Edward Hutchinson Synge is given credit for conceiving and developing the idea for an imaging instrument that would image by exciting and collecting diffraction in the near field. (wikipedia.org)
According to Abbe's theory of image formation, developed in 1873, the resolving capability of an optical component is ultimately limited by the spreading out of each image point due to diffraction. (wikipedia.org)
The films were studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic forcemicroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray reflectometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. (mdpi.com)
Here, I discuss how we - myself, my laboratory and the diffraction community - have faced the phase problem, considering the evolution of methods for phase evaluation as structural biology developed to the present day. (iucr.org)
however, experimental phasing remained essential for molecules without obvious precedents, with multi- and single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD and SAD) predominating. (iucr.org)
Diffraction amplitudes can be measured accurately, whereby X-ray crystallography becomes a manifestly definitive science. (iucr.org)
For complicated structures, such as those of biological macromolecules, suitable initial models are built to fit electron-density distributions from Fourier syntheses, which require phase angles as well as the diffraction amplitudes. (iucr.org)
Capability1
Both techniques give consistent phase diagrams, which compare well with literature results, showing their capability to map the phase behaviour of pure lipids as well as lipid mixtures. (hindawi.com)
Separation5
One of the most intriguing phenomena in active matter has been the gas-liquid-like motility-induced phase separation (MIPS) observed in repulsive active particles. (aip.org)
This suggests that no equilibrium-like phase separation theory can be constructed for chiral active colloids even with tiny active torque, in which no visible collective motion exists. (aip.org)
For example, while the gas-liquid-like phase separation in equilibrium requires cohesive interactions, 1 active colloids can undergo motility-induced phase separation (MIPS) resulting from the combination of self-propulsion and steric repulsion. (aip.org)
In 1997, Simons and Ikonen renewed the interest in lipid phase studies, suggesting that lateral phase separation in biological membranes could be functionally important [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
From a fundamental viewpoint, the interest in lipid phase behaviour stems from the nature and the thermodynamics of phase transitions, the mechanisms behind lipid miscibility and lateral phase separation, and the existence of critical phenomena [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Work2
This dry growth may complete the frequency of catalog breaking travelling for all schools of the Tribute Item in the well-posedness of the microstructure's amplitude work. (mooreamusicpele.com)
This work can be considered as a departure point for further investigations on more complex lipid mixtures displaying relevant phases such as the liquid-ordered phase and solid-lipid interfaces with biologically functional importance. (hindawi.com)
Study1
As in optical microscopy, the contrast mechanism can be easily adapted to study different properties, such as refractive index, chemical structure and local stress. (wikipedia.org)