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Olfactory Receptor NeuronsOdorsReceptors, OdorantSmellOlfactory BulbOlfactory MucosaOlfactory NerveOlfactory PathwaysArthropod AntennaeOlfactory Marker ProteinSensillaSensory Receptor CellsNeuronsSense OrgansNephropidaeIctaluridaePalinuridaeSex AttractantsMonoterpenesPentanolsPheromonesNeurons, AfferentSantalumOlfaction DisordersMothsOlfactory PerceptionAction PotentialsManducaElectrophysiologyStimulation, ChemicalNucleotides, CyclicReceptors, PheromoneSalamandraAnisolesCalciumAxonsDEETVomeronasal OrganPatch-Clamp TechniquesInsect RepellentsDendritesAlkadienesNecturusCyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation ChannelsMembrane PotentialsIon ChannelsCiliaVolatilizationNasal MucosaDrosophila melanogasterAldehydesCyclohexenesMushroom BodiesImmunohistochemistryDrosophilaPupaMotor NeuronsElectric StimulationTerpenesSolute Carrier Family 12, Member 2Electric ConductivitySignal TransductionElectrophysiological PhenomenaAnimal StructuresNerve Tissue ProteinsDrosophila ProteinsSensory ThresholdsCyclohexanolsLarvaAnimals, Genetically ModifiedNeural InhibitionModels, NeurologicalPseudogenesAdaptation, PhysiologicalTime FactorsCells, CulturedIon Channel GatingCyclic AMPEvoked PotentialsChemoreceptor CellsChloride ChannelsSynapsesIn Situ HybridizationSynaptic TransmissionPresynaptic TerminalsBehavior, AnimalCyclic GMPMechanoreceptorsBeetlesPOU Domain FactorsTetrodotoxinMolecular Sequence DataSesquiterpenes, GermacraneCalcium SignalingDose-Response Relationship, DrugBrainHexanolsBenzaldehydesSecond Messenger SystemsMice, Inbred C57BL
BulbEpitheliumChemosensory NeuronsPatterns of olfactorySynapsesCiliaProteinsGlomeruliOlfactionHippocampal neuronsGenesNasalSensory neuronCortexPostsynapticOdorant receptorsCortical neuronsPathwaysConveysOSNsAxonOdors2000Nucleus accumbensAntennalDopamine receptorsGlutamate receptorsNeurotransmitter ReceptorsLocated in sensoryTrigeminal10.1016VomeronasalMRNATractsNicotinic receptorExtracellularSynapseNerveBrainDistinctIntracellularOdorantsProcessesMurineSensillaVertebratesCuesRodents1996GABADendritesNeuronalSystemMechanisms2002ElegansDifferentiationElectronProteinGenePotassium
Bulb22
Epithelium12
  • Human adult olfactory epithelium contains neural progenitors (hONPs) which replace damaged cellular components throughout life. (scirp.org)
  • Various types of receptor cells are present, either segregated in different compartments (e.g. in rodents) or mingled in one epithelium (e.g. fish). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Information about their olfactory epithelium is limited. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since alligators seem to detect both volatile and water-soluble odour cues, I tested whether different sensory cell types are present in the olfactory epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Almost the entire nasal cavity is lined with olfactory (sensory) epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In many mammals these neurons are segregated in two compartments: ciliated OSNs are housed in the main olfactory epithelium detecting chemicals related mostly to food and microvillous OSNs in the so-called vomeronasal organ (VNO) detecting mostly (but not limited to) social cues [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fish olfactory epithelium also contains ciliated and microvillous OSNs [ 2 ], but here both cell types are intermingled in one olfactory epithelium since fish do not have a VNO. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Turtles employ the main olfactory epithelium and the VNO to detect air-borne and/or water-soluble chemicals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. (lookformedical.com)
  • These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. (lookformedical.com)
  • A malignant olfactory neuroblastoma arising from the olfactory epithelium of the superior nasal cavity and cribriform plate. (lookformedical.com)
  • level in olfactory epithelium is the most appropriate internal dose measure for use in risk assessment for this endpoint. (cdc.gov)
Chemosensory Neurons2
  • Over the years the Stocker lab at Fribourg University provided early insight into the neurogenetic and developmental bases of chemosensation and sexual behaviour as well as into the origin of chemosensory neurons and their fate across metamorphosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The valence of individual chemicals is largely determined by the responding sensory neuron type, such that distinct subsets of chemosensory neurons drive either attraction or avoidance to different chemicals [ 25 , 26 ]. (plos.org)
Patterns of olfactory1
  • There, she worked on tracing the connection patterns of olfactory receptor neurons in the lab of Richard Axel, who later won the Nobel Prize for his discoveries of odorant receptors and how the olfactory system is organized. (scitechdaily.com)
Synapses2
  • All auditory information is transduced by only 15,000 hair cells (organ of Corti), of which the so-called inner hair cells, numbering 3,500, are critically important, since they form synapses with approximately 90% of the 30,000 primary auditory neurons (figure 2). (cloudaccess.net)
  • Associational connections were studied in slices of anterior piriform (olfactory) cortex, and Schaffer-commissural synapses were studied in slices of hippocampus. (jneurosci.org)
Cilia4
  • This concept implies that olfactory receptor proteins are located in sensory cilia and in the axons. (jneurosci.org)
  • Turnock-Jones JJ, Jennings CA, Robbins MJ, Cluderay JE, Cilia J, Reid JL, Taylor A , Jones DN, Emson PC , Southam E. Increased expression of the NR2A NMDA receptor subunit in the prefrontal cortex of rats reared in isolation. (neurotree.org)
  • Both types bear cilia as well as microvilli at their apical endings and express the typical markers for olfactory neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins7
  • By means of immunohistochemistry and double-labeling studies using transgenic mouse lines as well as Western blot analyses, it was demonstrated that the newly generated antibodies specifically recognized the receptor proteins. (jneurosci.org)
  • These data indicate that olfactory receptor (OR) proteins are indeed present in the axonal processes and nerve terminals of olfactory sensory neurons, thus supporting the notion that ORs may participate in the molecular processes underlying the fasciculation and targeting of olfactory axons. (jneurosci.org)
  • The question whether OR proteins are indeed present in the axons and nerve terminals of OSNs is thus of fundamental importance toward an understanding of the functional wiring in the olfactory system. (jneurosci.org)
  • In this study, antibodies were generated against unique epitopes of distinct OR types and used in immunohistochemical experiments to visualize the receptor proteins in whole-mount preparations and tissue sections of the olfactory system. (jneurosci.org)
  • Odor-detection in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae involves large families of diverse proteins, including multiple odorant binding proteins (AgOBPs) and olfactory receptors (AgORs). (ijbs.com)
  • In this study, we have explored the expression of these olfactory proteins, as well as the ubiquitous odorant receptor heteromerization partner AgOR7, in the thirteen flagellomeres (segments) of female and male antenna. (ijbs.com)
  • After entering the body via inhalation, topical application or internally, the constituents can bind to various proteins, such as ion channels, receptors, enzymes, carrier proteins, and proteins involved in signalling pathways. (phytovolatilome.com)
Glomeruli1
  • These studies were instrumental to map the wiring of olfactory sensory neurons expressing different olfactory receptor genes to these glomeruli and to understand the functional significance of this wiring for the combinatorial coding of odours. (wikipedia.org)
Olfaction1
Hippocampal neurons1
Genes1
  • This is an important study demonstrating distinct roles for the nuclear receptor genes COUP-TFI and COUP-TFII in hippocampal development. (elifesciences.org)
Nasal3
Sensory neuron2
  • Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery. (plos.org)
  • Although mechanisms operating at the level of single sensory neuron types or sensilla in the periphery have also been implicated in this process [ 14 - 21 ], the contributions of sensory neurons to mediating odorant discrimination and olfactory behavioral plasticity are not fully understood. (plos.org)
Cortex3
  • Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. (lookformedical.com)
  • Input-output curves and paired-pulse plasticity were not significantly altered in KO compared with WT mice in either the olfactory cortex or hippocampus. (jneurosci.org)
  • These findings prompted us to examine LTP in the primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. (jneurosci.org)
Postsynaptic6
  • A single packet of transmitter does not saturate postsynaptic glutamate receptors. (oist.jp)
  • The chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, provides a way to send the signal across the extracellular space, from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic cell. (org.es)
  • Once released, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, allowing the signal to propagate. (org.es)
  • 2) Specific neurotransmitter receptors are localized on the postsynaptic cells, and (3) there exists a mechanism to stop neurotransmitter release and clear molecules from the cleft. (org.es)
  • Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)
  • Nausuda et al reported that modification of postsynaptic dopamine receptors produces dopamine hypersensitivity in high estrogen states. (medscape.com)
Odorant receptors1
  • The large number of different odorant receptors appears to arise from several gene families or subfamilies rather than from DNA rearrangement. (lookformedical.com)
Cortical neurons1
  • Palmitoylation regulates neuropilin-2 localization and function in cortical neurons and conveys specificity to semaphorin signaling via palmitoyl acyltransferases. (harvard.edu)
Pathways1
  • This complex system is mediated by two major efferent pathways, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which obtain afferent signals from different parts of the body, neurons in the spinal cord and cerebral autonomic centres primarily in the hypothalamus, midbrain and brainstem. (bmj.com)
Conveys1
OSNs1
Axon1
  • When the presynaptic neuron is stimulated, calcium channels open and the influx of calcium ions into the axon terminal triggers a cascade of events leading to the release of neurotransmitter. (org.es)
Odors4
  • Olfactory perception, and especially affective responses of odors, is highly flexible, but some mechanisms involved in this flexibility remain to be elucidated. (frontiersin.org)
  • The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS. (lookformedical.com)
  • The receptors AgOR1 and AgOR2, as well as the binding protein AgOBP1, have been implicated in the recognition of human host odors. (ijbs.com)
  • While female Anopheles rely on their sense of smell to find a blood host in addition to sugar providing plants and appropriate oviposition sites [ 1 ], the nectar feeding male mosquitoes mainly use their olfactory system to locate host plant odors [ 2 , 3 ]. (ijbs.com)
20001
  • Antic S, Wuskell JP, Loew L, Zecevic D (2000) Functional profile of the giant metacerebral neuron of Helix aspersa: temporal and spatial dynamics of electrical activity in situ. (yale.edu)
Nucleus accumbens5
  • Yamaguchi T, Goto A, Nakahara I, Yawata S , Hikida T , Matsuda M, Funabiki K , Nakanishi S . Role of PKA signaling in D2 receptor-expressing neurons in the core of the nucleus accumbens in aversive learning. (neurotree.org)
  • Danjo T, Yoshimi K, Funabiki K , Yawata S , Nakanishi S . Aversive behavior induced by optogenetic inactivation of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons is mediated by dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens. (neurotree.org)
  • Hikida T , Yawata S , Yamaguchi T, Danjo T, Sasaoka T, Wang Y, Nakanishi S . Pathway-specific modulation of nucleus accumbens in reward and aversive behavior via selective transmitter receptors. (neurotree.org)
  • Yawata S , Yamaguchi T, Danjo T, Hikida T , Nakanishi S . Pathway-specific control of reward learning and its flexibility via selective dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens. (neurotree.org)
  • Classically, the corpus striatum is divided in two parts: dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) and ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle). (medscape.com)
Antennal3
  • Adopting the Gal4-UAS method for the cell-type specific manipulation of neurons as established by Brand and Perrimon in 1993 (Development 118, 401-415), this allowed him and his co-workers to describe at unprecedented detail and completeness the first relay of the olfactory system, the antennal lobe, and how it develops during metamorphosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antennal lobe - is the deutocerebral neuropil of the insect which receives the input from the olfactory sensory neurons on the antenna. (academic.ru)
  • Schymura D, Forstner M, Schultze A, Kröber T, Swevers L, Iatrou K, Krieger J. Antennal expression pattern of two olfactory receptors and an odorant binding protein implicated in host odor detection by the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae . (ijbs.com)
Dopamine receptors5
  • In 1979, Kebabian and Calne determined that at least two dopamine receptors mediated this system, and for the next decade the actions of dopamine were viewed as being mediated by two dopamine receptors, D1 and D2. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • There has been an explosion of interest and information regarding dopamine receptors in the human brain. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • In the last three years, seven distinct dopamine receptors have been identified. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • This article is intended as the clinician's practical guide to the current understanding of dopamine receptors and their role in neuropsychiatric illness. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • For a comprehensive review of dopamine receptors, see Niznik and Van Tol, and Gingrich and Caron. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Glutamate receptors1
  • Glutamate and glutamate receptors in the vertebrate retina. (org.es)
Neurotransmitter Receptors1
  • Neurotransmitter Receptors in the Basal Ganglia Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience . (neurotree.org)
Located in sensory1
Trigeminal2
  • In addition, solitary chemosensory cells innervated by trigeminal nerve fibres, are intermingled with olfactory sensory neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We propose here that SARS-CoV-2 invasion via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves generates a local neuro-inflammatory process aggravated by systemic inflammatory responses and micro-circulatory ischemic process. (scientificarchives.com)
10.10162
Vomeronasal2
  • Epigenetic modification of vomeronasal (V2r) precursor neurons by histone deacetylation Neuroscience . (neurotree.org)
  • The olfactory and the vomeronasal receptors detect a variety of odours including food-related and social signals. (biomedcentral.com)
MRNA1
Tracts2
  • The neurons of the A10 area project to the limbic and cortical areas and are referred to as the mesolimbic and mesocortical tracts, respectively. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • comprising the olfactory bulbs and anterior end of the olfactory tracts) and the substantia nigra (SN). (bvsalud.org)
Nicotinic receptor2
  • Nicotinic receptor modulation. (inra.fr)
  • Fast receptor systems, such as the GABAA receptor and the nicotinic receptor at the neuromuscular junction, involve the direct binding of a neurotransmitter to a ligand-gated channel, which opens or closes the channel. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Extracellular1
  • When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor, an extracellular signal is transduced into an intracellular one, causing a functional change inside target neurons. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Synapse1
  • γ-Protocadherins control synapse formation and peripheral branching of touch sensory neurons. (harvard.edu)
Nerve8
Brain10
  • He provided a detailed account of the anatomy and development of the olfactory system, in particular across metamorphosis, for which he received the Théodore-Ott-Prize of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences in 2007, and pioneered the use of larval Drosophila for the brain and behavioural sciences. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a post-doc at the University of Washington, Seattle, USA (1974 to 1975), and mentored by John S. Edwards, Gerold Schubiger, John Palka and James W. Truman, Stocker revealed how this change in segment identity - or the surgical displacement of appendages - affects the connections of sensory neurons from the appendage towards the central brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using this approach in mice, she identified neurons that become active in response to pain, but so many neurons across the brain were activated that it didn't offer much useful information. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Activation of circuits regulating these innate behaviors begins in the periphery with sensory stimulation (primarily via the olfactory system in rodents), and is then processed in the brain by a set of delineated structures that primarily includes the amygdala and hypothalamus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Prokineticin 2 and its receptor are produced in many organs and tissues, including the small intestine, certain regions of the brain, and several hormone-producing (endocrine) tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Prokineticin 2 and its receptor are active in a region of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which acts as an internal clock that controls circadian rhythms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Studies suggest that a loss of this signaling disrupts the migration and survival of olfactory neurons and GnRH-producing neurons in the developing brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Using this method, Dr. Takahashi and his colleagues have provided fundamental information on brain synaptic functions, such as identification of voltage-gated calcium channel subtypes mediating transmitter release (Takahashi & Momiyama, 1993). (oist.jp)
  • Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by motor symptoms as well as severe deficits in olfactory function and microstructural changes in olfactory brain regions. (bvsalud.org)
  • Because of the evidence of asymmetric neuropathological features in early-stage PD, we examined whether lateralized microstructural changes occur in olfactory brain regions and the substantia nigra in a group of early-stage PD patients. (bvsalud.org)
Distinct1
Intracellular1
  • Grinvald A, Salzberg BM, Lev-Ram V, Hildesheim R (1987) Optical recording of synaptic potentials from processes of single neurons using intracellular potentiometric dyes. (yale.edu)
Odorants1
  • Each chemosensory neuron type in C . elegans expresses multiple chemoreceptors that are likely tuned to different odorants, a subset of which can be behaviorally discriminated [ 27 , 28 ]. (plos.org)
Processes1
Murine1
Sensilla1
  • In A. gambiae , the majority of olfactory sensilla populate the antennae [ 4 ], whereas much lower numbers are located on the other two olfactory appendages, the maxillary palps and the proboscis [ 5 ]. (ijbs.com)
Vertebrates1
Cues1
  • A particularly critical task of the olfactory system is to discriminate among related chemical cues. (plos.org)
Rodents1
  • When translating from rodent models to humans, it is important to understand that the sensory inputs of rodents are primarily olfactory, auditory, and somatosensory, with minimal visual inputs. (frontiersin.org)
19961
  • Glutamate incorporated into Muller cells is rapidly broken down into glutamine, which is then exported from glial cells and incorporated into surrounding neurons (Pow and Crook, 1996). (org.es)
GABA2
  • These neurons are believed to release GABA, not glutamate, as their neurotransmitter (Yazulla, 1986), suggesting the weak glutamate labeling reflects the pool of metabolic glutamate used in the synthesis of GABA. (org.es)
  • Similar differences between WT and KO mice were seen whether LTP was induced in the presence or absence of a GABA A receptor blocker. (jneurosci.org)
Dendrites1
  • Antic S, Major G, Zecevic D (1999) Fast optical recordings of membrane potential changes from dendrites of pyramidal neurons. (yale.edu)
Neuronal2
  • This study suggests that specific transcription factors and treatment with morphogens can restrict human adult olfactory-derived progenitors to a dopaminergic neuronal lineage. (scirp.org)
  • [ 9 ] Lee et al suggested that estrogen augments the neuronal function by increasing the expression of active D5 receptors. (medscape.com)
System5
  • The olfactory system of Triturus pyrrhogaster , changes morphologically and physiologically when the animals are kept either in a terrestrial or an aquatic environment [ 15 , 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The neurons arising from A8 and A9 ascend to the striatum, forming part of the extrapyramidal system, and are involved in initiating and coordinating movement. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Researchers believe that these neurons are involved in emotional expression and cognitive function, and this system may be involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders, schizophrenia and substance abuse. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • The nervous system contains two basic types of receptors. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Slower G-protein-linked receptor systems, as seen in the dopaminergic system, work through second-messenger systems, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and have a longer duration of action. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Mechanisms1
  • His interests and those of his research groups have included exploring the mechanisms of ion permeation and selectivity in ion channels, the relationship between the molecular structure and the physiological function of channels, such as those of the inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor glycine channel and the olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, and investigating the factors that determine their ion permeation, selectivity and conductance. (edu.au)
20022
  • Colbert CM, Pan E (2002) Ion channel properties underlying axonal action potential initiation in pyramidal neurons. (yale.edu)
  • Holthuis, 1993] Lateral of two rami arising from the protopod and constituting the biramous limb [Brusca and Brusca, 2002]. (academic.ru)
Elegans1
  • Caenorhabditis elegans senses and navigates its complex chemical environment using a small subset of sensory neurons [ 22 - 24 ]. (plos.org)
Differentiation1
Electron1
  • Summarized in his Habilitation at the University of Fribourg from 1985, Stocker's studies combined dye-filling of neurons, electron microscopy and the manipulation of the developmental fate of neurons by homeotic mutations. (wikipedia.org)
Protein4
  • This protein interacts with another protein called prokineticin receptor 2 (produced from the PROKR2 gene). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Then the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G-protein) coupled receptors are activated and electrical signals are generated. (frontiersin.org)
  • Altogether, the results demonstrate that both sexes express the two olfactory receptor types as well as the binding protein AgOBP1 but there is a significant sexual dimorphism concerning the number and distribution of these cells. (ijbs.com)
  • A neuron-specific in expression RNA-BINDING PROTEIN, involved in neurological disorders and cancer. (bvsalud.org)
Gene1
  • Colquitt, B., Allen, W.E., Barnea, G. and Lomvardas, S. Alteration of genic 5-hydroxymethylcytosine patterning in olfactory neurons correlates with changes in gene expression and cell identity. (barnealab.com)
Potassium2
  • Andreasen M, Hablitz JJ (1993) Local anesthetics block transient outward potassium currents in rat neocortical neurons. (yale.edu)
  • ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP ) channels in neurons regulate excitability, neurotransmitter release and mediate protection from cell-death. (biomedcentral.com)