Bcl associated death protein. Medical search. Frequent questions

When BAD is phosphorylated by Akt/protein kinase B (triggered by PIP3), it forms the BAD-(14-3-3) protein heterodimer. (wikipedia.org)
Kinase proteins send signals to the cell's control center to help tumor cells grow. (cancercare.org)
Kinase inhibitors block these proteins. (cancercare.org)
For this purpose, WIN 55,212-2 was injected in pregnant wistar rats from gestation day 5 to 20 and a detailed analysis of the levels of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as of the signaling molecules extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and alpha-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (alpha-CaMKII) was carried out in adult offspring. (researchgate.net)
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway which allows the transduction of various cellular signals to final effectors and regulation of elementary cellular processes. (mdpi.com)
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), are members of the serine-threonine protein kinase family and are responsible for taking control of cell cycle regulation in eukaryotic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
We studied measures of molecular signaling and cell death in a model of SE in mice of both sexes, including wild-type and TrkB Shc/Shc mutant mice in which a point mutation (Y515F) of TrkB prevents the binding of Shc to activated TrkB kinase. (jneurosci.org)
Phosphorylation of residue Y515 promotes association of TrkB with the adaptor protein Shc and activation of PI3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, MAPK signaling pathways whereas phosphorylation of residue Y816 promotes association of phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) and signaling mediated by IP3 and DAG ( Reichardt, 2006 ). (jneurosci.org)
In addition, activation of antiapoptotic factors including phospho-Akt (protein kinase B) and Bcl-2 was detected. (cdc.gov)
Interestingly, rbf1 -induced apoptosis leads to a debcl - and drp1 -dependent Reactive Oxygen Species production, which in turn activates the Jun Kinase pathway to trigger cell death. (sdbonline.org)
Rhamnaceae) on cisplatin-induced damage to kidney epithelial LLC-PK1 cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and apoptosis pathways. (mdpi.com)
Its activation is tightly controlled by numerous other signaling proteins including protein kinase C (PKC), Sab/SH3BP, and caveolin-1. (medscape.com)

After activation, it is able to form a heterodimer with anti-apoptotic proteins and prevent them from stopping apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
BCL-2 proteins are a family of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins that regulate a critical step in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane. (elsevierpure.com)
It has been previously shown that rbf1 pro-apoptotic activity depends on its ability to decrease the level of anti-apoptotic proteins such as the Bcl-2 family protein Buffy. (sdbonline.org)

Finally, the recently proposed new therapies employing bcl-2 inhibitors prompted the potential use of bax/bcl-2 ratio to identify patients putatively resistant to these molecules. (haematologica.org)
We further demonstrated that suppression of autophagy using either pharmacological inhibitors or RNA interference of essential autophagy genes enhanced cell death induced by IM in cell lines and primary CML cells. (lu.se)
Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. (bvsalud.org)

It does not contain a C-terminal transmembrane domain for outer mitochondrial membrane and nuclear envelope targeting, unlike most other members of the Bcl-2 family. (wikipedia.org)
The anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins inhibit cytochrome c release through the mitochondrial pore and also inhibit activation of the cytoplasmic caspase cascade by cytochrome c. (wikipedia.org)
Because apoptosis and mitochondrial function play an important role in physiology and a number of diseases, intensive investigation over the past two decades has been invested to understand in detail the structure and function of the BCL-2 proteins. (elsevierpure.com)
We will discuss the structural insights for each structural domain of BCL-2 proteins that determine their function in the cytosol and the outer mitochondrial membrane. (elsevierpure.com)
All three triggered mitochondrial damage, caspase activation, and cell death. (medhelp.org)
The researchers also found that an excess of an anti-death protein called Bcl-xL completely blocked the death of the eye's rod cells and maintained normal mitochondrial function in the rods throughout adulthood. (sciencedaily.com)
BID serves as a direct molecular link between caspase 8 activation and mitochondrial death machinery. (thermofisher.com)
This protein regulates apoptosis through controlling mitochondrial fusion and fission. (biolegend.com)
The Drosophila retinoblastoma protein, Rbf1, induces a debcl and drp1 -dependent mitochondrial apoptosis. (sdbonline.org)
These results provide a mechanism by which Drosophila Bcl-2 family proteins can control apoptosis and shed light on a link between Rbf1 and mitochondrial dynamics, in vivo. (sdbonline.org)
Mitochondrial porin , also known as the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), is a multi-functional channel protein that shuttles metabolites between the mitochondria and the cytosol and implicated in cellular life and death decisions. (sdbonline.org)
The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. (bvsalud.org)

In stark contrast, deletion of the prosurvival protein Bcl-xL resulted in megakaryocyte apoptosis and a failure of platelet shedding. (medhelp.org)
Genetic disruption of TrkB-Shc signaling had no effect on severity of SE yet partially inhibited activation of the prosurvival adaptor protein Akt. (jneurosci.org)

Genes whose protein products stimulate or enhance the division and viability of cells. (cancerquest.org)
This first category also includes genes that contribute to tumor growth by inhibiting cell death. (cancerquest.org)
Genes whose protein products can directly or indirectly prevent cell division or lead to cell death. (cancerquest.org)
The expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 genes increased in HCT-116 cell lines after 48 h of treatment, suggesting cell death by the apoptotic pathways. (mendeley.com)
mRNA levels of other genes were not affected by administration of the siRNA, including VEGF, Bcl-2, and B-actin. (genengnews.com)
Lentivirus-mediated expression of human secreted amyloid precursor protein-alpha promotes long-term induction of neuroprotective genes and pathways in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. (otago.ac.nz)
Only two Bcl-2 family genes have been found in Drosophila melanogaster including the pro-cell survival, human Bok-related orthologue, Buffy. (sdbonline.org)
Proteínas de la membrana codificadas por los GENES BCL-2 y que sirven como potentes inhibidores de la muerte celular por APOPTOSIS. (bvsalud.org)

The upstream regulators of cytochrome c release are the Bcl-2 family members. (nih.gov)
Pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members such as bax or bak are clearly required to initiate cytochrome c/apaf-1/caspase-9 mediated cell death during oxygen deprivation. (nih.gov)
Fox says Bax seems to cause channels, or pores, in the mitochondria to open up and release yet another "death factor" protein called cytochrome c. (sciencedaily.com)
CASP8 cleaves this encoded protein, and the COOH-terminal part translocates to mitochondria where it triggers cytochrome c release. (thermofisher.com)
Apoptotic cell death induced by metallic nickel particles in JB6 cells is through a caspase-8/AIF mediated cytochrome c-independent pathway. (cdc.gov)
Activation of Akt and Bcl-2 may play an important role in preventing cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytoplasm and may also be important in the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel particles. (cdc.gov)

Venetoclax (Venclexta) targets the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) protein, leading to the death of CLL cells. (cancercare.org)
2 Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) family of antiapoptotic (bcl-2, bcl-xl, bcl-w and mcl-1) and proapoptotic (bax, bak and bok) proteins are critical regulators of apoptosis in CLL. (haematologica.org)
Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma. (bvsalud.org)

The molecular docking studies showed favorable binding affinity against different pro- and antiapoptotic proteins by these compounds. (mendeley.com)

However, emerging evidence suggests that autophagy is a primary mechanism of cell death (autophagic cell death, ACD) and implicates ACD in several aspects of mammalian physiology, including tumor suppression and psychological disorders. (nature.com)
Autophagy is generally considered as a cell survival/protection mechanism because it removes toxic or obsolete proteins and organelles and recycles the degradation products for use as sources for energy and metabolites in anabolic pathways 3 . (nature.com)
Therefore, the relationship between autophagy and cell death remains unclear and warrants further study to harness autophagy for the treatment of various human diseases. (nature.com)
Therefore, in this review, we avoid a lengthy repetition of the description of autophagy and cell death processes and focus on the death-promoting roles of autophagy and the intertwined connection between autophagy and apoptosis. (nature.com)
We discuss here the contribution of glycan-lectin interactions to the initiation, execution and resolution of apoptosis and their emerging roles in other cell death programs including autophagy. (nature.com)
Various physiological and pathological conditions such as glucose starvation, inhibition of protein glycosylation and oxidative stress may cause an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy. (spandidos-publications.com)
Communication between the cell survival pathway of autophagy and the cell death pathway of apoptosis is crucial for determining the best outcome for the cell, and ultimately its fate. (edu.au)
The first is to use an in vivo approach to analyse transgenic mice in which the autophagy regulator known as Beclin has been engineered to either disrupt or enhance its regulation by key components (i.e. proteins) of the apoptosis pathways. (edu.au)
The second approach is to use either the new gene editing CRISPR/Cas9 technology or mass spectrometric/proteomics approaches (or both) to undertake screens to identify factors that can inhibit the cell death that occurs as a consequence of disarming the autophagy pathway through deletion of Beclin. (edu.au)
Furthermore, As increased the levels of apoptosis and autophagy proteins in cortex, while Mel (20 mg/kg) decreased apoptosis and autophagy. (bvsalud.org)
IM-induced autophagy did not involve c-Abl or Bcl-2 activity but was associated with ER stress and was suppressed by depletion of intracellular Ca2+, suggesting it is mechanistically. (lu.se)

Phosphorylation of Bcl-2 has been shown to enhance activity to allow response to extracellular growth-factor-mediated signals. (biolegend.com)
Furthermore, in influenza A virus-infected cells, TG6-44 treatment led to suppression of virus-induced cell death as evidenced by decreased caspase-3 activation, decreased proportion of Annexin V+PI+ cells, and increased Bcl-2 phosphorylation. (cdc.gov)

Venetoclax is an oral BCL-2 inhibitor. (leukaemiacare.org.uk)
Venetoclax inhibits and blocks this activity of the BCL-2 protein, causing cell death of CLL cells. (leukaemiacare.org.uk)

Understanding the function of lectin-glycan recognition systems in cell death will facilitate the implementation of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling unbalanced cell proliferation and survival in several pathologic conditions. (nature.com)
However, the precise role of lcn2 in the cell survival and death has yet to be determined. (jneurosci.org)
In multivariate analysis of progression-free survival and overall survival, bax/bcl-2 was an independent prognostic factor ( P =0.0002 and P =0.002). (haematologica.org)
3 In particular, bcl-2 has emerged as the most important protein in predicting survival in CLL between 11 proteins that are implicated in the control of apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. (haematologica.org)
The BCL-2 protein prevents programmed cell death and thereby supports the survival of leukaemia cells. (leukaemiacare.org.uk)
Taken all together this demonstrates a role for Buffy, a Bcl-2 pro-cell survival gene, in neuroprotection. (sdbonline.org)
Our aim is to develop new reagents, including drugs that could target and inhibit the actions of the key pro-survival protein proteins that keep cancers alive. (edu.au)
There is some evidence that Bcl-2 pro-survival proteins (which normally keep cells alive by inhibiting the cell death program of apoptosis) are expressed at unusually high levels in melanoma compared to normal melanocytes. (edu.au)
Our hypothesis is that Bcl-2 pro-survival proteins provide a survival advantage for melanomas and might contribute to resistance to standard chemotherapeutic drugs. (edu.au)
Our research aims to identify the key Bcl-2 pro-survival proteins that are responsible for melanoma survival. (edu.au)
The second aim is to determine whether resistance to current melanoma treatment arises due to elevated levels of Bcl-2 pro-survival proteins, and whether treatment with Bcl-2-targeting molecules will resensitise tumours to standard drugs, informing potential drug treatment combinations. (edu.au)
Cells possess distinct pathways that promote their survival or death. (edu.au)
Results from this work will significantly advance our understanding of how the interplay between cell death and cell survival is regulated, which is still poorly understood despite its considerable biological importance. (edu.au)
Our laboratory uses biochemical, genetic, and cell biology approaches to investigate the molecular mechanisms of cell death and survival in cancer cells. (unmc.edu)
We aim to understand how these proteins function as major regulators of cell death and survival, and hope to contribute to the design of more powerful and selective cancer therapeutic drugs. (unmc.edu)
Elimination of BCR/ABL-dependent intracellular signals triggers apoptosis, but it is unclear whether this activates additional cell survival and/or death pathways. (lu.se)

Two decades later, pioneering studies suggested that lectin-like molecules constitutively expressed on the surface of macrophages can selectively recognize changes on glycans decorating the surface of apoptotic thymocytes, 4 , 5 although these studies likewise did not provide substantial insight into the mechanisms by which lectin-glycan interactions regulate cell death. (nature.com)
Moreover, the recently proposed anti-bcl-2 molecules, such as ABT-199, have emphasized the potential role of of bcl-2 family proteins in the context of target therapies. (haematologica.org)

But when a cell is damaged, the mitochondria become the "central executioners," releasing proteins sequestered within them that are death signals for the cell. (sciencedaily.com)
A higher level of calcium within the mitochondria sensitizes the mitochondria to interact with a "death factor" protein produced by the cell called Bax. (sciencedaily.com)

Cross-talk of the MAPK signaling pathway with other proteins and signaling pathways have a crucial impact on clinical outcomes of targeted therapies and plays important role during development of drug resistance in cancers. (mdpi.com)

The BCL2 associated agonist of cell death (BAD) protein is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 gene family which is involved in initiating apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
BAD is a member of the BH3-only family, a subfamily of the Bcl-2 family. (wikipedia.org)
Here we review what is currently known oxygen deprivation induced cell death and speculate about initiating mechanisms resulting in the activation of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members. (nih.gov)
Structural biology investigations of BCL-2 proteins have provided tremendous insights into our understanding of their structure-function relationships and models have been proposed to explain how the BCL-2 family members form a network of interactions to control apoptosis signaling. (elsevierpure.com)
Furthermore, we will discuss the structural details of the interactions between BCL-2 family members and the various structural paradigms that ultimately regulate the activation of apoptosis. (elsevierpure.com)
Gavathiotis, E 2014, Structural perspectives on BCL-2 family of proteins . (elsevierpure.com)
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia the balance between the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members of the bcl-2 family is involved in the pathogenesis, chemorefractoriness and clinical outcome. (haematologica.org)
We use a multidisciplinary approach to study select pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins. (yale.edu)
Bid is a member of the BCL-2 family of cell death regulators. (thermofisher.com)
BID is also a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl 2 family. (thermofisher.com)
It forms homodimers or heterodimers with other Bcl-2 family members. (biolegend.com)
Using a computer modeling approach that they developed, MIT biologists identified three different proteins that can bind selectively to each of three similar targets, all members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. (mit.edu)
In a paper appearing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences the week of Oct. 15, Keating and her colleagues used this approach to generate several peptides that can target different members of a protein family called Bcl-2, which help to drive cancer growth. (mit.edu)
To create this model, the researchers first chose about 10,000 peptides, each 23 amino acids in length and helical in structure, and tested their binding to three different members of the Bcl-2 family. (mit.edu)
Buffy often acts opposite to Debcl , the other Drosophila Bcl-2-family protein. (sdbonline.org)
The Bcl-2 family proteins, which are classified into BH3-only, effectors Bax/Bak, and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, are of particular interest to us. (unmc.edu)
Lead-induced apoptosis in PC 12 cells: involvement of p53, Bcl-2 family and caspase-3. (who.int)

Chromosome 18q21.3 translocation and overexpression of Bcl-2 is frequently observed in follicular lymphomas and some diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. (biolegend.com)

In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)

Western-blot analysis showed an activation of proapoptotic factors including Fas (CD95), Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD), caspase-8, death receptor 3 (DR3) and BID in apoptotic cells induced by metallic nickel particles. (cdc.gov)
The present findings suggest that local IFN production may interact with a genetic factor ( PTPN2 ) to induce aberrant proapoptotic activity of the BH3-only protein Bim, resulting in increased β-cell apoptosis via JNK activation and the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. (diabetesjournals.org)

Communication between the pathways exists through cleavage of Bcl-2 interacting domain (Bid) by active caspase-8 to form truncated Bid (tBid). (cdc.gov)
The docking scores were minimum as compared to the caspase-9, caspase-3, Bcl-xl, and JAK2. (mendeley.com)

This aim will also explore whether immunotherapy approaches could benefit from Bcl-2 targeting. (edu.au)

Glycans, either alone or complexed with glycan-binding proteins, can deliver intracellular signals or control extracellular processes that promote initiation, execution and resolution of cell death programs. (nature.com)
Endogenous lectins and glycans are critical signals in the resolution of cell death. (nature.com)

BCL-2 inhibitor. (cancercare.org)

LCN2 protein induced upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), cell migration, and morphological changes similar to characteristic phenotypic changes termed reactive astrocytosis. (jneurosci.org)
In this process, astrocytes proliferate to fill gaps and undergo a typical morphological change: a large cytoplasmic mass, long and branched processes, and increased expression of intermediate filaments such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). (jneurosci.org)
It also downregulated the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and reduced retinal reactive gliosis. (molvis.org)

Moreover, we determined that during purvalanol-mediated ER stress, autophagic machinery was also activated prior to apoptotic cell death finalization. (spandidos-publications.com)
Τheir impact on the apoptotic cell death mechanism requires further elucidation. (spandidos-publications.com)
Although purvalanol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were demonstrated in prostate ( 5 ), breast ( 6 ) and colon cancer cells ( 7 ), the exact molecular mechanism of purvanol-induced apoptosis has not been elucidated yet. (spandidos-publications.com)

The extrinsic pathway is mediated by a variety of death receptor ligands, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and Fas ligand (FaSL), that trigger apoptosis by binding to cell surface receptors. (cdc.gov)
They also examine the involvement of cell death programs in various pathologies and the therapeutic potential of inhibiting key pathway components. (cshlpress.com)

Note that by convention gene names are italicized and the proteins they make are not. (cancerquest.org)
As an example TP 53 refers to the gene and p53 refers to the protein. (cancerquest.org)
Activated and released IRE1α acts as an RNase to initiate transcription of XBP1 mRNA and it becomes a transcriptional activator for unfolded protein response (UPR) gene targets, such as BiP and calreticulin ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Res effectively suppress the cardiomyocytes hypertrophy and apoptosis induced by ISO, characterized by the reduction of the myocardial cell surface area, the ANP gene expression, the LDH and MDA leakage amount and the rate of cell apoptosis, while decrease of the protein expression of GRP78, GRP94 and CHOP, and reverse the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax. (karger.com)

The antigen corresponds to amino acid range 1-195 of the target protein. (thermofisher.com)
The new strategy involves first creating a computer model that can relate peptide sequences to their binding affinity for the target protein. (mit.edu)

Importantly, genetic disruption of TrkB-Shc signaling exacerbated hippocampal neuronal death induced by SE. (jneurosci.org)

Obinutuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the CD20 protein on the surface of leukaemia cells. (leukaemiacare.org.uk)

This leaves Bcl-2 free to inhibit Bax-triggered apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)

BID is a death agonist that heterodimerizes with either agonist BAX or antagonist BCL2. (thermofisher.com)

Although activation of TrkB signaling promotes development of epilepsy in this context, it also reduces SE-induced neuronal death. (jneurosci.org)
Here we reveal that TrkB-mediated activation of Akt protects against hippocampal neuronal death in vivo following status epilepticus. (jneurosci.org)

Development of a high-throughput fluorescence polarization assay for Bcl-x(L)". Anal. (wikipedia.org)
Rarely, patients have no M-protein in blood and urine, although the currently used serum free light chain assay now demonstrates monoclonal light chains in many of these formerly so-called nonsecretory patients. (msdmanuals.com)

We propose that lcn2 is an autocrine mediator of reactive astrocytosis based on the multiple roles of lcn2 in the regulation of cell death, morphology, and migration of astrocytes. (jneurosci.org)
Iron and BIM (Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death) proteins were involved in the cytotoxic sensitization process. (jneurosci.org)

New approach generates a wider variety of protein sequences optimized to bind to drug targets. (mit.edu)
Another desirable feature is the ability to identify proteins that bind tightly to their target but not to similar targets, which helps to ensure that drugs do not have unintended side effects. (mit.edu)

ER alerts a self-protective mechanism that is called ER stress during nutrient deprivation, pathogen infection, alterations in redox status, intraluminal Ca 2+ levels and folding defective protein conditions ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
In Cell Death: Mechanism and Disease (Vol. 9781461493020, pp. 229-251). (elsevierpure.com)
Cell Death: Mechanism and Disease. (elsevierpure.com)

At that time, glycobiology, which is the study of carbohydrates and their recognition by motif-specific carbohydrate-binding proteins or lectins, lagged far behind the studies that defined the structural and cellular biology of cell death. (nature.com)
RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
SCOPe: Structural Classification of Proteins - extended. (berkeley.edu)

That is the standard approach: Either completely randomly, or with some prior knowledge, design a library of proteins, and then go fishing in the library to pull out the most promising members," Keating says. (mit.edu)

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle responsible for protein synthesis, folding, post-translational modification of proteins and protein trafficking in eukaryotes ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
I have a lot of experience in the following methodologies: protein isolation, protein synthesis assays, Western blotting, genotyping, RNA isolation and qPCR miRNA/mRNA arrays, bioinformatics and statistical analyses. (otago.ac.nz)
Glutamate receptor trafficking and protein synthesis mediate the facilitation of LTP by secreted amyloid precursor protein-alpha. (otago.ac.nz)

The Nobel Prize-winning modification that prevents the innate immune system from recognizing injected mRNA as foreign and blocking transcription of the protein it encodes has been found on some occasions to cause ribosomal frameshifting. (bioworld.com)

What is the precise role of intracellular and extracellular galectins in the control of cell death programs? (nature.com)

MIT biologists have now come up with a more refined approach in which they use computer modeling to predict how different protein sequences will interact with the target. (mit.edu)
The usual method for identifying such drugs is to screen millions of proteins, either randomly chosen or selected by creating variants of protein sequences already shown to be promising candidates. (mit.edu)

In the complete absence of oxygen, cells undergo cell death through apoptosis, and not necrosis. (nih.gov)
In multicellular organisms, cell death is required for normal development, homeostasis, and the elimination of infected or injured cells. (cshlpress.com)
The best studied is apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death used by all multicellular organisms to eliminate cells that are damaged, no longer needed or which might become a threat to the organism. (edu.au)
Infants suffering of cell death occurring as a series of changes from chronic illnesses, chromosomal abnor- in dying cells under several physiological malities and those on medication prior to conditions [ 6,7 ] and has been implicated enrolment were excluded from the study. (who.int)
Diagnosis typically requires demonstration of M-protein (sometimes present in urine and not serum but rarely absent entirely) and/or light-chain proteinuria, and excessive plasma cells in the bone marrow. (msdmanuals.com)
In 15 to 20% of patients, plasma cells secrete only Bence Jones protein. (msdmanuals.com)

Fox's latest animal study in PNAS sheds some light on the mechanisms responsible for lead-mediated cell death, or apoptosis, in the eye, and may suggest possible treatment options for patients suffering from various forms of retinal degeneration. (sciencedaily.com)
The mechanisms by which cell death occurs are genetically encoded and carefully controlled. (cshlpress.com)
Chapters are additionally devoted to cell death signaling mechanisms in plants and lower organisms, as well as the evolution of those mechanisms and the influence of pathogens that seek to evade them. (cshlpress.com)

In accordance with its tumor suppressor role, the Retinoblastoma protein pRb can ensure pro-apoptotic functions. (sdbonline.org)

Some proto-oncogenes work to regulate cell death. (cancerquest.org)
The mutant proteins often retain some of their capabilities but are no longer sensitive to the controls that regulate the normal form of the protein. (cancerquest.org)

Our results suggest that lcn2 acts in an autocrine manner to induce cell death sensitization and morphological changes in astrocytes under inflammatory conditions and that these phenotypic changes may be the basis of reactive astrocytosis in vivo . (jneurosci.org)

We investigated bax/bcl-2 ratio by flow cytometry in 502 patients and identified a cut off of 1.50 to correlate bax/bcl-2 ratio with well-established clinical and biological prognosticators. (haematologica.org)

They demonstrated inhibition of acute lung injury and cell death in animals with administration of siRNAs targeting Ang2 . (genengnews.com)

Bax/bcl-2 was 1.50 or over in 263 patients (52%) with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (haematologica.org)
In conclusion, we defined the prognostic power of bax/bcl-2 ratio, as determined by a flow cytometric approach, and highlighted a correlation with chemoresistance and outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (haematologica.org)

Glycosylation of classical death receptors fine-tunes cell death programs. (nature.com)

The key to most cell death is a structure within each cell called the mitochondrion, which is known primarily as the central component responsible for generating energy for the cell. (sciencedaily.com)
Both proteins can localize at the mitochondrion , but the way they control apoptosis still remains unclear. (sdbonline.org)

In addition, cell death subroutines have been recently classified on the basis of mechanical and molecular aspects of cell death processes 5 . (nature.com)

Anatomy3

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs11

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes9

Information Science3

Health Care3

Kinase12

Anti-apoptotic proteins3

Inhibitors3

Mitochondrial12

Prosurvival2

Genes8

Cytochrome6

Lymphoma3

Antiapoptotic1

Autophagy11

Phosphorylation2

Venetoclax2

Survival16

Molecules2

Mitochondria2

Therapies1

Family17

Overexpression1

Amino acids1

Proapoptotic2

Caspase2

Immunotherapy1

Signals2

Inhibitor1

Glial fibrill3

Apoptotic cell3

Pathway2

Gene4

Target protein2

Genetic1

Antibody1

Inhibit1

Antagonist1

Activation2

Assay2

Mediator2

Targets2

Mechanism3

Structural3

Members1

Synthesis3

Transcription1

Extracellular1

Sequences2

Cells6

Mechanisms3

Tumor1

Regulate2

Induce cell death1

Clinical1

Inhibition1

Leukemia2

Receptors1

Mitochondrion2

Molecular1