preservative
- Thimerosal is the most common preservative that is used in vaccines and biologics that are marketed in the United States. (yourlawyer.com)
- On July 7, 1999, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) issued with the US Public Health Service (USPHS) a joint statement alerting clinicians and the public of concern about Thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative used in some vaccines. (yourlawyer.com)
- Last summer a goal was set for the removal or significant reduction of thimerosal as a preservative from all vaccines routinely administered to children in the first year of life. (whale.to)
vaccines
- Thimerosal is used to help prevent a vaccine from spoiling, for inactivating bacteria used to formulate several vaccines, and in preventing bacterial contamination of the final product. (yourlawyer.com)
- Several of the vaccines recommended routinely for children in the United States contain Thimerosal. (yourlawyer.com)
- After reading all of the published studies below on the toxicity of thimerosal, one has to wonder upon what data the CDC based its conclusion that thimerosal laden vaccines posed only a theoretical risk of harm. (whale.to)
ethyl mercury
- Many of these shots, as well as some previously included on the vaccine schedule, contained thimerosal, an antibacterial compound that is nearly 50% ethyl mercury, a neurotoxin. (laleva.org)
- Thimerosal, a preservative that is 49 percent ethyl mercury by weight, is present in many vaccines today, and will be in most of the flu vaccines given to babies, toddlers and pregnant women in 2005. (organicconsumers.org)
- Ethyl mercury, a mercury compound, and thimerosal are known neurotoxins, considered by the state of California as chemicals known to cause reproductive and developmental harm. (organicconsumers.org)
- Thimerosal, which contains the organic compound ethyl mercury, is a known neurotoxin and used to be a major ingredient in childhood vaccines. (nvic.org)
- Ethylmercury (sometimes ethyl mercury) is a cation composed of an organic CH3CH2- species (an ethyl group) bound to a mercury(II) centre, making it a type of organometallic cation, and giving it a chemical formula is C2H5Hg+. (wikipedia.org)
- A mercury compound called thiomersal, which contains ethyl mercury, is used as a preservative in vaccines. (laleva.org)
- Research has found that the type of mercury used in vaccines, ethyl mercury, unlike environmental methyl mercury on which EPA standards are based, is excreted too quickly for the compound to attain unsafe levels in the body. (southbendtribune.com)
toxicity
- Because of thimerosal's toxicity, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the U.S. Public Health Service urged vaccine manufacturers in 1999 to remove it from all regular childhood vaccines, and the vaccine manufacturers appear to have done so. (organicconsumers.org)
- Environmental Protection Agency recently reported that the scientific evidence that thimerosal causes reproductive and developmental toxicity is 'clear and voluminous. (organicconsumers.org)
- The route to the toxicity of inorganic mercury lies through its biological methylation, and the extreme toxicity of the methylmercury cation, CH3Hg+, the relevance to ethylmercury, CH3CH2Hg+ having yet to be established, but with clear evidence for conversion of ethylmercury to inorganic mercury (see below). (wikipedia.org)
- The toxicity of ethylmercury, for instance as it derives in vivo from thimerosal, is not well studied, and for many years, studies of methylmercury were used as a basis to predict the safety and estimate the risk of thimerosal use. (wikipedia.org)
- Taken together, the researchers conclude from their monkey study of ADME for inoculated thimerosal-derived ethylmercury and the stomach-administered methylmercury that past and ongoing studies of methylmercury are unsuitable as a basis for evaluating thimerosal toxicity, and that thimerosal risk assessment "based on blood mercury measurements may not be valid" [emphasis added]. (wikipedia.org)
- After reading all of the published studies below on the toxicity of thimerosal, one has to wonder upon what data the CDC based its conclusion that thimerosal laden vaccines posed only a theoretical risk of harm. (whale.to)
- This controversy has caused harm due to parents attempting to treat their autistic children with unproven and possibly dangerous treatments, discouraging parents from vaccinating their children due to fears about thiomersal toxicity and diverting resources away from research into more promising areas for the cause of autism. (wikipedia.org)
- Thousands of lawsuits have been filed in the U.S. to seek damages from alleged toxicity from vaccines, including those purportedly caused by thiomersal. (wikipedia.org)
- The review also highlighted difficulty interpreting toxicity of the ethylmercury in thiomersal because guidelines for mercury toxicity were based primarily on studies of methylmercury, a different mercury compound with different toxicologic properties. (wikipedia.org)
- the World Health Organization has concluded that there is no evidence of toxicity from thiomersal in vaccines and no reason on safety grounds to change to more expensive single-dose administration. (wikipedia.org)
American Academy of
- On July 7, 1999, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) issued with the US Public Health Service (USPHS) a joint statement alerting clinicians and the public of concern about Thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative used in some vaccines. (yourlawyer.com)
- In 1999 the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) urged government agencies to work rapidly toward reducing children's exposure to mercury from all sources. (nvic.org)
- A nervous CDC, along with the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), spurred by the sting of the FDA Modernization Act, recommended in 1999 that mercury in vaccines be phased out as soon as possible. (laleva.org)
- In June 1999, the FDA notified the American Academy of Pediatrics that some infants given routine immunizations could exceed 1 of 3 federal guidelines for daily exposure to mercury because of the presence of thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative, in some vaccines. (aappublications.org)
- Following a mandated review of mercury-containing food and drugs in 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) asked vaccine makers to remove thiomersal from vaccines as quickly as possible as a precautionary measure, and it was rapidly phased out of most U.S. and European vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
thiosalicylate
- It is one of the metabolites of thiomersal (thimerosal or sodium ethyl mercuric thiosalicylate), which is used as a preservative in some vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
- Kanerva, p. Thimerosal is metabolized to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate. (nih.gov)
- It is also very toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term adverse effects in aquatic environments (EC hazard symbol N). In the body, it is metabolized or degraded to ethylmercury (C2H5Hg+) and thiosalicylate. (wikipedia.org)
organomercury compound
- Thiomersal (also spelled thimerosal, especially in the United States) is an organomercury compound used as a preservative in vaccines since the 1930s to prevent bacterial and fungal contamination. (wikipedia.org)
Methylmercury
- Methylmercury and ethylmercury distribute to all body tissues, crossing the blood-brain barrier and the placental barrier, and ethylmercury also moves freely throughout the body. (wikipedia.org)
- verification needed] However, preliminary direct evidence from a 2005 animal study, subsequently summarised in an NIAID fact sheet on the use of thimerosal, suggested that methylmercury is an inadequate reference compound for evaluating the toxicology of ethylmercury, because the two compounds differ significantly in the ratio of organic to inorganic mercury each produces in the brain, as well as in their individual tissue distributions and clearance rates. (wikipedia.org)
- Concerns based on extrapolations from methylmercury caused thiomersal to be removed from U.S. childhood vaccines, starting in 1999. (wikipedia.org)
- Clarkson has argued that risk assessments based on methylmercury were overly conservative, in light of observations that ethylmercury is eliminated from the body and the brain significantly faster than methylmercury. (wikipedia.org)
- needs update] Exposure standards based on methylmercury (such as those currently recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency)[citation needed] have not been demonstrated to be equivalent for ethylmercury. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Unlike methylmercury, ethylmercury has not been found to bioaccumulate. (wikipedia.org)
- and organic compounds (methylmercury, ethylmercury, and phenylmercury). (aappublications.org)
- Bacteria in lake, stream, and ocean sediments can convert elemental mercury to organic mercury compounds (eg, methylmercury), which may then accumulate as fish move up the food chain ( Fig 1 ). (aappublications.org)
sodium
- Inhibitory action of thimerosal, a sulfhydryl oxidant, on sodium channels in rat sensory neurons. (whale.to)
preservative in vaccines
- Reform Committee found that 'thimerosal used as a preservative in vaccines is likely related to the autism epidemic' and charged that the federal Food and Drug Administration has been 'asleep at the switch' with respect to thimerosal. (organicconsumers.org)
infants
- However, reports have surfaced linking Thimerosal to mercury poisoning in infants often causing autism. (yourlawyer.com)
- Federal health officials disclosed for the first time in 1999 that many infants were being exposed to mercury above health guidelines through routine vaccinations. (laleva.org)
- When infants were immunized with these vaccines, they were exposed to small doses of this organic mercury compound (12.5-25.0 μg/dose). (aappublications.org)
vaccines posed
- Citing medical and scientific consensus that thiomersal in vaccines posed no safety issues, but that eliminating the preservative in multi-dose vaccines, primarily used in developing countries, will lead to high cost and a requirement for refrigeration which the developing countries can ill afford, the UN's final decision is to exclude thiomersal from the treaty. (wikipedia.org)
chloride
- The term "ethylmercury" is also sometimes used as a generic term to describe organomercury compounds which include the ethylmercury functional group, such as ethylmercury chloride and ethylmercury urea. (wikipedia.org)
precautionary measure
- Thimerosal has been largely removed from pediatric vaccines in recent years in what health officials have described as a precautionary measure. (laleva.org)
- While the risk of harm from this source was only theoretical, the decision to set a goal to remove thimerosal was made as a precautionary measure. (whale.to)
childhood
- A commonsense bill to rid childhood vaccines of the mercury-laced preservative thimerosal now sits on the governor's desk awaiting his signature. (organicconsumers.org)
- A 2003 study published in the Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons found 'strong epidemiological evidence for a link between mercury exposure from thimerosal- containing childhood vaccines and neurodevelopment disorders. (organicconsumers.org)
- Between late 1999 and late 2002, thimerosal was removed from most childhood vaccines. (organicconsumers.org)
- The AAP recommended that it would be a good idea to remove thimerosal from vaccines, even though according to them, there was no evidence linking childhood health issues to thimerosal exposure from vaccines. (nvic.org)
- Even more reassuring is that after thimerosal's precautionary removal in 1999 from all childhood vaccines (except some influenza preparations), the incidence of autism continued to increase. (southbendtribune.com)
- It is still used in all multi-dose vials of flu vaccines in the U.S. In the context of perceived increased autism rates and increased number of vaccines in the childhood vaccination schedule, some parents believed the action to remove thiomersal was an indication that the preservative caused autism. (wikipedia.org)
- In the United States, countries in the European Union and a few other affluent countries, thiomersal is no longer used as a preservative in routine childhood vaccination schedules. (wikipedia.org)
inorganic
- Moreover, Clarkson has argued that inorganic mercury metabolized from ethylmercury, despite its much longer half-life in the brain, is much less toxic than the inorganic mercury produced from mercury vapor, for reasons not yet understood. (wikipedia.org)
- It occurs in several chemical forms, including elemental mercury (pure mercury) and both inorganic and organic mercury compounds. (aappublications.org)
- Mercury's zero oxidation state (Hg0) exists as vapor or as liquid metal, its mercurous state (Hg+) exists as inorganic salts, and its mercuric state (Hg2+) may form either inorganic salts or organomercury compounds. (wikipedia.org)
Lilly
- and thimerosal developer Eli Lilly & Co. (laleva.org)
- The pharmaceutical corporation Eli Lilly and Company gave thiomersal the trade name Merthiolate. (wikipedia.org)
- Eli Lilly later marketed the compound under the trade name Merthiolate. (wikipedia.org)
Autism
- The thiomersal controversy describes claims that vaccines containing the mercury-based preservative thiomersal contribute to the development of autism and other brain development disorders. (wikipedia.org)
- The potential impact of thiomersal on autism has been investigated extensively. (wikipedia.org)
- Multiple lines of scientific evidence have shown that thiomersal does not cause autism. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, multiple population studies have found no association between thiomersal and autism, and rates of autism have continued to increase despite removal of thiomersal from vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus, major scientific and medical bodies such as the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization (WHO) as well as governmental agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the CDC reject any role for thiomersal in autism or other neurodevelopmental disorders. (wikipedia.org)
- In spite of the consensus of the scientific community, some parents and advocacy groups continue to contend that thiomersal is linked to autism. (wikipedia.org)
doses
- However, thimerosal is still added to pediatric doses of flu vaccine. (organicconsumers.org)
amounts
- In September, Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signed legislation prohibiting vaccines with more than trace amounts of thimerosal from being given to babies and pregnant women. (laleva.org)
- For many years, vaccines such as pertussis, diptheria, tetanus, Haemophilus influenza type b, and hepatitis B were preserved with small amounts of thimerosal, a preparation composed of 49% ethylmercury. (aappublications.org)
vaccination schedule
- 2 Currently, all vaccines in the recommended vaccination schedule do not contain thimerosal as a preservative. (aappublications.org)
single-dose
- This has been accomplished as drug makers have voluntarily switched from multi-dose vials of vaccine, which require a chemical preservative like thimerosal, to single-dose containers. (laleva.org)
- Thiomersal was used as a preservative (bactericide) so that multidose vials of vaccines could be used instead of single-dose vials, which are more expensive. (wikipedia.org)
- Bacteriostatics such as thiomersal are not needed in single-dose injectables. (wikipedia.org)
toxic
- Thiomersal is, in fact, so toxic that according to Professor Boyd Haley, no study can ever be designed to prove it safe. (laleva.org)
- Thiomersal is very toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and in contact with skin (EC hazard symbol T+), with a danger of cumulative effects. (wikipedia.org)
disorders
- However, a growing number of physicians, scientists and parents maintain that thimerosal has played, and continues to play a large role in contributing to the emergence of multiple chronic illnesses in children and adults, including the neurological spectrum disorders. (nvic.org)
routinely
- Several of the vaccines recommended routinely for children in the United States contain Thimerosal. (yourlawyer.com)
- Last summer a goal was set for the removal or significant reduction of thimerosal as a preservative from all vaccines routinely administered to children in the first year of life. (whale.to)
Drugs
- After the FDA Modernization Act of 1997 mandated a review and risk assessment of all mercury-containing food and drugs, vaccine manufacturers responded to FDA requests made in December 1998 and April 1999 to provide detailed information about the thiomersal content of their preparations. (wikipedia.org)
- By 1938, Lilly's assistant director of research listed thiomersal as one of the five most important drugs ever developed by the company. (wikipedia.org)
exposure to mercury
- While exposure to mercury may result in damage to brain, kidneys, and developing fetus, the current scientific consensus has found no convincing scientific evidence supporting claims that thiomersal has such effects. (wikipedia.org)
- The United Nations Environment Program backed away from an earlier proposal of adding thiomersal in vaccines to the list of banned compounds in a treaty aimed at reducing exposure to mercury worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
preparations
- Thiomersal was introduced as a preservative in the 1930s to prevent the growth of infectious organisms such as bacteria and fungi, and has been in use in vaccines and other products such as immunoglobulin preparations and ophthalmic and nasal solutions. (wikipedia.org)
Concerns
- Concerns arose because thimerosal is a compound that contains a form of mercury, known as ethylmercury. (parenting.com)
Unlike
- Unlike other vaccine preservatives used at the time, thiomersal does not reduce the potency of the vaccines that it protects. (wikipedia.org)
children
- In 2008, children are still being injected with thimerosal-containing vaccines, and old stocks of thimerosal-containing vaccines manufactured by 1999 continued to be administered to children up to 2003. (nvic.org)
- When US politicians raised the issue in Congress, an inquiry was set in motion that revealed vaccinated children received 187.5 μg of this compound by six months and 237 μg by two years of age, clearly exceeding safe limits by a very wide margin. (laleva.org)
- A 2007 New England Journal of Medicine study found no relationship between early and increasing exposure in children to thimerosal-containing vaccines and neuropsychological deficits in children. (southbendtribune.com)
controversy
- Part of the controversy around vaccines stems from a preservative called thimerosal that was once regularly used in vaccines. (parenting.com)
safety
- The key issue is whether thimerosal, in the amount given with the vaccine, does or does not constitute a safety hazard," the memo said. (laleva.org)
- House committee pointed out, the FDA has never required industry to conduct extensive safety studies on thimerosal. (organicconsumers.org)
- Perhaps the reason that the drug companies want thimerosal-containing vaccines to be used up rather than destroyed has more to do with potential legal liability than it does with safety. (organicconsumers.org)
- There was a wide range of opinions on the urgency and significance of the safety of thiomersal, with some toxicologists suggesting there was no clear evidence that thiomersal was harmful and other participants like Neal Halsey, director of the Institute of Vaccine Safety at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, strongly advocating removal of thiomersal from vaccines due to possible safety risks. (wikipedia.org)
stocks
- Stocks of vaccines with thiomersal continued to be given while they lasted. (laleva.org)
effects
- Thimerosal Side Effects. (yourlawyer.com)
- Need Legal Help Regarding Thimerosal Side Effects? (yourlawyer.com)
- The effects of thimerosal on calcium uptake and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-induced calcium release in cerebellar microsomes. (whale.to)
- The effects of thimerosal and cyclopiazonic acid on the Ca(2+)-pumps from rat cerebellum microsomes. (whale.to)
- Effects of thimerosal, an organic sulfhydryl modifying agent, on serotonin transport activity into rabbit blood platelets. (whale.to)
- Effects of thimerosal on the transient kinetics of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-induced Ca2+ release from cerebellar microsomes. (whale.to)
- The effects of thimerosal on the purified InsP3 receptor. (whale.to)
found
- The plaintiffs cite various scientific studies that they say prove the dangers of thimerosal, including at the levels found in vaccines. (laleva.org)
attorneys
- He also provided a copy to attorneys for Vera Easter, a Texas woman who blames thimerosal for the condition of her 7-year-old son, Jordan, who is autistic and mentally retarded. (laleva.org)
longer
- Thimerosal is no longer used in children's vaccines in the United States, except some types of flu shots. (wikipedia.org)
Public Health
- Because any potential risk was of concern, the AAP and the USPHS (United States Public Health Service) agreed that the use of thimerosal-containing vaccines should be reduced or eliminated. (nvic.org)
release
- Thimerosal interacts with the Ca2+ release channel ryanodine receptor from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. (whale.to)
significant
- Outside of the United States, worries about thiomersal had not gained any significant traction as of 2009. (wikipedia.org)
methylmercury
- Studies have since shown that ethylmercury is eliminated much faster than methylmercury and is unlikely to accumulate. (scienceblogs.com)
- Most of the concern about thiomersal derives from analogy with methylmercury, a well characterized mercury compound, but it is unclear whether the actual pharmacology is similar to thiomersal. (rationalwiki.org)
- Initial studies on the pharmacokinetics indicate several differences between methylmercury and thiomersal. (rationalwiki.org)
- Methylmercury and ethylmercury distribute to all body tissues, crossing the blood-brain barrier and the placental barrier, and ethylmercury also moves freely throughout the body. (wikipedia.org)
- verification needed] However, preliminary direct evidence from a 2005 animal study, subsequently summarised in an NIAID fact sheet on the use of thimerosal, suggested that methylmercury is an inadequate reference compound for evaluating the toxicology of ethylmercury, because the two compounds differ significantly in the ratio of organic to inorganic mercury each produces in the brain, as well as in their individual tissue distributions and clearance rates. (wikipedia.org)
- Clarkson has argued that risk assessments based on methylmercury were overly conservative, in light of observations that ethylmercury is eliminated from the body and the brain significantly faster than methylmercury. (wikipedia.org)
- needs update] Exposure standards based on methylmercury (such as those currently recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency)[citation needed] have not been demonstrated to be equivalent for ethylmercury. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Unlike methylmercury, ethylmercury has not been found to bioaccumulate. (wikipedia.org)
merthiolate
- The pharmaceutical corporation Eli Lilly and Company gave thiomersal the trade name Merthiolate. (wikipedia.org)
- Eli Lilly later marketed the compound under the trade name Merthiolate. (wikipedia.org)
Ethyl Mercury
- Ethylmercury (sometimes ethyl mercury) is a cation composed of an organic CH3CH2- species (an ethyl group) bound to a mercury(II) centre, making it a type of organometallic cation, and giving it a chemical formula is C2H5Hg+. (wikipedia.org)
vaccine
- Instead it would have been proper for her to inform the nation that "study after study of spurious and flawed research that would likely never pass a graduate school examination, scientist after scientist affiliated or with financial ties to the vaccine industry now dominating our academies and health agencies, have determined that there really is no safety risk with thimerosal. (blogspot.com)
- After the FDA Modernization Act of 1997 mandated a review and risk assessment of all mercury-containing food and drugs, vaccine manufacturers responded to FDA requests made in December 1998 and April 1999 to provide detailed information about the thiomersal content of their preparations. (infogalactic.com)
hypothesis
- Two of the authors, Sallie Bernard, a marketing consultant, and Lyn Redwood, a nurse, had just launched the parents' advocacy group SafeMinds to promote their thimerosal hypothesis. (scienceblogs.com)
Sodium
- However, this mercury is in an ethylmercury bond (Ethyl(2-mercaptobenzoato-(2-)- O,S ) mercurate(1-) sodium). (rationalwiki.org)
mercury compound
- Thimerosal (Figure 1) is a white or slightly yellow powdered organic mercury compound. (wikispaces.net)
antifungal
- This compound is a well established antiseptic and antifungal agent. (wikipedia.org)
exposure
- While exposure to mercury may result in damage to brain, kidneys, and developing fetus, the current scientific consensus has found no convincing scientific evidence supporting claims that thiomersal has such effects. (wikipedia.org)
routine
- Arguments against other routine vaccinations should not invoke thiomersal. (rationalwiki.org)
contain
- Thiomersal does contain the element mercury. (rationalwiki.org)
- Also, four rarely used treatments for pit viper, coral snake, and black widow venom still contain thiomersal. (wikipedia.org)
known
- We show how each of these resources played a significant role in two well-known cases: Fen-Phen and thimerosal. (scirp.org)
bond
- In its parent and related compounds (e.g., thimerosal), the bond angle of RHgX species are linear (due to sp or dz2s hybridization of Hg). (wikipedia.org)
chemical
- Some people are afraid of thiomersal not least because it sounds chemical-y and unnatural . (rationalwiki.org)
cases
- US courts have ruled against multiple representative test cases involving thiomersal, suggesting the majority are unlikely to succeed. (infogalactic.com)
- US courts have ruled against multiple representative test cases involving thiomersal. (wikipedia.org)
drugs
- By 1938, Lilly's assistant director of research listed thiomersal as one of the five most important drugs ever developed by the company. (wikipedia.org)
consider
- But in 1999, no one knew what dose to consider safe for the developing brain. (scienceblogs.com)
blood
- Clifton has offered the estimate that ethylmercury clears from blood with a half-life of seven to 10 days in adult humans. (wikipedia.org)