• update] One of the symptoms of conduct disorder is a lower level of fear. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first is known as the "childhood-onset type" and occurs when conduct disorder symptoms are present before the age of 10 years. (wikipedia.org)
  • Specifically, children in this group have greater levels of ADHD symptoms, neuropsychological deficits, more academic problems, increased family dysfunction and higher likelihood of aggression and violence. (wikipedia.org)
  • This review covers recent findings in the genomics of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and related traits from a dimensional perspective. (nature.com)
  • Symptoms of ADHD include an inability to concentrate or complete tasks, hyperactivity, compulsive or impulsive behavior, temper flares and mood swings, problems with short-term memory and learning, clumsiness, and distorted perception of time. (lifeextension.com)
  • Boys are more likely to experience hyperactivity symptoms, which makes the illness easier to recognize, and are also more likely to engage in disruptive behavior, calling attention to themselves and making a diagnosis more likely. (pcrm.org)
  • For a diagnosis of ADHD, the American Psychiatric Association requires at least 6 symptoms of inattention or at least 6 symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity, as outlined in the DSM-5. (pcrm.org)
  • Symptoms must be considered excessive for the developmental level of the child, and other possible causative mental disorders must be ruled out. (pcrm.org)
  • Aside from the inability to access normally amenable information and control motor processes (negative symptoms), dissociation includes involuntary intrusions of sensory, affective, and cognitive information into conscious awareness or behavior, e.g., dissociative flashbacks (positive symptoms) [ 3 ]. (springer.com)
  • Irritability is especially relevant in those with ADHD, a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterised by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity [ 13 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This disorder presents different symptoms in adults than in children. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
  • CDC's website is effective because it clearly states the symptoms, treatments, and it helps the reader understand the disorder. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
  • Often the doctor will talk to the people that the patient is around to figure out the symptoms and the state of the person's behavior. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
  • The symptoms of this disorder are many and include the difficulty in paying attention when asked a question or given a task. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
  • however, there would be some remaining disorder symptoms. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Herein, a family cohort all with bipolar disorder is described and their symptoms correlated with findings on the individual SPECT brain scans. (frontiersin.org)
  • Retrospective studies in multiple nations have shown delays of greater than 5 years between the onset of symptoms and the correct diagnosis ( 3 - 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The present study suggests that patients with ADHD with ODD experience more ADHD symptoms and neuropsychological deficits than those with ADHD without ODD. (psychiatryinvestigation.org)
  • [14] Diagnosis is based on the person's symptoms because no confirmed diagnostic test is available. (wikipedia.org)
  • Factitious disorder imposed on self refers to the psychiatric condition in which patients deliberately produce or falsify symptoms and/or signs of illness for the principal purpose of assuming the sick role. (medscape.com)
  • This study examined the functioning of facilitation and suppression in visual selective attention in adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). (scirp.org)
  • Electrophysiological data were examined in control adults and adults with ADHD during a cued visual spatial selective attention task where in addition to directing attention, the cue probabilistically predicted the presence of a distractor. (scirp.org)
  • Findings suggest functional visual spatial selective attention in adults with ADHD. (scirp.org)
  • The growing trend today, however, is to label increasing numbers of children-and even adults-with the psychiatric diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. (lifeextension.com)
  • 2 In a follow-up study of 55 young adults at the age of 22 who were diagnosed with ADHD at the age of seven, 58% had poor outcomes, including antisocial personality, alcohol abuse, criminal record, reading disorders, and low educational level. (lifeextension.com)
  • The results offer support for the effectiveness of food supplements in improving attention and self-control in children with ADHD, and suggest that food supplements may be as effective as Ritalin® in treating ADHD. (lifeextension.com)
  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by persistent inattentiveness, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity that interfere with functioning and are present in 2 or more settings. (pcrm.org)
  • Siblings of an individual with ADHD are at increased risk of the disorder, and there is a 90% concordance in monozygotic twins. (pcrm.org)
  • A growing body of evidence suggests that the age of onset does not appear to affect a patient's neuropsychological profile or response to treatment, suggesting that ADHD can be appropriately diagnosed in those with a later onset. (pcrm.org)
  • Diagnosis of adult ADHD is similar to that in children but may be complicated by a more subtle presentation, usually lacking the hyperactivity component. (pcrm.org)
  • Och varför tror du att Kriminalvården först alldeles nyligen upptäckte att ADHD går att att behandla framgångsrikt, även om det förstås kan innebära att kriminalvården mister en del av sina klienter. (adhd-npf.com)
  • Irritability is especially pertinent to those with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as it is highly prevalent and associated with a more severe clinical presentation and poorer longitudinal outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study of neuropsychological impairments in ADHD is particularly important to understand possible sources of heterogeneity and identify underlying risk pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neuropsychological impairments found in previous studies on those with ADHD are also common in children with high level irritability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Maladaptive behavior such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common among children. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
  • The diagnosis of ADHD in adults can be more difficult than in children. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
  • Historically speaking, ADHD is generally thought to be a childhood disorder. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
  • ADHD is a common disorder that is a daily battled for many children. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
  • ADHD is a very common disorder in which a child has trouble focusing, or is very fidgety/active. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
  • The behaviors with this disorder can be different with males, who are hyper and females who are quietly inattentive with ADHD being more common in males. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
  • The cause of ADHD is not clear, although there are many contributing factors that may lead to this disorder in many children. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
  • ADD ADHD Neuropsychological deficits in adolescent-onset schizophrenia compared with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. (newideas.net)
  • OBJECTIVE: Impaired neuropsychological performance involving abstraction-flexibility, memory, motor function, and attention has frequently been reported in schizophrenia as well as in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (newideas.net)
  • This study represents an attempt to compare groups of adolescents with schizophrenia and ADHD on a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. (newideas.net)
  • Consult your physician on ADHD or health professional on matters related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and ADHD treatment. (newideas.net)
  • Student was diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) at age four and ADHD the following year (P25, Mother). (specialedlaw.com)
  • The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) on clinical features and neuropsychological profiles of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (psychiatryinvestigation.org)
  • Parents of the participants completed the ADHD Rating Scale, Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), Korean Personality Rating Scale for Children (K-PRC), and 10-item mania scale from the Parent General Behavior Inventory (P-GBI-10M). (psychiatryinvestigation.org)
  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning [ 1 ]. (psychiatryinvestigation.org)
  • Patients with ADHD tend to have a high comorbidity rate with other psychiatric disorders [ 3 - 6 ]. (psychiatryinvestigation.org)
  • Moreover, comorbid disorders with ADHD can contribute to more severe functional impairments in academic, social, and emotional dimensions [ 8 ]. (psychiatryinvestigation.org)
  • Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a frequent condition associated with ADHD, with a comorbidity incidence rate of 50%-60% [ 5 - 8 ]. (psychiatryinvestigation.org)
  • Outcome was assessed in 23 patients via parent-rated questionnaires related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and executive functioning, using the Conners 3rd Edition Rating Scales (Conners-3) and Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) at a mean time since injury of 3.1 years. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 938-946. (scirp.org)
  • In 1999, he and his wife, Ginger, founded ICSPP's peer-reviewed scientifi c journal Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry. (fdocuments.net)
  • Children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are frequently at risk of long-term impairments of attention and executive functioning but these problems are difficult to predict. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This neurobehavioral disorder is probably caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. (pcrm.org)
  • This is a neurobehavioral disorder and often is diagnosed as a child. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
  • It is a common neurobehavioral disorder in children and adolescents, affecting approximately 3%-7% of school-age children, with a greater prevalence among boys [ 2 ]. (psychiatryinvestigation.org)
  • Individuals with adolescent-onset conduct disorder exhibit less impairment than those with the childhood-onset type and are not characterized by similar psychopathology. (wikipedia.org)
  • Research has shown that there is a greater number of children with adolescent-onset conduct disorder than those with childhood-onset, suggesting that adolescent-onset conduct disorder is an exaggeration of developmental behaviors that are typically seen in adolescence, such as rebellion against authority figures and rejection of conventional values. (wikipedia.org)
  • Subsequently, the patient's hypothalamic disorder emerged as a component of a steroid-responsive relapsing encephalomyelitis with cerebral pathology restricted to the basal ganglia and brainstem. (researchgate.net)
  • Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42 (8), 1651-1661. (ucsd.edu)
  • Integrating both types of studies could allow the establishment of more reliable and validated predictions of which youth who are HEU are at the highest risk for specific negative health outcomes, such as mental health and neurocognitive disorders, and which interventional approaches may be most successful to address specific deficits both in terms of prevention and treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • Training community mental health therapists to deliver a package of evidence-based practice strategies for school-age children with autism spectrum disorders: A pilot study. (ucsd.edu)
  • Building a research‐community collaborative to improve community care for infants and toddlers at‐risk for autism spectrum disorders. (ucsd.edu)
  • Parent perspectives on community mental health services for children with autism spectrum disorders. (ucsd.edu)
  • Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have aberrant neural activity during semantic judgments. (fulbright.org.tw)
  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive, multi-factorial, highly heritable, clinically heterogeneous neuro-developmental disorder with prominent reciprocal social and communication impairment and restricted repetitive behavior or interest. (fulbright.org.tw)
  • In addition to hamartomas, PTEN aberrations have been associated with a range of non-tumoural phenotypes such as macrocephaly, and research indicates possibly increased rates of developmental delay and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) for people with germline mutations affecting PTEN . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conduct disorder (CD) is a mental disorder diagnosed in childhood or adolescence that presents itself through a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that includes theft, lies, physical violence that may lead to destruction, and reckless breaking of rules, in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that an affected person feels compelled to perform repeatedly, thereby attempting to reduce the distress caused by the obsessions or to prevent dreaded events. (nature.com)
  • Adverse early developmental events classify schizophrenia as a 'neurodevelopmental' disorder, in which both structural and functional CNS effects might be expected. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Also, families that appear 'schizophrenia-prone' exhibit higher risk for certain other psychiatric abnormalities which include schizoaffective disorder and schizotypal and schizoid personality disorders. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Conduct disorder may result from parental rejection and neglect and can be treated with family therapy, as well as behavioral modifications and pharmacotherapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • The treatment for this disorder is either behavior therapy, medication, or both. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
  • At an unspecified time in 1999, the student began to receive "therapy" from an unspecified source (Tr. (nysed.gov)
  • Impulsivity is noted by difficulty waiting turns, disruptive classroom behavior, interrupting others, peer rejection, and attempting risky activities without considering consequences. (pcrm.org)
  • At that time Student was in a program for children with emotional and behavioral difficulties due to his impulsivity and aggression, difficulty focusing his attention and poor interactions with family and peers. (specialedlaw.com)
  • The characteristics of the diagnosis are commonly seen in young children who are referred to mental health professionals. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim of this article is to provide a concise review of the clinical characteristics of this complex disorder. (researchgate.net)
  • [1] A medical, neurological, psychological, and cognitive evaluation should be performed to rule out underlying medical contributors, cognitive deficiencies, and mimicking disorders. (pcrm.org)
  • An online, self-help intervention specifically developed for adults with cognitive deficits and depression may be particularly beneficial to this population. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One mechanism that may explain this process is the idea that the altered thinking patterns in depression, such as experiencing recurring negative thoughts, may overload executive functioning and thereby contribute to cognitive deficits [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two cognitive areas that are dependent on intact functioning of frontal networks, and thus frequently reported as impaired following TBI, are executive functioning and attention [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Currently, two possible developmental courses are thought to lead to conduct disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Previous studies indicate that Multiple Complex Developmental Disorder (MCDD) children differ from PDD-NOS and autistic children on a symptom level and on psychophysiological functioning. (bsl.nl)
  • Encompassed by the overarching category of PDD is the diagnosis of Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). (bsl.nl)
  • The description of this group was refined through a specific set of diagnostic criteria, and the term 'Multiplex Developmental Disorders' (MDD) was proposed (Cohen et al. (bsl.nl)
  • Subsequently, the criteria were altered and the term was modified to 'Multiple Complex Developmental Disorder' (MCDD) (Towbin et al. (bsl.nl)
  • Conduct disorder can present with limited prosocial emotions, lack of remorse or guilt, lack of empathy, lack of concern for performance, and shallow or deficient affect. (wikipedia.org)
  • Social dominance orientation (SDO), defined as the general individual orientation toward unequal and dominant/subordinate relationships, might represent a valuable construct to explore to better understand the association between psychopathic traits, externalizing problems, and prosocial behavior. (apc.it)
  • Results showed that SDO mediated the relationship between psychopathic traits and externalizing problems and between psychopathic traits and prosocial behavior only in the clinical sample. (apc.it)
  • This course is often linked to a more persistent life course and more pervasive behaviors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Specifically, research has demonstrated continuity in the disorders such that conduct disorder is often diagnosed in children who have been previously diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder, and most adults with antisocial personality disorder were previously diagnosed with conduct disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can impair learning and performance, with harmful consequences for children and adults alike. (lifeextension.com)
  • [1] The disorder affects an estimated 11% of US children aged 4-17, with increased prevalence in teen years, and more than 4% of American adults. (pcrm.org)
  • This article describes the epidemiological factors that have contributed to the reemergence of these disorders and summarizes the clinical features, microbiological diagnosis, and strategies for treatment or prevention of congenital rubella and congenital syphilis. (researchgate.net)
  • Pathological dissociation is a trans-diagnostic phenomenon, highly prevalent in dissociative disorders and in trauma-related disorders, including depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD), dissociative identity disorder (DID), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and borderline personality disorder (BPD) [ 1 , 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • However, at times, petitioners' son reportedly exhibited a lack of effort, difficulty with authority, conduct problems, attention problems and intentional noncompliance (Parent Ex. (nysed.gov)
  • : 7 The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 's (CDC) diagnostic criteria also require at least one of the following: (1) orthostatic intolerance (difficulty sitting and standing upright) or (2) impaired memory or attention. (wikipedia.org)
  • ODD is a disruptive behavior disorder characterized by angry or irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behavior, and vindictiveness [ 1 ], and children and adolescents with ODD may experience trouble controlling their temper and often resist conforming to others [ 9 ]. (psychiatryinvestigation.org)
  • Within this heterogeneous group of PDD-NOS children, Cohen and colleagues highlighted the existence of a number of children with disturbances in various areas of functioning such as the regulation of state and arousal (i.e. anxiety and fears), social relations (i.e. detached, aggressive, clingy), and thought disorders (i.e. magical thinking, unusual thoughts, and difficulties in separating fantasy from reality) (Cohen et al. (bsl.nl)
  • In November 1999 a physician opined that the student appeared to be an angry child whose reaction to family problems resulted in inappropriate behaviors including aggressive conduct toward peers, stealing and use of vulgar language (Parent Ex. (nysed.gov)
  • This diagnostic delay can take on more serious consequences in the case of early-onset bipolar disorder among children. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, "the behavior of each reinforces and maintains the other, while also raising the costs and emotional consequences for both. (wikizero.com)
  • Also, we know that effective teaching of skills and behavior change are predicated upon the timely use of powerful reinforcement (i.e., positive consequences of skilled behavior that motivate and strengthen that behavior). (difflearn.com)
  • The presence of overvalued ideas in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been theoretically linked to poorer treatment outcome [Kozak, M. J. & Foa, E. B. (1994). (researchgate.net)
  • Obsessions, overvalued ideas and delusions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. (researchgate.net)
  • To date, there is little research on these children, however further study is warranted since MCDD children may be at risk for a poor outcome in adulthood including Axis II disorder (Lofgren et al. (bsl.nl)
  • Most patients diagnosed during childhood carry the disorder into adulthood. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
  • While the onset of bipolar disorder is typically in late adolescence and early adulthood, the correct diagnosis can be delayed for several years. (frontiersin.org)
  • Genetic investigations of OCD typically apply a conceptual framework that relies on either clinical diagnosis [ 14 ] (i.e. (nature.com)
  • In November of first grade his teacher requested a behavioral disorders class placement due to Student's swearing in the classroom, volitional finger twiddling and volitional use of nonsense phrases (e.g. "little greenies") to get attention in the classroom (Mother, Father, P22). (specialedlaw.com)
  • The TEAM reconvened in December 1992 and developed an IEP for Student to attend a classroom for students with behavioral disorders at the Flagg Street School in Worcester with support in inclusion math and reading. (specialedlaw.com)
  • Schizotypal and schizoid personality disorder are used to describe individuals who exhibit a lifelong pattern of social and interpersonal abnormalities, especially difficulties in developing close interpersonal relationships, mild perceptual distortions, and eccentric behavior. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • These findings support two distinct patterns of SPECT perfusion scan changes that can be found in individuals with bipolar disorder. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, the stigmatization of mental health disorders, cost barriers and physical disabilities may prevent these individuals from seeking mental health care. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the past, children's discipline problems, poor grades, and roughhousing with playmates might be dismissed as "rambunctious behavior. (lifeextension.com)
  • 1999], social problems [Constantino et al. (fulbright.org.tw)
  • 2003], attention/hyperactivity problems [Bolte et al. (fulbright.org.tw)
  • NSE and sNCAM show promise as reliable, early predictors of long-term attention-related and executive functioning problems following paediatric TBI. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to these two courses that are recognized by the DSM-IV-TR, there appears to be a relationship among oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Relation between Parental Responsiveness and Emotion Regulation in Children with and without Oppositional Defiant Disorder. (ucsf.edu)
  • Bipolar I disorder, previously known as manic depressive disorder, is characterized by one or more manic episodes, alternating with episodes of depression or euthymia. (frontiersin.org)
  • Bipolar II disorder is characterized by cyclic episodes of hypomania alternating with episodes of depression or euthymia. (frontiersin.org)
  • Z). A private neuropsychological evaluation of the student, conducted during third grade, indicated that "traits" revealed during the evaluation were consistent with an attention deficit disorder (Parent Ex. (nysed.gov)
  • Conduct disorder is estimated to affect 51.1 million people globally as of 2013. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the caregiver is able to provide therapeutic intervention teaching children at risk better empathy skills, the child will have a lower incident level of conduct disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, self-harm has been observed in children with conduct disorder (CD). (wikipedia.org)
  • There is debate among professionals regarding the validity and appropriateness of diagnosing young children with conduct disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is also argued that some children may not in fact have conduct disorder, but are engaging in developmentally appropriate disruptive behavior. (wikipedia.org)
  • A premature diagnosis made in young children, and thus labeling and stigmatizing an individual, may be inappropriate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Children with PDD-NOS demonstrated a more attention-demanding strategy of face processing, and processed neutral faces more similarly to complex patterns whereas children with MCDD showed an advantage for face recognition compared to complex patterns. (bsl.nl)
  • In addition, of the children diagnosed with the disorder, over 80 percent were boys. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
  • If clinicians were able to identify patients at high risk of long-term deficits in attention and executive functioning, management strategies could be applied in the early stages of recovery to improve functioning and quality of life for the children with TBI and their families. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While the precise neurobiological underpinnings of dissociation remain elusive, neuroimaging studies in disorders, characterized by high dissociation (e.g., depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD), dissociative identity disorder (DID), dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder (D-PTSD)), have provided valuable insight into brain alterations possibly underlying dissociation. (springer.com)
  • Although deficits have been reported to vary with injury severity, age at injury and sex, prognostication of outcome remains imperfect at a patient-specific level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It was reported that the student sought attention from teachers and peers in a variety of negative ways ( id. ). (nysed.gov)
  • With respect to PTSD, the most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) includes a dissociative subtype (dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder, D-PTSD), characterized by predominately dissociative responses to traumatic reminders and other stressors in the form of depersonalization and/or derealization [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • Bipolar disorder is a significant mental illness affecting over 4 million people in North America and approximately 46 million worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
  • A few studies have investigated the neuropsychological substrate of meaning processing through the use of neuroimaging techniques. (fulbright.org.tw)
  • Neuroimaging studies in borderline personality disorder (BPD), investigating links between altered brain function/structure and dissociation, are still relatively rare. (springer.com)
  • While preliminary, the findings in this cohort support the need for larger, diverse cohort studies of bipolar and control subjects to assess the predictive value of these particular SPECT perfusion findings in bipolar disorder. (frontiersin.org)
  • Laboratory studies can be especially helpful in facilitating the diagnosis of many physical illnesses as factitious. (medscape.com)
  • Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Clinical Utility of Continuous Performance Tests for the Identification of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. (ucsf.edu)
  • In addition, these findings indicate that SPECT scan findings may be predictive of individual risk for progressing to symptomatic bipolar disorder. (frontiersin.org)
  • Alcoholism in family systems refers to the conditions in families that enable alcoholism and the effects of alcoholic behavior by one or more family members on the rest of the family. (wikizero.com)
  • Teacher comments during the student's eighth grade year included "not being attentive in class," "disrupting class," "inconsistent achievement," "behavior affecting performance," and "has ability to do better" ( id. ). (nysed.gov)
  • For example, the "Chief Enabler" (the main enabler in the family) will often turn a blind eye to the addict's drug/alcohol use as this allows for the enabler to continue to play the victim and/or martyr role while allowing the addict to continue his/her own destructive behavior. (wikizero.com)
  • [7] "About one-fourth of the U.S. population is a member of a family that is affected by an addictive disorder in a first-degree relative. (wikizero.com)