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Receptors, AMPAReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateN-MethylaspartateExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsDizocilpine Maleate2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerateGlutamic AcidHippocampusalpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic AcidNeuronsSynapsesExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsQuinoxalinesRats, Sprague-DawleySynaptic TransmissionLong-Term PotentiationNeuronal PlasticityPatch-Clamp TechniquesExcitatory Postsynaptic Potentials6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dioneGlycineMemantineReceptors, Kainic AcidKainic AcidExcitatory Amino Acid AgentsKetamineReceptors, GlutamateProtein SubunitsPyramidal CellsAnimals, NewbornKynurenic AcidElectric StimulationCells, CulturedCerebral CortexLong-Term Synaptic DepressionPiperidinesBenzothiadiazinesDendritesRats, WistarElectrophysiologyPhencyclidineReceptors, NeurotransmitterCalciumDose-Response Relationship, DrugReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateGuanylate KinaseMembrane PotentialsNeurotoxinsCycloserineSpinal CordBehavior, AnimalMagnesiumValineGlutamatesNerve Tissue ProteinsNeuroprotective AgentsQuisqualic AcidCerebellumOrgan Culture TechniquesEvoked PotentialsCalcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2Dendritic SpinesIbotenic AcidCA1 Region, HippocampalBicucullineReceptors, GlycineAction PotentialsTime FactorsReceptors, Dopamine D1Drug InteractionsBrainRats, Long-EvansMice, Inbred C57BLPrefrontal CortexIon Channel GatingCorpus StriatumSynaptic MembranesTetrodotoxinPresynaptic TerminalsGABA AntagonistsReceptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5NeocortexAmygdalaMicroinjectionsPicrotoxinAnalysis of VarianceMemoryProtein TransportNeural InhibitionPost-Synaptic DensityMice, KnockoutDibenzocycloheptenesCycloleucineGABA-A Receptor AntagonistsMaze Learninggamma-Aminobutyric AcidFearXenopus laevisPosterior Horn CellsNucleus Accumbens
NeuronsSubunitsNeurotransmitter receptorsIonotropicAntagonistCurrentsMediated by GABA A receptorsSynapsesHippocampalExcitatoryNicotinicInhibitorySubunit compositionDopamineHippocampusPostsynaptic cellVertebrate retinaNucleus accumbensIsoformsAntagonistsGABAEPSCsStimulationNeuronalSubtypeKineticsAdrenergicSpilloverGlutamatergicDependenceBindsMicePresynapticActivation19941991MRNA expressionMechanismsExcitotoxicityMembranesAfferentClinicalIncreaseContribution
Neurons15
  • The results indicate that GABA A receptor-mediated inhibition plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of excitation and inhibition and in allowing ICC neurons to process temporal information more precisely. (jneurosci.org)
  • 2002a , b ), little is known about how activation of receptors influences temporal processing in ICC neurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • Glutamate incorporated into Muller cells is rapidly broken down into glutamine, which is then exported from glial cells and incorporated into surrounding neurons (Pow and Crook, 1996). (org.es)
  • Here, we show that two genetically distinct BLA neuronal types, expressing Rspo2 versus Ppp1r1b, respectively, project to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and form monosynaptic connections with both dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-expressing neurons. (bvsalud.org)
  • Andrasfalvy BK, Magee JC (2001) Distance-dependent increase in AMPA receptor number in the dendrites of adult hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. (yale.edu)
  • Bekkers JM, Stevens CF (1996) Cable properties of cultured hippocampal neurons determined from sucrose-evoked miniature EPSCs. (yale.edu)
  • Hence glutamatergic receptor-independent over-activation of L-channels added towards the Tat-induced hyper-reactivity of mPFC pyramidal neurons to excitatory stimuli that was exacerbated in rats frequently subjected to cocaine. (careersfromscience.org)
  • The basic mechanism of central sensitization involves glutamate secretion from the terminals of the spinal dorsal horn and primary sensory neurons and the response of N -methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors to the secreted glutamate [ 3 ]. (e-jyms.org)
  • To understand better the cellular mechanisms of NE and its adrenergic receptors in the LA, we used antibodies directed against dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DβH), the synthetic enzyme for NE, or against two different isoforms of the beta-adrenergic receptors (βARs), one that predominately recognizes neurons (βAR 248) and the other astrocytes (βAR 404), to characterize the microenvironments of DβH and βAR. (frontiersin.org)
  • We further report that cessation of ovarian hormones because of OVX increased AMPA/NMDA ratios of accumbens medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in nicotine-experienced females, which is reversed by E2 supplementation. (eneuro.org)
  • Extensive phosphorylation of AMPA receptors in neurons. (modeldb.science)
  • Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)
  • In second-order NTS neurons, isoflurane enhances phasic inhibitory transmission via postsynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors while suppressing excitatory transmission through presynaptic mechanisms. (silverchair.com)
  • Yamaguchi T, Goto A, Nakahara I, Yawata S , Hikida T , Matsuda M, Funabiki K , Nakanishi S . Role of PKA signaling in D2 receptor-expressing neurons in the core of the nucleus accumbens in aversive learning. (neurotree.org)
  • Danjo T, Yoshimi K, Funabiki K , Yawata S , Nakanishi S . Aversive behavior induced by optogenetic inactivation of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons is mediated by dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens. (neurotree.org)
Subunits2
  • A new γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor (GABAR) subunit class, ε, has recently been cloned and shown to form functional channels when coexpressed with both α and β subunits. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Cull-Candy S, Brickley S, Farrant M (2001) NMDA receptor subunits: diversity, development and disease. (yale.edu)
Neurotransmitter receptors2
  • 2) Specific neurotransmitter receptors are localized on the postsynaptic cells, and (3) there exists a mechanism to stop neurotransmitter release and clear molecules from the cleft. (org.es)
  • [3] These signals, in the form of neurotransmitter molecules, are received by neurotransmitter receptors present on the surface of the postsynaptic cell. (wikidoc.org)
Ionotropic3
  • glutamate receptor, ionotropic, NMDA1. (wikigenes.org)
  • the LVA-/HVA-L-channels and if Tat-induced results had been unbiased of ionotropic glutamatergic receptors and improved by repeated cocaine publicity. (careersfromscience.org)
  • Both ionotropic nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChR) aswell as muscarinic ACh receptors that activate second messenger systems (Whiting et al. (ebat2018.org)
Antagonist2
  • Eliprodil (codenamed SL-82.0715) is an NMDA antagonist drug candidate which selectively inhibits the NR2B (GLUN2B) subtype NMDA receptor at submicromolar concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ketamine, an antagonist at the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, produces rapid antidepressant effects with low, subanesthetic doses of 0.5 mg/kg administered IV over 40 minutes. (uspharmacist.com)
Currents2
  • The excitatory synaptic currents mediated by AMPA and NMDA receptors and the inhibitory current mediated by GABA A receptors were pharmacologically isolated and recorded by whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. (jneurosci.org)
  • Spontaneous and GABAR single-channel currents from α1β3ε receptors had single-channel conductances of ∼24 pS. (aspetjournals.org)
Mediated by GABA A receptors1
  • γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, and fast inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are mediated by GABA A receptors (GABARs). (aspetjournals.org)
Synapses1
  • Removal of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) from synapses is preceded by transient endocytosis of extrasynaptic AMPARs. (modeldb.science)
Hippocampal1
  • Colquhoun D, Jonas P, Sakmann B (1992) Action of brief pulses of glutamate on AMPA/kainate receptors in patches from different neurones of rat hippocampal slices. (yale.edu)
Excitatory1
  • Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)
Nicotinic2
  • GABARs belong to the superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels that includes the glycine, nicotinic cholinergic (nAChR), and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Chronic neonatal nicotine upregulates heteromeric nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding without change in subunit mRNA expression. (tamu.edu)
Inhibitory2
  • The inhibitory response is mediated mainly by GABA A receptors (Ma et al. (jneurosci.org)
  • 4 General anesthetic agents primarily target γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA A ) receptors and enhance inhibitory neurotransmission. (silverchair.com)
Subunit composition1
  • The subunit composition of GABA A receptors is heteromeric, and these receptors are nonuniformly expressed across the brain and change developmentally. (silverchair.com)
Dopamine1
Hippocampus1
  • PR-independent neurosteroid regulation of 2-GABA-A receptors in the hippocampus subfields. (tamu.edu)
Postsynaptic cell2
  • Once released, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, allowing the signal to propagate. (org.es)
  • LTP improves the postsynaptic cell's sensitivity to neurotransmitter in large part by increasing the activity of existing receptors and by increasing the number of receptors on the postsynaptic cell surface. (wikidoc.org)
Vertebrate retina2
  • Glutamate and glutamate receptors in the vertebrate retina. (org.es)
  • Besides glutamate receptors, RGCs contain ACh receptors and receive cholinergic insight from a well-described inhabitants of starburst amacrine cells common to most vertebrate retina. (ebat2018.org)
Nucleus accumbens1
  • Hikida T , Yawata S , Yamaguchi T, Danjo T, Sasaoka T, Wang Y, Nakanishi S . Pathway-specific modulation of nucleus accumbens in reward and aversive behavior via selective transmitter receptors. (neurotree.org)
Isoforms1
  • However, spontaneous channel activity has been reported in recombinant α4β1 receptors as well as β1 or β3 homomeric receptors, although these isoforms are insensitive to activation by GABA. (aspetjournals.org)
Antagonists5
  • In this study, we recorded the postsynaptic responses to repetitive stimulation of the lateral lemniscus and examined the effects of AMPA, NMDA, and GABA A receptor antagonists. (jneurosci.org)
  • NMDA receptors are a key component in mediating glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, and it is believed that NMDA antagonists would be neuroprotective after a stroke or other traumatic brain injury. (wikipedia.org)
  • Why did NMDA receptor antagonists fail clinical trials for stroke and traumatic brain injury? (wikipedia.org)
  • Using particular glutamate receptor antagonists and agonists, we offer evidence the fact that excitotoxic response was mediated through NMDA and AMPA/KA glutamate receptors via an apoptotic mechanism. (ebat2018.org)
  • 2004). Utilizing a mix of particular glutamate receptor antagonists and agonists for glutamate receptors, evidence was so long as the glutamate-induced excitotoxic impact in adult porcine RGCs was mediated through both NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors. (ebat2018.org)
GABA4
  • The response kinetics of AMPA receptor-mediated EPSCs and GABA A receptor-mediated IPSCs were similar and much faster than those of NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs. (jneurosci.org)
  • GABA A inhibition suppressed activation of NMDA receptors and reduced both the degree of AMPA EPSC depression and the extent of temporal summation of NMDA EPSCs. (jneurosci.org)
  • With a single pulse of current stimulation, the AMPA, NMDA, and GABA A receptor-mediated responses overlap each other temporally. (jneurosci.org)
  • This has been supported by the results from double-labeling studies using antibodies to both GABA and glutamate: glutamate-positive amacrine cells also label with the GABA antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996, Yang, 1996). (org.es)
EPSCs3
  • AMPA EPSCs could follow each pulse of stimulation at a rate of 10-100 Hz but showed response depression during the course of repetitive stimulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • NMDA EPSCs showed facilitation and temporal summation in response to repetitive stimulation, which was most pronounced at higher rates of stimulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • 500 ms. Decay time constants of EPSCs increased (or decreased) in the presence of a glutamate transporter blocker (or a competitive glutamate receptor blocker), suggesting a role for glutamate accumulation and spillover in synaptic transmission. (jneurosci.org)
Stimulation1
  • Chen N, Ren J, Raymond LA, Murphy TH (2001) Changes in agonist concentration dependence that are a function of duration of exposure suggest N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor nonsaturation during synaptic stimulation. (yale.edu)
Neuronal1
  • Diamond JS (2001) Neuronal glutamate transporters limit activation of NMDA receptors by neurotransmitter spillover on CA1 pyramidal cells. (yale.edu)
Subtype1
  • This group also found that while both receptor subtypes were seen in the membranes and cytoplasm of cell bodies, the β 2 receptor subtype, but not the β 1 , was localized to the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
Kinetics1
  • Erreger K, Dravid SM, Banke TG, Wyllie DJ, Traynelis SF (2005) Subunit-specific gating controls rat NR1/NR2A and NR1/NR2B NMDA channel kinetics and synaptic signalling profiles. (yale.edu)
Adrenergic1
  • In particular, we found correlations between three adrenergic receptor subtypes and alcohol deliveries which could indicate an involvement of stress in the choice to self-administer. (5dok.org)
Spillover1
  • Finally, antibody labelings showed that a high percentage of presynaptic ribbon release sites and postsynaptic glutamate receptors were not juxtaposed, favoring a role for spillover. (jneurosci.org)
Glutamatergic2
  • It has recently been demonstrated that prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinyl-methyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone (WIN 55,212-2) produces memory deficit in adulthood, an effect associated with a reduced functionality of the glutamatergic system. (researchgate.net)
  • CX717 modulates the glutamatergic system in the brain by interacting with the glutamate receptor AMPA. (nooforum.com)
Dependence2
  • Cais O, Sedlacek M, Horak M, Dittert I, Vyklicky L (2008) Temperature dependence of NR1/NR2B NMDA receptor channels. (yale.edu)
  • A biophysical model of bidirectional synaptic plasticity: dependence on AMPA and NMDA receptors. (modeldb.science)
Binds1
  • Delta-catenin binds AMPA-binding protein (ABP), leading to the LTP-induced increase in AMPA channel content. (biomedcentral.com)
Mice1
  • Anesthetic effects of progesterone are undiminished in progesterone receptor knockout mice. (tamu.edu)
Presynaptic1
  • Neuroactive glutamate is stored in synaptic vesicles in presynaptic axon terminals (Fykse and Fonnum, 1996). (org.es)
Activation5
  • Short-duration LTP (LTP 1) was associated with Ca increase in dendritic spines, due to activation of NMDA receptors and local ryanodine receptors (RyRs). (yale.edu)
  • Intermediate duration LTP (LTP 2) was associated with Ca increase in dendritic branches, due to activation of NMDA receptors and local IP3 receptors (IP3Rs). (yale.edu)
  • This effect was associated with decreased activation of pathways linked to neurotrophin and glutamate receptor signaling. (researchgate.net)
  • Dalby NO, Mody I (2003) Activation of NMDA receptors in rat dentate gyrus granule cells by spontaneous and evoked transmitter release. (yale.edu)
  • The main mechanism involved in early tolerance is adaptation of membrane receptors, whereas gene activation with subsequent de novo protein synthesis dominates delayed tolerance. (biomedcentral.com)
19941
  • 1994). Though Muller cells take up glutamate, they do not label with glutamate antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996). (org.es)
19911
  • This transporter selectively accumulates glutamate through a sodium-independent, ATP-dependent process (Naito and Ueda, 1983, Tabb and Ueda, 1991, Fykse and Fonnum, 1996), resulting in a high concentration of glutamate in each vesicle. (org.es)
MRNA expression1
  • mRNA expression levels of a number of receptors was determined using real-time PCR. (5dok.org)
Mechanisms1
  • ADARs have been shown to contribute to disease pathologies by editing of glutamate receptors, editing of serotonin receptors, mutations in ADAR genes, and by other mechanisms, including recently identified regulatory roles in microRNA processing. (biomedcentral.com)
Excitotoxicity1
  • Understanding the sort of ACh receptors involved with neuroprotection in the rat retina could eventually lead to healing treatment for just about any CNS disease which involves excitotoxicity. (ebat2018.org)
Membranes2
  • Postsynaptic membranes contain several types of glutamate receptors, notably NMDA & AMPA receptors, which allow calcium ion entry. (benbest.com)
  • Postsynaptic membranes contain two voltage-gated calcium channels (L-type & T-type) as well as a sodium/calcium exchanger, but the NMDA channel is particularly adept at allowing large amounts of calcium ion to enter the cell. (benbest.com)
Afferent1
  • To date it remains unclear how exactly the hair cell receptor potential is converted into an afferent firing pattern at this unusual synapse. (jneurosci.org)
Clinical1
  • Eliprodil failed a Phase III clinical trial for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke in 1996, sponsored by Synthélabo Recherche. (wikipedia.org)
Increase1
  • Therefore, when NMDA receptors are activated, there is an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. (wikipedia.org)
Contribution1
  • The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of each of these synaptic receptors to temporal integration in the ICC. (jneurosci.org)