• Identification of baseline resistance mutations allows for the selection of more effective and durable antiretroviral (ARV) regimens. (hiv.gov)
  • As long as only one mutation (181) is present, current dosing of DMP should be enough to suppress virus, however when two NNRTI resistance mutations (Y181 and K103) are present, DMP may not be enough to suppress replication. (treatmentactiongroup.org)
  • 10 From 2000 to 2009, 14% of ART-naive patients with HIV had drug resistance mutations to at least one drug class, 2% had mutations with resistance for two or more classes, and less than 1% had mutations for triple-class resistance. (managedhealthcareexecutive.com)
  • Resistance assays fall into two classes: genotyping examines the virus for mutations known to confer drug resistance, whereas phenotyping tests the susceptibility of the patient's virus to specific medications. (health.am)
  • Major drug resistance mutations severely impair viral fitness in a drug free environment, and therefore are expected to revert quickly. (unl.pt)
  • Drug resistance mutations among South African children living with HIV on WHO-recommended ART regimens. (cdc.gov)
  • Our model also allows quantification of the selective advantage of mutations by integrating their effects on viral fitness and drug susceptibility. (plos.org)
  • Despite this link, inappropriate and ineffective use of antimicrobial agents for viral respiratory infections is common ( 10 - 16 ). (cdc.gov)
  • It is ironic, but not really surprising, that our continuous destruction of the global ecosystem is promoting the spread of viral infections (and various chronic degenerative diseases), that threaten humanity's domination of the planet. (life-enthusiast.com)
  • These studies provide important insight into the complex ways in which mammalian cells have evolved to counteract viral infections. (cancer.gov)
  • Staph bacteria can cause skin, heart valve, blood, and bone infections that can lead to septic shock and death, showing alarming resistance to the methicillin class of drugs. (silver-colloids.com)
  • Here again, research has begun to show an increase in infections resistant to the drug. (silver-colloids.com)
  • As bacterial and viral infections can both cause the same kinds of symptoms, it can be difficult to distinguish which is the cause of a specific infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • [12] Distinguishing the two is important, since viral infections cannot be cured by antibiotics whereas bacterial infections can. (wikipedia.org)
  • In general, viral infections are systemic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eighty to 90 percent of the illnesses are caused by viral infections, against which antibiotics do not work. (donga.com)
  • Nucleoside analogs ( NA s) are used to treat numerous viral infections and cancer. (plos.org)
  • Nucleoside analogs ( NA s) represent an important drug class for the treatment of viral infections and cancer. (plos.org)
  • TBM must be differentiated not only from other forms of acute and subacute meningitis but also from conditions such as viral infections and cerebral abscess. (medscape.com)
  • Due to cross resistance, at least one of the new products isn't expected to work in people with extensive prior nucleoside experience, and it may be difficult to cobble together a regimen from the two remaining new agents that can reasonably be expected to produce sufficient virologic suppression. (treatmentactiongroup.org)
  • This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of switching HIV-infected patients with stable viral suppression on nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI/NRTI) therapy to lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) monotherapy. (researchgate.net)
  • Studies do not indicate the appropriate interval for viral suppression monitoring for ongoing transmission prevention. (hivguidelines.org)
  • Patients who are monitored at longer intervals should be carefully selected based on length of viral suppression, CD4 count, use of ART for transmission prevention, and adherence to medical care, including visit attendance and retention in care. (hivguidelines.org)
  • [ 10 ] Besides the benefit of reduced mortality, early effective HIV viral suppression is recommended to decrease the rate of HIV transmission to others. (medscape.com)
  • Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of insulin resistance in Egyptian patients with chronic HCV genotype 4 infection, to assess factors associated with insulin resistance and to test the impact of insulin resistance on outcomes of treatment with pegylated interferon/ribavirin. (who.int)
  • 2012). This is due to the establishment, early after primary infection, of a viral reservoir that is responsible for the persistence of low levels of plasma viremia in patients under suppressive ART (Chun et al. (europa.eu)
  • In a meta-analysis of data from 84 studies, additional factors that influenced adherence were the human development index (a composite measure based on a country's average life expectancy, education and standard of living), geo-graphical region, ethnicity, self-identification as a man who has sex with men, injection drug use, participation in methadone maintenance and clinical infection stage. (managedhealthcareexecutive.com)
  • The genetic code of HIV includes a viral requirement for selenium, therefore HIV generally appears to restrict infection to individuals who are deficient in this trace element. (life-enthusiast.com)
  • Dr. Jung leads the Department of Cancer Biology, the Infection Biology Program, and the newly-established Global Center for Pathogen & Human Health Research, which is focused on understanding of viral pathogens and the human immune responses toward preparing and protecting future public health threats. (ccf.org)
  • 4 infection, to assess factors associated with insulin resistance and to test the impact of insulin resistance on outcomes of treatment with pegylated interferon/ribavirin. (who.int)
  • conditions such as insulin resistance in the most prevalent genotype in Egypt patients with HCV infection. (who.int)
  • HIV-1 drug resistance represents a major obstacle to infection and disease control. (unl.pt)
  • This argues for a role of target cell who after having had HIV driven down to an unde- availability in limiting the HIV-1 infection, and is in tectable level stopped taking these drugs, and remained agreement with mathematical models suggesting that immunosuppression may limit the outgrowth of drug-resistant escape mutants. (health-articles.net)
  • This threshold number is set by various viral character- HU blocks the cellular enzyme ribonucleotide reduc- istics, such as its infection rate, burst size, and lifespan tase, which thus decreases the intracellular concentra- epidemiology stating that any infectious disease has a By decreasing the intracellular dATP pool, HU may critical host density below which the infection cannot maintain itself. (health-articles.net)
  • We therefore conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the HA, NA, and M1/2 segments of viral isolates collected between 1997 and 2007 from temperate localities in the Northern hemisphere (New York State, United States, 492 isolates) and Southern hemisphere (New Zealand and Australia, 629 isolates) and a subtropical locality in South-East Asia (Hong Kong, 281 isolates). (jcvi.org)
  • The emergence and persistence of adamantane resistant viruses in Hong Kong further supports a source-sink model of global influenza virus ecology, in which South-East Asia experiences continuous viral activity and repeatedly seeds epidemics in temperate areas. (jcvi.org)
  • In the spring of 1997, an infant boy in Hong Kong died 12 days after contracting a respiratory illness. (ispub.com)
  • Lentiviral gene delivery systems consist of packaging (or helper) plasmids that code for viral structural and regulatory proteins, and a gene transfer vector that contains the transgene expression cassette ( Srinivasakumar, 2001 ). (peerj.com)
  • This was followed by collaborations with the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in 1997 and with the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) in 2001 to create the UVRI- IAVI HIV Vaccine Program. (uvri.go.ug)
  • More than twice as many patients receiving maraviroc plus optimized background therapy (OBT) achieved undetectable viral load at 48 weeks compared with those receiving OBT alone. (worldpharmanews.com)
  • The phylogeny of hepatitis B virus instead reflects a viral population that has remained roughly consistent (constant size). (wikipedia.org)
  • He has published more than 250 articles in the field of viral hepatitis and antiviral therapy. (hstalks.com)
  • Even with the approval of new drug therapies, he expects that still better treatment options will come rapidly through ongoing trials and most importantly, that all patients with Hepatitis C are curable. (peterruanemd.com)
  • Around 5 million people are living with both HIV and viral hepatitis. (hivtalk.net)
  • 1991). However, direct measurement of viral presence using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay will usually show extremely high levels of virus during this window period. (health.am)
  • Our model correctly predicts for HIV-1 that resistance against nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can be conferred by decreasing their incorporation rate, increasing their excision rate, or decreasing their affinity for the polymerase enzyme. (plos.org)
  • We correctly predict that HIV-1 can develop resistance by decreasing NRTI incorporation rate, increasing its excision rate, or decreasing its affinity for the viral polymerase enzyme. (plos.org)
  • von Kleist M, Metzner P, Marquet R, Schütte C (2012) HIV-1 Polymerase Inhibition by Nucleoside Analogs: Cellular- and Kinetic Parameters of Efficacy, Susceptibility and Resistance Selection. (plos.org)
  • Promising new inhibitors that target the viral helicase-primase complex have been reported to block replication of herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses, but they have no activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), another herpesvirus. (frontiersin.org)
  • The HCMV helicase-primase complex (pUL105-pUL102-pUL70) is essential for viral DNA replication and could thus be a relevant antiviral target. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mutational analysis of several of these amino acids both in pUL105 and pUL70, proved that they are crucial for viral replication. (frontiersin.org)
  • In 2017, Dr. Compton joined the HIV Dynamics and Replication Program as Head of the Antiviral Immunity and Resistance Section to develop a research program focused on mechanisms of protection mediated by the cell-intrinsic innate immune response, as well as the strategies employed by HIV and emerging viruses to evade or overcome these immune barriers. (cancer.gov)
  • Increased insight into the mechanisms of influenza virus replication combined with advances in the science of rational drug design have resulted in the development of the neuraminidase inhibitors, a new class of medicines that promise significantly to impact the management of influenza. (ispub.com)
  • However, data from the macaque simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model indicate that in vivo , SIV-specific CTL are only effective during the early stages of the viral replication cycle, and this constitutes an alternative explanation why HIV-specific CTL do not appear to have an impact on HIV reservoirs during ART. (frontiersin.org)
  • The need for lifelong antiretroviral treatment (ART), coupled with the high HIV replication and mutation rates, means that resistance will emerge even among appropriately treated, compliant individuals. (who.int)
  • Antimicrobial drug-resistant strains of community-acquired pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus , have emerged as serious global health threats ( 1 - 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Controlling the balance between immunity and immunopathology is crucial for host resistance to pathogens. (nature.com)
  • 8,9 In the early 2000s, an increase in the prevalence of triple drug-class failure was observed among patients who were treatment exposed and treatment naive. (managedhealthcareexecutive.com)
  • The high level of risky behaviour in HIV positive men, regardless of whether they are diagnosed, is of public health concern, in an era when HIV prevalence, antiretroviral resistance, and STI incidence are increasing. (bmj.com)
  • A serological survey of 2,430 archived serum samples collected between 1997 and 2012 was conducted to retrospectively determine the prevalence of Marburg virus in five African countries. (cdc.gov)
  • Keywords: Hydroxyurea, immunosuppression, target cell availability, 72 weeks of ddI-HU treatment, three out of sixpatients had no detectable plasma virus, and that there Surprisingly, immunosuppressive treatment can was no rebound of the plasma viral load in any patient enhance the efficacy of conventional HIV-1 antiretro- on uninterrupted treatment. (health-articles.net)
  • In this prospective cohort study of patients who had been on combined antiretroviral therapy treatment (cART) for at least 12 months in Bangui, only one HIV plasma viral load per patient was realized at the Institut Pasteur of Bangui, between April 4th and November 28th, 2017. (scirp.org)
  • The rate of virological failure among patients on cART is very high in the CAR, despite the availability of and access to monitoring of HIV plasma viral load in Bangui. (scirp.org)
  • At the final study visit, a dried blood spot sample was obtained for viral load and genotypic resistance testing. (cdc.gov)
  • Multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV refers to strains of HIV with reduced susceptibility to drugs within all three classes of antiretroviral therapies (ARTs). (managedhealthcareexecutive.com)
  • The purpose of this report is to present results of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Model Performance Evaluation Program (MPEP) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) drug susceptibility testing survey sent to participants in March 2021. (cdc.gov)
  • The number of MTBC isolates tested for drug susceptibility by the 70 participants in 2020 (excluding isolates used for quality control) is shown in Figure 2. (cdc.gov)
  • However, drug susceptibility analysis, reveals that CLHIV with detectable viremia on ABC/3TC/LPV/r are more likely to have maintained at least two effective agents on their current HIV regimen than those on ABC/3TC/EFV. (cdc.gov)
  • Surprisingly, target cells with low dNTP/NTP levels may not confer hyper-susceptibility to inhibition, whereas cells with high dNTP/NTP contents are likely to confer natural resistance. (plos.org)
  • Resistance development also changes drug susceptibility distinctly and we show, for the first time, that selection of drug resistance can occur in particular target cells. (plos.org)
  • To ensure its continued efficacy, monitoring of emerging drug resistance that inform a treatment strategy amongst those failing is crucial. (cdc.gov)
  • 6 Oseltamivir-resistance in influenza should be closely monitored to determine if the continued efficacy of oseltamivir warrants its use for influenza. (who.int)
  • 7 Such work not only determines the present efficacy of the drug but also reveals important information on the genesis of anti-viral drug resistance in influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • There is a continuous evolution in the public health risk posed by infectious diseases related to their causative agents, to their easier transmission in changing physical and social environments, and to their development of resistance to existing antimicrobial agents. (who.int)
  • WHO's activities in the area of epidemic alert and response aim to contain the global public health threat of emerging infectious diseases, epidemics and drug-resistant infectious agents. (who.int)
  • Since the 1940s, when the first antibiotic, Penicillin, became available to the public, it and other similar "miracle" drugs have been used over and over through the years to fight infectious disease. (silver-colloids.com)
  • As MRSA spreads, the only choice left to doctors is the use of Vancomycin, often called the drug of last resort for infectious diseases. (silver-colloids.com)
  • Drug resistance is defined as the ability of an infectious agent to survive or multiply despite the administration and absorption of medicine given in doses equal to or higher than those usually recommended but within tolerance of the subject. (who.int)
  • Similarly, trees reconstructed from viral sequences isolated from chronically infected individuals can be used to gauge changes in viral population sizes within a host. (wikipedia.org)
  • Retroviruses have been shown to efficiently delete sequences between repeats as a consequence of the template switching ability of the viral reverse transcriptase. (peerj.com)
  • Although HIV-1 based gene transfer vectors lack most of the viral coding sequences, it retains a small portion of the gag sequence, and also contains a 5′ splice donor site upstream of gag and frequently a 3′ splice acceptor site further downstream. (peerj.com)
  • We previously modeled the in vivo evolution of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) under drug selective pressure from cross-sectional viral sequences. (unl.pt)
  • We believe it is: in the words of the House of Lords' report, "Resistance to antibiotics … constitutes a major threat to public health and ought to be recognised as such more widely than it is at present. (bmj.com)
  • And many medical researchers believe that a rapidly increasing resistance to antibiotics is one of the world's most pressing health problems . (silver-colloids.com)
  • According to a 1997 WHO study conducted in Europe in the mid 1990s, many physicians said that patient pressure is the No. 1 reason why they prescribed the wrong antibiotics. (silver-colloids.com)
  • Bacteria, however, has boosted its resistance by detecting loopholes in antibiotics. (donga.com)
  • The Korea Food and Drug Administration has a booklet warning against antibiotics abuse and misuse in children. (donga.com)
  • Tree balance will be affected by selection, most notably immune escape The effect of directional selection on the shape of a viral phylogeny is exemplified by contrasting the trees of influenza virus and HIV's surface proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • New drugs targeting essential viral proteins other than pUL54 are therefore urgently needed. (frontiersin.org)
  • 11 In an observational study from 2000 to 2006, 8% of patients with HIV who received prior ART therapy displayed triple-class resistance, with an overall incidence rate of 13 triple-class resistant cases per 1,000 person-years of ART exposure. (managedhealthcareexecutive.com)
  • Debra L. Hanson focuses on Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Immunology, Incidence, Internal medicine and Viral load. (research.com)
  • Her work deals with themes such as Cancer, Cervical cancer, Pneumonia, Viral disease and Vaccination, which intersect with Incidence. (research.com)
  • Resistance to the adamantane class of antiviral drugs by human A/H3N2 influenza viruses currently exceeds 90% in the United States and multiple Asian countries. (jcvi.org)
  • A total of 1795 influenza viruses were tested for oseltamivir-resistance using a fluorometric neuraminidase inhibition assay. (who.int)
  • Over the last decade there has been an extensive amount of research into the development and occurrence of antiviral drug resistance in human influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • 8 This allowance was made with an expectation that influenza viruses from the community would be monitored for the potential development of oseltamivir-resistance. (who.int)
  • Preceding the 2007/2008 northern hemisphere season, instances of oseltamivir-resistance occurred at low levels in seasonal human influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • Her Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome study combines topics in areas such as Viral disease, Epidemiology, Pediatrics and Medical record. (research.com)
  • Indeed, in most cases viral rebound is observed after ART interruption. (europa.eu)
  • 1997). Consequently, viral rebound is observed immediately after ART interruption. (europa.eu)
  • Adding to this grow- genotype 4, to assess factors associated proportion of Egyptians estimated to be ing body of evidence, it is now suggested with insulin resistance in those patients chronically infected was 9.8% ( 1 ). (who.int)
  • The report found that physicians and patients have not received adequate information about the appropriate use of antimicrobial drugs and the short- and long-term risks of overuse. (cdc.gov)
  • The persistence of HIV in treated patients results from the establishment of a viral reservoir insensitive to ART and poorly visible to the immune system. (europa.eu)
  • DuPont-Merck recently announced an expanded access program for DMP that will be available to a limited number of patients (approximately 2,000) through the end of 1997, and will then broaden to include additional patients in early 1998. (treatmentactiongroup.org)
  • 1 Although up to 76% patients develop resistance, estimates vary considerably based on viral load, prior ART exposure, treatment duration and patient adherence. (managedhealthcareexecutive.com)
  • For newly diagnosed patients, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends testing for HIV drug resistance at entry into care. (managedhealthcareexecutive.com)
  • HIV drug-resistance testing is also recommended in patients changing ART regimens who have virologic failure and HIV-RNA levels greater than 200 copies/mL, and in those with suboptimal viral load reduction. (managedhealthcareexecutive.com)
  • All HIV-infected patients undergoing treatment for TB should be evaluated for antiretroviral therapy, because most patients with HIV-related TB are candidates for concurrent administration of antituberculosis and antiretroviral drug therapies. (cdc.gov)
  • Ideally, the management of TB among HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral drugs requires a) directly observed therapy, b) availability of experienced and coordinated TB/HIV care givers, and in most situations, c) use of a TB treatment regimen that includes rifabutin instead of rifampin. (cdc.gov)
  • Viral load is a strong predictor of disease progression in untreated patients. (health.am)
  • Two patients were withdrawn with virologic failure but demonstrated no evidence of virologic resistance. (researchgate.net)
  • About five percent of patients at Harlem Hospital have drug-resistant TB, and about two to three percent have multi-resistant strains. (silver-colloids.com)
  • Treatment-associated polymorphisms in protease are significantly associated with higher viral load and lower CD4 count in newly diagnosed drug-naive HIV-1 infected patients. (unl.pt)
  • There is also an intriguing viral treatment, and can be beneficial for HIV-1- anecdotal report of a patient on indinavir, ddI and HU, infected patients. (health-articles.net)
  • Immunosuppressive drugs like Short-term studies report similar encouraging results of hydroxyurea (HU) may therefore be powerful and the ddI-HU combination in patients naive for ddI. (health-articles.net)
  • Maraviroc and optimized background therapy (OBT) provided substantially greater viral load reduction compared to patients receiving OBT alone. (worldpharmanews.com)
  • In December 2006, Pfizer announced plans to establish a multi-national Expanded Access Program, a clinical study that provides maraviroc to patients who have limited or no approved treatment options due to resistance or intolerance to existing drug classes. (worldpharmanews.com)
  • Possible mechanisms for gram for breast cancer in southern Sweden issued 1991, pre- recurrence after treatment are low initial drug sensitivity or menopausal lymph node positive (N+) breast cancer patients an acquired drug resistance. (lu.se)
  • Radiotherapy was delivered to ipsilateral axil- cancer patients in the future, it is essential to increase our lary and supraclavicular lymph nodes and the remaining knowledge in mechanisms responsible for drug resistance, breast parenchyma after breast conservation surgery or tho- and to define reliable indicators for response to therapy. (lu.se)
  • No virus was detectable in plasma from 49.2% of patients, while 42.4% had virological failure (viral load, ≥1000 copies/mL) according to WHO criteria. (scirp.org)
  • A mutation in Arabidopsis that leads to constitutive expression of systemic acquired resistance. (springer.com)
  • The Wisconsin Antibiotic Resistance Network (WARN) was launched in 1999 to educate physicians and the public about judicious antimicrobial drug use. (cdc.gov)
  • and to what extent will this affect antibiotic resistance in different bacteria? (bmj.com)
  • To the average person, antibiotic resistance may not sound like that big of a problem, at least not one that can't be easily solved. (silver-colloids.com)
  • HIV is typically spread by sexual contact, exposure to infected blood (transfusions, blood products, percutaneous or intravenous injections with contaminated syringes or needles, etc.) and through perinatal transmission from mother to child (Warner 1997). (health.am)
  • In HIV the Institute has contributed in the areas if understanding the risk factors for transmission, understanding natural history of disease, intervention such as microbicides, vaccines, PreP, treatment options, genetic diversity, drug resistance and protective immune responses among others. (uvri.go.ug)
  • We quantify the effects of treatment and estimate the fitness of drug resistant mutants. (plos.org)
  • This finding could provide an explanation of how clinically observed resistant viral mutants may arise. (plos.org)
  • During the AIDS epidemic of the 1980s and early 1990s in the United States, intracameral drug-eluting devices (Ganciclovir) were used but have since been discontinued. (medscape.com)
  • Here we outline the plan by the President Emergence Plan for AIDS Relief to leverage viral load infra structure to implement effective drug resistance surveillance in the countries it supports. (cdc.gov)
  • At global level, international surveillance networks of laboratories and epidemiologists focusing on major threats including influenza, viral haemorrhagic fevers (e.g. (who.int)
  • The importance of surveillance for resistance to oseltamivir has been highlighted by two global events: the emergence of an oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza A(H1N1) virus in 2008, and emergence of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in 2009. (who.int)
  • The aims of this work are to identify novel bioactive molecules, to study their mechanisms of action, and to characterize ways in which resistance to drugs may arise. (nyu.edu)
  • To date, an integrated mathematical model that could allow the analysis of their mechanism of action, of the various resistance mechanisms, and their effect on viral fitness is still lacking. (plos.org)
  • The developed model allows studying various resistance mechanisms, inherent fitness effects, selection forces and epistasis based on microscopic kinetic data. (plos.org)
  • It can readily be embedded in extended models of the complete HIV-1 reverse transcription process, or analogous processes in other viruses and help to guide drug development and improve our understanding of the mechanisms of resistance development during treatment. (plos.org)
  • The mechanisms of resistance development are, however, still poorly understood. (plos.org)
  • Through mathematical modeling, we assess the mechanisms by which HIV-1 can develop resistance against nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). (plos.org)
  • In 1997, WHO established a mechanism to seek, collect and verify information on reported epidemics, working closely with its collaborating centres, governments and governmental agencies, as well as relevant nongovernmental organizations and other partners in the global outbreak alert and response network. (who.int)
  • Ebola), antimicrobial drug resistance and foodborne epidemics such as the new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy have been established. (who.int)
  • This retrospective study analyzes trends and determinants of resistance in antiretroviral treatment (ART)-exposed individuals across 7 countries in Europe. (unl.pt)
  • Several approaches were suggested, including multifaceted clinician education, clinical practice protocols, feedback on local resistance trends, patient-oriented educational materials, and use of popular media for public education. (cdc.gov)
  • The most notable changes in these guidelines reflect both the findings of clinical trials that evaluated new drug regimens for treating and preventing TB among HIV-infected persons and recent advances in the use of antiretroviral therapy. (cdc.gov)
  • 1996). Predicting responses to antiviral medications can be accomplished by testing for drug resistance, a problem increasingly seen in clinical practice. (health.am)
  • Antiviral drug resistance: clinical consequences and molecular aspects. (ejohg.com)
  • European Recommendations for the Clinical Use of HIV Drug Resistance Testing: 2011 Update. (unl.pt)
  • Drug resistance val (CI) = 1.4-62) did not outperform corresponding classifiers based on clinical variables. (lu.se)
  • Clinical experience with intravenous zanamivir under an emergency investigational new drug program in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1998, the Institute of Medicine issued a workshop report that addressed the growing problem of antimicrobial drug resistance and potential strategies to prolong the effectiveness of existing drugs ( 17 ). (cdc.gov)
  • between 1996 and 1998 (n = 63, 200), 47.7% of samples collected demonstrated resistance to two or more classes of ARTs and 13.1% were resistant to all three classes. (managedhealthcareexecutive.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Children living with HIV (CLHIV) receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) in resource limited settings are susceptible to high rates of acquired HIV drug resistance (HIVDR), but few studies include children initiating age-appropriate WHO-recommended first-line regimens. (cdc.gov)
  • This study confirms that insulin resistance affects treatment outcome, and thus HOMA-IR testing before initiation of therapy may be a cost-effective tool. (who.int)
  • 12 Thankfully, successful use of combined ART and improved treatment options have resulted in the decline of HIV drug resistance. (managedhealthcareexecutive.com)
  • However, efforts to improve access to treatment are hampered by development of HIV, TB and malaria drug resistance. (who.int)
  • Following widespread resistance to chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine all malaria- endemic countries except two in the Region have changed the treatment policy to artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). (who.int)
  • Drug-induced and transmitted resistance remains a concern with existing antiretroviral options for the management of HIV, 20 especially as MDR HIV is associated with an increase in mortality. (managedhealthcareexecutive.com)
  • Viral load, a quantifiable measurement of how many viral particles are present in a cubic centimeter of blood, can be determined by several different assays, some of which detect as few as 50 viral particles per cubic centimeter of blood. (health.am)
  • The relationship between elevated HOMA-IR and baseline viral load and degree of fibrosis was statistically significant (r = 0.218 and r = 0.223). (who.int)
  • More CLHIV on ABC/3TC/EFV, 47.8% (11/23), were found to have 0 or only 1 effective antiretroviral drug remaining in their current regimen compared to 8.2% (4/49) on ABC/3TC/LPV/r. (cdc.gov)
  • 2,4,5 Transmission of multi-drug-resistant strains of HIV is rare. (managedhealthcareexecutive.com)
  • Rates of transmitted drug-resistant HIV have fluctuated over time. (managedhealthcareexecutive.com)
  • According to an annual World Health Organization (WHO) report, about 14,000 people are infected and die each year due to drug-resistant microbes picked up in U.S. hospitals. (silver-colloids.com)
  • Antibiotic overuse contributes to the emergence of drug-resistant organisms. (medscape.com)
  • To determine the frequency of oseltamivir-resistance in the context of a medicine reclassification in 2007, the importation of an oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza virus in 2008, and the emergence of a pandemic in 2009. (who.int)
  • Sequencing of the neuraminidase gene showed that the resistant viruses contained an H275Y mutation, and S247N was also identified in the neuraminidase gene of one seasonal influenza A(H1N1) virus that exhibited enhanced resistance. (who.int)
  • CMV retinitis can arise either upon acute viral introduction to the host or through viral reactivation in the context of immunocompromise. (medscape.com)
  • Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift. (wikipedia.org)
  • Their study showcased three features of viral phylogenies, which may serve as rules of thumb for identifying important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes influencing patterns of viral genetic variation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The clustering of taxa on a viral phylogeny will be affected by host population structure Viruses within similar hosts, such as hosts that reside in the same geographic region, are expected to be more closely related genetically if transmission occurs more commonly between them. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is because viral transmission can preferentially occur between hosts sharing any of these attributes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Epidemiological studies indicate that semen, cervical and vaginal secretions, breast milk, and blood and blood products are the predominant, if not exclusive, vehicles for viral transmission (Staprans and Feinberg 1997). (health.am)
  • As with other routes of transmission, the likelihood of transmission increases with the size of the viral inoculum. (health.am)
  • Her studies in Viral load integrate themes in fields like Transmission, Regimen, Physical therapy and Intestinal mucosa. (research.com)
  • The effect of drug resistance transmission on disease progression in the newly infected patient is not well understood. (unl.pt)
  • Other factors that relate to the perpetrator's HIV status and may increase the risk of HIV transmission include a high plasma HIV viral load, advanced HIV disease, and failing antiretroviral therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Based on this information, those with HIV may rely on ART as a strategy to prevent viral transmission to an uninfected partner. (hivguidelines.org)
  • 10 Increased occurrence of resistance in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses has been detected in community samples in the United Kingdom, 11 and sustained community transmission has been reported in Australia. (who.int)
  • Early studies suggest that DMP may be taken once a day, and can reduce viral RNA counts by about 1.5 logs. (treatmentactiongroup.org)
  • The relative lengths of internal versus external branches will be affected by changes in viral population size over time Rapid expansion of a virus in a population will be reflected by a "star-like" tree, in which external branches are long relative to internal branches. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unfortunately, NYC also cared for the distinction of being the headquarters of the drug resistance problem, with 61 percent of the national caseload in 1991. (silver-colloids.com)
  • In practice, the viral load is estimated from the number of copies of ribonucleic acid (RNA) HIV-1 per milliliter of plasma, determined with commercial molecular technic used to evaluate the effectiveness of ART. (scirp.org)
  • No evidence was found to suggest that increased access to oseltamivir has promoted resistance. (who.int)