1918 coinfection. Medical search. Frequent questions

To help determine the role of bacterial coinfection in the current influenza pandemic, CDC examined postmortem lung specimens from patients with fatal cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) for bacterial causes of pneumonia. (cdc.gov)
Of the unexplained characteristics of the 1918-19 influenza pandemic, the extreme mortality rate among young adults (W-shaped mortality curve) is the foremost. (cdc.gov)
A/H3Nx 1890 pandemic strain) were likely to have dysregulated, pathologic cellular immune responses to infections with the A/H1N1 1918 pandemic strain. (cdc.gov)
The extreme mortality rate associated with the 1918-19 pandemic is unlikely to recur naturally. (cdc.gov)
The influenza pandemic of 1918-19 was the most deadly single event in recorded history. (cdc.gov)
In recent years, fears of recurrence of an influenza pandemic similar to that in 1918 have motivated planning, preparations, and allocations of resources by public health and other government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, medical care providers, pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers, medical researchers, private businesses, and persons worldwide ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Because of severe consequences and current relevance of the 1918 pandemic, it is essential to review its events and effects, determine their underlying causes, and assess likelihood of a recurrence. (cdc.gov)
These tasks are difficult because the 1918 pandemic occurred at the end of World War I, before influenza viruses were discovered and before influenza vaccines, antiviral and antibacterial drugs, and intensive medical care were available. (cdc.gov)
In addition, isolates of the virus that caused the lethal second wave of the pandemic (in the fall of 1918 in most locations) have been reconstructed from preserved remains of patients who died ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
These isolates have been used to determine the genetic relationships between the 1918 pandemic influenza strain and subsequent seasonal and pandemic A/H1N1 strains ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
Genetic relationships between the 1918 pandemic strain and strains that caused the clinically mild first wave of epidemics in 1918 and pandemics before 1918 remain undefined ( 9 - 11 ). (cdc.gov)
It is commonly believed that the 1918 pandemic resulted from the sudden emergence and worldwide spread of an inherently hypervirulent influenza strain. (cdc.gov)
In this report, we review unique, poorly understood, or unexplained clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of the 1918 pandemic. (cdc.gov)
Because the 1918 pandemic spread worldwide and caused unprecedented numbers of deaths, it is often presumed that the pandemic strain was unusually transmissible and that infection with the virus was inherently lethal (i.e., direct effects of the virus routinely and rapidly caused death). (cdc.gov)
Retrospective analyses of autopsy specimens from the 1918 pandemic revealed the prevalence of secondary superinfection caused by URT bacteria. (jcvi.org)
Most deaths in the 1918 influenza pandemic resulted from bacterial infection, especially Streptococcus pneumoniae. (natap.org)
They have been implicated in influenza A H5N1, SARS-CoV,4,5 and influenza A H1N1, the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, which resulted in an estimated 50 million deaths, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. (rdhmag.com)
The 1918 influenza pandemic resulted in the loss of over 3% of the world's population - at least 50 million people. (stao.ca)
It is well known that secondary bacterial infection often follows pulmonary virus infection and is a common cause of severe disease, especially during influenza pandemics in humans, including the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic. (amc.edu)
Dr. Theodore Eickhoff, who wrote some of the earliest papers on hospital-acquired staph infections, has written an assessment in Infectious Disease News of two new pieces of research into deaths during the 1918 flu pandemic. (superbugtheblog.com)
The most severe H1N1 influenza pandemic occurred in 1918, claiming over 50 million lives [13], while the last H1N1 pandemic in 2009 claimed approximately 200,000 lives worldwide [14]. (ukdiss.com)
We base our parameters on the 1918 influenza pandemic, which had an IFR of around 2.5% ( Murray and colleagues, 2006 ). (avianflutalk.com)
Ever since the 1918 Flu pandemic, we have suffered three more Influenza virus pandemics resulting in substantial public health and socio-economic burden. (mssm.edu)

Such events are believed to have preceded the influenza pandemics of 1918, 1957, and 1968. (juicing-for-health.com)

However, bacterial coinfection is considered relatively infrequent in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, and the co-prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae is low. (medscimonit.com)
As pulmonary function decreases, the risk for secondary bacterial coinfection, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, increases. (rdhmag.com)

Circulation of a new IAV in the naïve human population has caused pandemics in the past resulting in significant morbidity and mortality, the most notable in 1918 and 1919, when the Spanish flu killed approximately 20 to 50 million people worldwide. (jcvi.org)

Coinfection refers to two or more different pathogens causing infections at the same time. (stao.ca)

The major advantage conferred by a segmented genome comes into play during coinfection which is when a cell becomes infected by two different viral strains at the same time. (science20.com)
During coinfection, different segments of each virion can recombine, thus creating a new viral strain emergence that is sometimes even more detrimental than the original parent viral strains. (science20.com)

This study highlights the importance of monitoring bacterial coinfection in patients with viral lung infection due to SARS-CoV-2. (medscimonit.com)

Since the first avian influenza outbreak, in 1997, there has been concern that the influenza A (H5N1) virus might either mutate and adapt to allow efficient transmission during the infection of mammals or reassort its gene segments with human influenza viruses during the coinfection of a single host, resulting in a new virus that would be both highly lethal and transmissible from person to person. (juicing-for-health.com)

Hepatitis C virus antigens enzyme immunoassay for one-step diagnosis of hepatitis C virus coinfection in human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals. (uc.edu)

I got also involved in the 1918 influenza virus recovery and characterization project. (continuumforums.com)
Virus-helminth coinfection reveals a microbiota-independent mechanism of immunomodulation. (chop.edu)

It lasted from 1918 until 1920 and claimed approximately 500 million souls. (icanfixupmyhome.com)

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients subsequently admitted to AMITA Health Saint Francis Hospital between March 1 and June 30, 2020, with documented SARS-CoV-2 and S. pneumoniae coinfection. (medscimonit.com)
We identified 11 patients with S. pneumoniae coinfection. (medscimonit.com)

To study bacterial co-infection following 1918 H1N1 influenza virus infection, mice were inoculated with the 1918 influenza virus, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) 72 h later. (nih.gov)
To help determine the role of bacterial coinfection in the current influenza pandemic, CDC examined postmortem lung specimens from patients with fatal cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) for bacterial causes of pneumonia. (cdc.gov)
A/H3Nx 1890 pandemic strain) were likely to have dysregulated, pathologic cellular immune responses to infections with the A/H1N1 1918 pandemic strain. (cdc.gov)
These isolates have been used to determine the genetic relationships between the 1918 pandemic influenza strain and subsequent seasonal and pandemic A/H1N1 strains ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
The phylogenetic studies of all eight RNA gene segments of influenza A viruses may indicate that the 1918 pandemic strain originated from a H1N1 swine virus , which itself might be derived from a H1N1 avian precursor, which was separated from the bulk of other avian viruses in toto a long time ago. (historyfacts.blog)
In 1918, a deadly influenza pandemic caused by H1N1 influenza virus, also known as the Spanish flu, infected approximately 500 million people around the world and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million people (3% to 5% of the world population) worldwide, distinguishing it as one of the most deadly pandemics in human history. (nih.gov)
1918 Pandemic (H1N1 virus)[EB/OL]. (zgggws.com)
Lethal synergism of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection is associated with loss of murine lung repair responses. (nih.gov)
There is a strong relationship between the current H1N1 'swine' influenza pandemic and the influenza virus that killed tens of millions of people worldwide in 1918, according to researchers at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). (hivandhepatitis.com)
Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in the 1918-20 "Spanish flu" - which killed more than 50 million people worldwide - and the H1N1 "swine flu" and H5N1 "bird flu" of recent years. (advancedhealing.com)
An estimated 675,000 Americans died from the A/H1N1 pandemic influenza in the United States in 1918-1919. (advancedhealing.com)

In 1918-1919, 99% of pandemic influenza deaths in the U.S. occurred in people under 65, and nearly half of deaths were in young adults 20 to 40 years old. (historyfacts.blog)

Bacterial coinfection with S. aureus is a known complication of influenza that has been described since the 1918 influenza pandemic. (medscape.com)
Pathological specimens from the 1918 influenza pandemic show that over 90% of the people who died in that pandemic died from secondary bacterial infections . (positivehealth.com)
No formal surveillance is conducted for influenza with bacterial co-infections, however, these are well documented in the literature going back to the 1918 influenza pandemic. (cdc.gov)
We carried out a genome-wide screening of a serotype 3 S. pneumoniae transposon insertion mutant library in a mouse model of coinfection with influenza A virus (IAV) to identify the bacterial factors required for this synergism. (biomedcentral.com)
Direct, high-throughput sequencing of transposon insertion sites identified 24 genes required for both coinfection and bacterial infection alone. (biomedcentral.com)
The bacterial burden in a coinfection with the PA gene deletion mutant and IAV in the lung was lower than that in a coinfection with wild-type pneumococcus and IAV, but was significantly higher than that in an infection with the PA gene deletion mutant alone. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we report a genome-wide profiling of the S. pneumoniae genes contributing to strong fitness benefits during coinfection with IAV in comparison with bacterial infection alone in mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Effective antibiotics exist to control the secondary bacterial infections that contributed to the high mortality rates in 1918. (nih.gov)

The 1918 influenza pandemic killed more than 50 million people within one year. (cirion.net)

Because the 1918 pandemic spread worldwide and caused unprecedented numbers of deaths, it is often presumed that the pandemic strain was unusually transmissible and that infection with the virus was inherently lethal (i.e., direct effects of the virus routinely and rapidly caused death). (cdc.gov)
Since the first avian influenza outbreak, in 1997, there has been concern that the influenza A (H5N1) virus might either mutate and adapt to allow efficient transmission during the infection of mammals or reassort its gene segments with human influenza viruses during the coinfection of a single host, resulting in a new virus that would be both highly lethal and transmissible from person to person. (theorganicprepper.com)
Treatment with the reactive oxygen species scavenger EUK-207 reduces lung damage and increases survival during 1918 influenza virus infection in mice. (nih.gov)

Until recently, such combinations were believed to have caused the infamous Spanish flu outbreak of 1918 which killed 40~100 million people worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
In its long history, the most lethal outbreak was in 1918, where it is believed that almost 100 million people died from complications of flu. (thesized.com)

Clin Infect Dis 2019 May 17;68(11):1911-1918. (nih.gov)

Genetic relationships between the 1918 pandemic strain and strains that caused the clinically mild first wave of epidemics in 1918 and pandemics before 1918 remain undefined ( 9 - 11 ). (cdc.gov)
Influenza A pandemics such as the ones in 1918 and 2009 can occur if the transmission from person-to-person becomes efficient. (nih.gov)

These tasks are difficult because the 1918 pandemic occurred at the end of World War I, before influenza viruses were discovered and before influenza vaccines, antiviral and antibacterial drugs, and intensive medical care were available. (cdc.gov)

PCR for lytA and spy genes and pneumococcal serotyping by multiplex PCR were conducted to further characterize streptococcal coinfections. (cdc.gov)
Until now, there have been no systemic studies to identify genes of S. pneumoniae involved in IAV coinfection. (biomedcentral.com)
Overall, the most parsimonious explanation is that the genes of the 1918 virus transmitted largely from birds to humans at the start of the pandemic, and from humans to swine once the pandemic was widespread in humans , with no role played by swine in the origins of the human pandemic (24, 29). (historyfacts.blog)

First, we evaluated fibrosis markers in the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Studies (MHCS), which included subjects with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection with the CCR5 delta-32 allele. (nih.gov)
2. Liver Fibrosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Coinfection Before and After Sustained Virologic Response: What Is the Best Noninvasive Marker for Monitoring Regression? (nih.gov)

It is commonly believed that the 1918 pandemic resulted from the sudden emergence and worldwide spread of an inherently hypervirulent influenza strain. (cdc.gov)
It is, in fact, a description of the influenza pandemic that swept the globe in 1918, commonly (though mistakenly) called the Spanish flu. (nih.gov)

Because of severe consequences and current relevance of the 1918 pandemic, it is essential to review its events and effects, determine their underlying causes, and assess likelihood of a recurrence. (cdc.gov)

The influenza pandemic of 1918-19 was the most deadly single event in recorded history. (cdc.gov)

Analysis by single-gene reassortment demonstrates that the 1918 influenza virus is functionally compatible with a low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus in mice. (nih.gov)

Deaths from the 1918 pandemic were even more staggering: At least 50 million people, including 675,000 Americans, died from the disease. (historyfacts.blog)

[ 2 , 3 ] This familial cluster of invasive MRSA with influenza highlights the potentially serious consequences of these coinfections. (medscape.com)

In recent years, fears of recurrence of an influenza pandemic similar to that in 1918 have motivated planning, preparations, and allocations of resources by public health and other government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, medical care providers, pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers, medical researchers, private businesses, and persons worldwide ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

We turned back to 1918 with one of our most tweeted articles with this insight into the spread of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in India by Siddharth Chandra and Eva Kassens-Noor. (biomedcentral.com)

The United States Public Health Service conducted surveys in twelve cities and rural areas of the country in late 1918 to early 1919 to determine the case-fatality rate in each city or area. (advancedhealing.com)

What was the impact of the 1918 influenza pandemic in ww1? (historyfacts.blog)

11 Several case reports and case series documenting similar coinfections have been published since then. (health.mil)

Historical records and findings from laboratory animal studies suggest that persons who were exposed to influenza once before 1918 (e.g. (cdc.gov)

Furthermore, influenza neuraminidases remove terminal sialic acid residues from host glycoconjugates to promote pneumococcal adherence and growth during coinfection [ 10 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Read about the 1918 influenza pandemic and progress made in preparedness and response. (historyfacts.blog)

When influenza appeared in the United States in 1918, Americans responded to the incursion of disease with measures used since Antiquity, such as quarantines and social distancing . (historyfacts.blog)

The threats, challenges, and mitigation strategies for these coinfections in the deployed setting are also described. (health.mil)

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