wikipedia.org)
eukaryotic cells
- One way of enhancing protein expression is by optimising the codon usage of pathogenic mRNAs for eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Ubiquitin (originally, ubiquitous immunopoietic polypeptide) was first identified in 1975 as an 8.5 kDa protein of unknown function expressed in all eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Ubiquitin is a small protein that exists in all eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
- p97/CDC48 is one of the most abundant cytoplasmic proteins in eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
phosphorylation
- In agreement with this model, palmitate increases phosphorylation of PPARγ on Ser273, and substitution of PPARγ for the unphosphorylated mutant Ser273Ala blocks the effect of palmitate on adiponectin transcription. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
activator
- Activator protein 1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression in response to a variety of stimuli, including cytokines, growth factors, stress, and bacterial and viral infections. (wikipedia.org)
- Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is a human gene. (wikipedia.org)
proteasome
- This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits that contribute to the complete assembly of the 20S proteasome complex. (wikipedia.org)
- The eukaryotic proteasome recognizes degradable proteins, including damaged proteins for protein quality control purpose or key regulatory protein components for dynamic biological processes. (wikipedia.org)
- Subsequently, a compromised proteasome complex assembly and function lead to reduced proteolytic activities and the accumulation of damaged or misfolded protein species. (wikipedia.org)
- Ubiquitination affects proteins in many ways: it can mark them for degradation via the proteasome, alter their cellular location, affect their activity, and promote or prevent protein interactions. (wikipedia.org)
- The discovery that ubiquitin chains target proteins to the proteasome, which degrades and recycles proteins, was honored with the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2004. (wikipedia.org)
receptor
- In response to cytokines and growth factors, STAT family members are phosphorylated by the receptor associated kinases, and then form homo- or heterodimers that translocate to the cell nucleus where they act as transcription activators. (wikipedia.org)
- It is involved in the trafficking of proteins to the plasma membrane and can be expressed on the cell surface as a receptor. (wikipedia.org)
mutations
- The underlying cause of most RTT cases is mutations in the gene methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 ( MECP2 ). (pnas.org)
- For example, p97 mutant proteins carrying single point mutations found in patients with IBMPFD (inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget disease of the bone and frontotemporal dementia) (see below) have 2-3fold increase in ATPase activity. (wikipedia.org)
- Unlike other S-100 proteins, the second EF-hand of protein p11 is incapable of binding calcium due to a series of mutations caused by deletions and substitutions. (wikipedia.org)
antigens
- They contain DNA that codes for specific proteins (antigens) from a pathogen. (wikipedia.org)
- These cells coordinate an immune response upon the detection of foreign proteins (antigens), producing antibodies that bind to these antigens. (wikipedia.org)
proapoptotic
- Thus, it may carry out this function by disrupting mitochondrial morphology and releasing proapoptotic factors. (wikipedia.org)
- However, in organs such as the heart, there may be additional regulatory mechanisms to suppress its proapoptotic function. (wikipedia.org)
subunits
- Moreover, UBE2T protein was shown to bind FANCL, the Fanconi anaemia core complex, and to be necessary for the efficient DNA damage-induced monoubiquitination of FANCD2, one of Fanconi anaemia core complex subunits ( 13 , 14 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- AP-1 transcription factor is assembled through the dimerization of a characteristic bZIP domain (basic region leucine zipper) in the Fos and Jun subunits. (wikipedia.org)
- The leucine zipper is responsible for dimerization of the Jun and Fos protein subunits. (wikipedia.org)
- The protein encoded by this gene is one of the three catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). (wikipedia.org)
inhibitor
- Survivin, also called baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 or BIRC5, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BIRC5 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- NCBI Reference Sequence: NG_029069.1 Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. (wikipedia.org)
overexpression
- Furthermore, knocking down of UBE2T protein induced upregulation of BRCA1 protein in breast cancer cells, whereas its overexpression caused the decrease of the BRCA1 protein. (aacrjournals.org)
- Overexpression of this gene has been shown to induce apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
- This tetrameric complex is more stable than the p11 dimer, therefore the overexpression of the annexin II gene results in higher levels of p11 protein. (wikipedia.org)
ubiquitination
- Interestingly, in vivo ubiquitination assay indicated BRCA1 to be polyubiquitinated by incubation with wild-type UBE2T protein, but not with C86A-UBE2T protein, an E2 activity-dead mutant, in which the 86th residue of cysteine was replaced with alanine. (aacrjournals.org)
- The addition of ubiquitin to a substrate protein is called ubiquitination or less frequently ubiquitylation. (wikipedia.org)
precursor
- The mammalian homolog of CDC48 was initially characterized as a 97 kDa protein precursor for the small peptide valosin. (wikipedia.org)
functional
- Endogenous factors contribute to the functional development of tolerogenic DCs. (jimmunol.org)
bacterial
- Unlike many bacterial AAA+ proteins, assembly of p97 hexamer does not depend on the presence of nucleotide. (wikipedia.org)
cell
- Apoptosis or programmed cell death is associated with liver injury caused by ConA [ 15 , 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Dr. Cornforth earned his BS in Chemistry and PhD from the University of California at Irvine where he studied cell signaling in prostate cancer apoptosis. (tcr2.com)
- p16 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray composed of 123 oropharyngeal squamous cell cancers with a mean patient follow-up time of 33 months. (aacrjournals.org)
- The cohort was assembled from patients with either primary or recurrent oropharyngeal cancer of squamous cell histology treated at Yale-New Haven hospital between 1980 and 1999. (aacrjournals.org)
- Alternatively, the DNA may be encapsulated in protein to facilitate cell entry. (wikipedia.org)
- C-fos has also been shown to increase in expression in response to the introduction of growth factors in the cell, further supporting its suggested involvement in the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- The unregulated expression of this protein activates other proteins that are involved in cell cycle and cell division which can cause a cell to grow and divide uncontrollably (the cell becomes cancerous). (wikipedia.org)
- The rate of DNA repair is dependent on many factors, including the cell type, the age of the cell, and the extracellular environment. (wikipedia.org)
- Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs, also known as antinuclear factor or ANF) are autoantibodies that bind to contents of the cell nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
- Protein BTG2 also known as BTG family member 2 or NGF-inducible anti-proliferative protein PC3 or NGF-inducible protein TIS21, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BTG2 gene (B-cell translocation gene 2) and in other mammals by the homologous Btg2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- P11's involvement with the cytoskeleton may aid the transport of other proteins throughout the cell and to the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- Many of the transported proteins are cell surface receptors in signal transduction pathways and ion channels. (wikipedia.org)
alanine
- The features of hepatitis are the release of inflammatory cytokines, the elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis. (hindawi.com)
organisms
- AP-1 transcription factors are also associated with numerous physiological functions especially in determination of organisms' life span and tissue regeneration. (wikipedia.org)
- Ubiquitin is a small (8.5 kDa) regulatory protein found in most tissues of eukaryotic organisms i.e. it occurs ubiquitously. (wikipedia.org)
metabolism
- These findings suggest that Smad proteins have class-specific impacts on obesity-associated metabolism by differentially regulating MPK38 activity in diet-induced obese mice. (deepdyve.com)
- PPAR-alpha is a transcription factor and a major regulator of lipid metabolism in the liver. (wikipedia.org)
phosphatase
- Calcineurin (CaN) is a calcium and calmodulin dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase (also known as protein phosphatase 3, and calcium-dependent serine-threonine phosphatase). (wikipedia.org)
viral transcription
- Taken together, it is speculated that DNA methylation first occurs in the gag , pol and env regions and then extends in the 5' and 3' directions in vivo , and when 5'-LTR becomes methylated, viral transcription is silenced. (biomedcentral.com)
substrate
- This unique structure design prevents random encounter between proteolytic active sites and protein substrate, which makes protein degradation a well-regulated process. (wikipedia.org)
- The result of this sequential cascade is to bind ubiquitin to lysine residues on the protein substrate via an isopeptide bond, cysteine residues through a thioester bond, serine and threonine residues through an ester bond, or the amino group of the protein's N-terminus via a peptide bond. (wikipedia.org)
- A heat-stable polypeptide present in these extracts, ATP-dependent proteolysis factor 1 (APF-1), was found to become covalently attached to the model protein substrate lysozyme in an ATP- and Mg2+-dependent process. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, it can be stimulated by heat or by a putative substrate protein. (wikipedia.org)
interactions
- AP-1 transcription factor is associated with a broad range of apoptosis related interactions. (wikipedia.org)
expression
- Thus, palmitate not only decreases adiponectin expression at the level of transcription but may also stimulate lysosomal degradation of newly synthesized adiponectin. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- In this study, AGAF was examined for the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) production and related protein expression in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. (hindawi.com)
- In multivariate analysis, p16 expression status remained an independent prognostic factor for local recurrence, disease-free survival, and overall survival. (aacrjournals.org)
- Because the plasmid is the "vehicle" from which the immunogen is expressed, optimising vector design for maximal protein expression is essential. (wikipedia.org)
- AP-1 transcription is deeply involved in the modulation of gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
- Finally, PAX3 protein expression and function can be modulated by post-translational modifications. (wikipedia.org)
family of transcription factors
- The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the STAT family of transcription factors. (wikipedia.org)
known
- Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (TER ATPase) also known as valosin-containing protein (VCP) or CDC48 in S. Cerevisiae is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the VCP gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Apoptosis-inducing factor 2 (AIFM2), also known as apoptosis-inducing factor-homologous mitochondrion-associated inducer of death (AMID), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AIFM2 gene, also known as p53-responsive gene 3 (PRG3), on chromosome 10. (wikipedia.org)
- S100 calcium-binding protein A10 (S100A10), also known as p11, is a protein that is encoded by the S100A10 gene in humans and the S100a10 gene in other species. (wikipedia.org)
- This is common to all known S-100 proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike
- Unlike proteins and RNA, DNA usually lacks tertiary structure and therefore damage or disturbance does not occur at that level. (wikipedia.org)
encoded by this gene
- The protein encoded by this gene has significant homology to NADH oxidoreductases and the apoptosis-inducing factor PDCD8/AIF. (wikipedia.org)
serine-threonine
- The first ubiquitin molecule is covalently bound through its C-terminal carboxylate group to a particular lysine, cysteine, serine, threonine or N-terminus of the target protein. (wikipedia.org)
antibodies
- The ENAs consist of ribonucleoproteins and non-histone proteins, named by either the name of the donor who provided the prototype serum (Sm, Ro, La, Jo), or the name of the disease setting in which the antibodies were found (SS-A, SS-B, Scl-70). (wikipedia.org)
involvement
- Emerging evidence points to critical involvement of Stat5 transcription factors in the development and progression of breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
processes
- Since its discovery, AP-1 has been found to be associated with numerous regulatory and physiological processes, and new relationships are still investigated. (wikipedia.org)
- When normal repair processes fail, and when cellular apoptosis does not occur, irreparable DNA damage may occur, including double-strand breaks and DNA crosslinkages (interstrand crosslinks or ICLs). (wikipedia.org)
patients
- Stat5a protein was further quantified in four archival cohorts totaling 686 patients with clinical outcome data by using multivariate models. (biomedcentral.com)
progression
- Stat5a and Stat5b protein levels were quantified in situ in breast-cancer progression material. (biomedcentral.com)
- Current data support the concept of dual roles of Stat5a/b proteins as promoters of mammary tumorigenesis, and as suppressors of the progression of established breast cancer [ 11 , 12 ], although our knowledge of individual roles of Stat5a and Stat5b in breast cancer remains rudimentary. (biomedcentral.com)
mammalian
- Mammalian cells have two main pathways that lead to apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
endoplasmic reticulum
- P11 can also function as a retention factor, preventing TASK-1 from leaving the endoplasmic reticulum. (wikipedia.org)
eukaryotes
- DNA is, however, supercoiled and wound around "packaging" proteins called histones (in eukaryotes), and both superstructures are vulnerable to the effects of DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
sequence
- When the enhancer sequence is wrongly placed, these transcription factors are produced at much higher rates. (wikipedia.org)
- These prokaryotic proteins, despite having little sequence identity (ThiS has 14% identity to ubiquitin), share the same protein fold. (wikipedia.org)
- Sequence analysis reveals that the AIFM2 gene promoter contains a consensus transcription initiator sequence instead of a TATA box. (wikipedia.org)
half of the protein
- A structural feature common to all IAP family proteins is that they all contain at least one baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domain characterized by a conserved zinc-coordinating Cys/His motif at the N-terminal half of the protein. (wikipedia.org)