• Because xanthine oxidase is a metabolic pathway for uric acid formation, the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol is used in the treatment of gout. (wikipedia.org)
  • Xanthine oxidase-IN-9 (Icarisids E) (Compound 2) is a potent xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitor with an IC 50 of 31.81 μM. (medchemexpress.com)
  • Xanthine oxidase inhibitor. (medscape.com)
  • The activity of xanthine oxidase inhibitor and lipoxygenase inhibitor of sea plumes gorgonian rumphella sp. (envirobiotechjournals.com)
  • The aim of this study was to verify the activity of the sea plumes gorgonian extract as xanthineoxidase and lipoxygenase inhibitor useful as availability of drugs for pharmacy. (envirobiotechjournals.com)
  • The in vitro result displayed the sea plumes gorgonian extract was less potential as xanthine oxidase and lipoksigenase inhibitor. (envirobiotechjournals.com)
  • The formation of gastric mucosal lesions at 0.5 hr after compound 48/80 injection was prevented by pretreatment with anti-neutrophil antiserum and NPC 14686, an antiinflammatory agent, but not with allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
  • In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of febuxostat, a novel inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO), on renal damage in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats. (hindawi.com)
  • Febuxostat (Fx) is a recently developed xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor, which has been definitively proved to be effective and safe for gout treatment [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • No Reduction in WMH Progression With Allopurinol After Stroke Use of allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, did not reduce progression of white matter hyperintensity (WMH) after stroke in a randomized trial. (medscape.com)
  • Since xanthine oxidase is involved in the metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine, caution should be taken before administering allopurinol and 6-mercaptopurine, or its prodrug azathioprine, in conjunction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Type II xanthinuria may result from a failure of the mechanism which inserts sulfur into the active sites of xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase, a related enzyme with some overlapping activities (such as conversion of allopurinol to oxypurinol). (wikipedia.org)
  • Relationship between plasma oxipurinol concentrations and xanthine oxidase activity in volunteers dosed with allopurinol. (edu.au)
  • 2. The ratio of 1‐MU to 1‐ MX in the urine, following a dose of 50 mg of 1‐MX infused intravenously over 20 min, was used to measure the inhibition of xanthine oxidase induced by different doses of allopurinol. (edu.au)
  • The increases in gastric mucosal myeloperoxidase activity and lipid peroxide content at 0.5 hr after compound 48/80 injection were attenuated by pretreatment with anti- neutrophil antiserum and NPC 14686, while only the increase in gastric mucosal xanthine oxidase activity at the same time point was arrested by allopurinol pretreatment. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
  • The increases in gastric mucosal xanthine oxidase and myeloperoxidase activities and lipid peroxide content at 3 hr after compound 48/80 treatment were attenuated by pretreatment with anti-neutrophil antiserum, NPC 14686, or allopurinol. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
  • When compound 48/80-injected rats were treated with allopurinol at 0.5 hr after compound 48/80 injection, the progression of gastric mucosal lesions at 3 hr after the injection was almost completely prevented with inhibition of the increases in gastric mucosal xanthine oxidase and myeloperoxidase activities and lipid peroxide content. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
  • Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are anti-hyperuricemic drugs that decrease serum uric acid levels by inhibiting its synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many experimental studies have suggested that xanthine oxidase inhibitors have anti-atherosclerotic effects by decreasing in vitro and in vivo oxidative stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, there is only limited evidence on the clinical implications of xanthine oxidase inhibitors on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in patients with hyperuricemia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bovine xanthine oxidase (from milk) was originally thought to have a binding site to reduce cytochrome c with, but it has been found that the mechanism to reduce this protein is through XO's superoxide anion byproduct, with competitive inhibition by carbonic anhydrase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inhibition of xanthine oxidase has been proposed as a mechanism for improving cardiovascular health. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inhibition of xanthine oxidase was assessed twice, on the last 2 days of each treatment week. (edu.au)
  • Specific inhibition of xanthine oxidase and cytochrome P-450 revealed, in the two teleosts, that the nitrite-dependent inotropism required the nitrite reductase activity of both enzymes. (unical.it)
  • The current project was designed to determine the phytochemical profiling, in vitro and in vivo xanthine inhibition and antihyperuricemic activity of Christia vespertilionis leaf aqueous infusion (to mimic human consumption). (uthm.edu.my)
  • Profiling of phytochemical was done by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In vitro xanthine oxidase inhibition assay and oxonate-induced hyperuricemia in rats, which are considered as a hallmark for promising antihyperuricemic agents were also conducted. (uthm.edu.my)
  • In vitro xanthine oxidase inhibition assay results also showed that C. verspertilionis aqueous extract display 63.67% inhibition at 100 μg/mL with IC50 value of 61.37 μg/mL. (uthm.edu.my)
  • Xanthine oxidase (XO, sometimes 'XAO') is a form of xanthine oxidoreductase, a type of enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Xanthine oxidase is defined as an enzyme activity (EC 1.17.3.2). (wikipedia.org)
  • hypoxanthine (one oxygen atom) xanthine (two oxygens) uric acid (three oxygens) Because XO is a superoxide-producing enzyme, with general low specificity, it can be combined with other compounds and enzymes and create reactive oxidants, as well as oxidize other substrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Xanthine oxidase is a superoxide-producing enzyme found normally in serum and the lungs, and its activity is increased during influenza A infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • During purification the enzyme is largely converted to the O2-dependent xanthine oxidase form (EC 1.17.3.2 ). (expasy.org)
  • Xanthine oxidase is also recognized as a pivotal enzyme in the production of oxidative stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inhibits xanthine oxidase, the enzyme that synthesizes uric acid from hypoxanthine. (medscape.com)
  • 1. 1‐methyl xanthine (1‐MX) is metabolized exclusively to 1‐methyl uric acid (1‐MU) by the enzyme xanthine oxidase. (edu.au)
  • The purified mutants C535A and/or C992R were significantly resistant to conversion by incubation with 4,4'-dithiodipyridine, whereas the recombinant wild-type enzyme converted readily to the oxidase type, indicating that these residues are responsible for the rapid conversion. (rcsb.org)
  • Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the metabolism of hypoxanthine and xanthine into uric acid. (unisza.edu.my)
  • XO is an enzyme that generates ROS by catalyzing the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. (hindawi.com)
  • It was chosen for study with the aim of screening biologically active compounds in the essential oil of the aerial parts and the antioxidant, antimalarial and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of its extract. (springeropen.com)
  • Among different extracts, MeOH extract had significant antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities with RC 50 (mg/mL) = 0.0707 and IC 50 = 12.8741 µg/mL, respectively. (springeropen.com)
  • The 40% fraction of MeOH extract showed the strongest antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities, which might be related to the presence of phenolic compounds. (springeropen.com)
  • As this plant revealed a high content of phenols along with high antioxidant, antimalarial and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities, it could have great medicinal value. (springeropen.com)
  • Preparation, Purification, and Identification of Novel Feather Keratin-Derived Peptides with Antioxidative and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we report on the preparation, purification, and identification of novel peptides with antioxidant and xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activities from fermented feather broth, using Bacillus licheniformis 8-4. (bvsalud.org)
  • In vivo, nitrite conversion to nitric oxide requires the nitrite reductase activity of xanthine oxidase and cytochrome P-450, thus the involvement of these enzymes was also evaluated. (unical.it)
  • We also found that xanthine oxidase is more expressed in C. hamatus than in T. bernacchii, while the opposite was observed concerning cytochrome P-450. (unical.it)
  • Results suggested that in the heart of C. hamatus and T. bernacchii, nitrite is an integral physiological source of nitric oxide with important signaling properties, which require the nitrite reductase activity of xanthine oxidase and cytochrome P-450. (unical.it)
  • Increasing evidence suggests that serum uric acid (UA), a product of xanthine oxidase (XO), may be a useful marker for metabolic, hemodynamic, and functional staging in heart failure (HF) and a valid predictor of survival in HF patients. (nih.gov)
  • Uric acid (UA) is an end product of the purine metabolic pathway catalyzed by xanthine oxidase (XO), with increased levels of UA associated closely with various pathophysiologies [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The xanthine oxidase metabolic pathway may contribute to impaired vasodilator capacity in CHF. (nih.gov)
  • During severe liver damage, xanthine oxidase is released into the blood, so a blood assay for XO is a way to determine if liver damage has happened. (wikipedia.org)
  • Upregulated xanthine oxidase activity (through production of toxic free radicals) may contribute to impaired regulation of vascular tone in CHF. (nih.gov)
  • It is suggested that xanthine oxidoreductase, along with other enzymes, participates in the conversion of nitrate to nitrite in mammalian tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Type I xanthinuria has been traced directly to mutations of the XDH gene which mediates xanthine oxidase activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • New prenylflavonol glycosides with xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus. (medchemexpress.com)
  • The liver xanthine oxidase activity was also significantly reduced by C. verspertilionis aqueous extract at the same dosage. (uthm.edu.my)
  • Urine xanthine oxidase activity in urinary tract infection. (bmj.com)
  • Among the fractions, 40% and 60% Sep-Pak fraction of MeOH extract had stronger xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. (springeropen.com)
  • Xanthinuria is a rare genetic disorder where the lack of xanthine oxidase leads to high concentration of xanthine in blood and can cause health problems such as renal failure. (wikipedia.org)
  • The natural particle size of fats inside unadulterated cow s milk acts as a shield to protect humans from the milk s xanthine oxidase. (detailshere.com)
  • Another reaction catalyzed by xanthine oxidase is the decomposition of S-nitrosothiols (RSNO), a class of reactive nitrogen species, to nitric oxide (NO), which reacts with a superoxide anion to form peroxynitrite under aerobic conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Similarly, superoxide extracellularly generated by xanthine oxidase/xanthine yielded hydroxyl radicals. (cdc.gov)
  • These results indicate that in rats with a single compound 48/80 treatment neutrophils infiltrated into the gastric mucosa participated in the development of acute gastric mucosal lesions and that the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system in the gastric mucosa participated in the progression rather than the formation of the gastric mucosal lesions. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
  • Please, check our recent publication in Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers, disclosing the complete catalytic mechanism of Xanthine Oxidase. (biosim.pt)
  • In this article, Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) methods were used to study the full catalytic mechanism of xanthine oxidase (XO). (biosim.pt)
  • Increases in the activities of gastric mucosal xanthine oxidase and myeloperoxidase, an index of neutrophil infiltration, and the content of lipid peroxide occurred 0.5 hr after compound 48/80 injection, and these increases were enhanced at 3 hr. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
  • Halothane anesthesia was found to be hepatotoxic in the rat, as demonstrated by a significant elevation of serum xanthine oxidase (SXO) level. (tau.ac.il)
  • To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trial data, safety profile, precautions, and place in therapy of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine xanthine oxidase inhibitor in development for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we demonstrate that febuxostat, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, alleviates the increase in adipose tissue mass in obese mouse models with a high-fat diet or ovariectomy. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Febuxostat (Uloric), the other xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is limited by increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality seen in studies. (aafp.org)
  • sulfite oxidase deficiency is one of the most accepted causes of sulfite hypersensitivity and toxicity. (nih.gov)
  • Xanthine oxidase can oxidize substrates in the blood, leading to the formation of oxygen derived free radicals which have been suggested to provide oxidative defence 12 , 13 . (openaccesspub.org)
  • During the reperfusion after an ischemic episode, xanthine oxidase transforms oxygen into superoxide, which leads to oxidative stress and tissues damage. (hindawi.com)
  • New selenoura derivatives were tested for their effect to inhibit the xanthine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes. (deu.edu.tr)
  • As research reveals new methods to treat uric acid, I will expand my pages on Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor choice for Gout Patients. (goutpal.com)
  • Overall, the flavan-3-ol found in A. odoratissimus leaves shows the potential to be developed as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor for use in gout therapy. (phcogj.com)
  • Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a crucial target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. (researchgate.net)
  • Xanthine oxidase (XO) plays a vital role in inducing hyperuricemia and increasing the level of superoxide free radicals in blood, and is proved as an important target for gout. (researchgate.net)
  • Xanthine Oxidase from Bovine Milk is a high quality Xanthine Oxidase from bovine milk. (moleculardepot.com)
  • The antimicrobial activity of bovine milk xanthine_oxidase Int Dairy J. 2020 Mar;102:104581. (moleculardepot.com)
  • 3: Clifford AJ, Ho CY, Swenerton H. Homogenized bovine milk xanthine_oxidase: a critique of the hypothesis relating to plasmalogen depletion and cardiovascular disease Am J Clin Nutr. (moleculardepot.com)
  • The isolation of demolybdo xanthine_oxidase from bovine milk Biochem J. 1988 Nov 1;255(3):949-56. (moleculardepot.com)
  • 5: Briley MS, Eisenthal R. Association of xanthine_oxidase with the bovine milk-fat-globule membrane Biochem J. 1974 Oct;143(1):149-57. (moleculardepot.com)
  • Effects of industrial heat treatments on the kinetics of inactivation of antimicrobial bovine milk xanthine_oxidase NPJ Sci Food. (moleculardepot.com)
  • Simple, high-yield purification of xanthine_oxidase from bovine milk J Biochem Biophys Methods. (moleculardepot.com)
  • Copurification of bovine milk xanthine_oxidase and immunoglobulin Arch Biochem Biophys. (moleculardepot.com)
  • Free and membrane-bound xanthine oxidase in bovine milk during cooling and heating J Dairy Sci. (moleculardepot.com)
  • 10: Silanikove N, Shapiro F, Leitner G. Posttranslational ruling of xanthine oxidase activity in bovine milk by its substrates Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (moleculardepot.com)
  • This study investigated the relationship between serum xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity and the occurrence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy ( DPN ) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients . (bvsalud.org)
  • 1996. Tautomerism of xanthine and alloxanthine: a model for substrate recognition by xanthine oxidase . (ub.edu)
  • During severe liver damage, xanthine oxidase is released into the blood, so a blood assay for XO is a way to determine if liver damage has happened. (wikipedia.org)
  • Xanthine oxidase was extracted, purified and characterized from sheep liver (SLXO). (openaccesspub.org)
  • The sheep liver xanthine oxidase was homogeneously purified 31.8 folds with 3.5 U/mg specific activity and 24.1% recovery. (openaccesspub.org)
  • In this project, we study the binding of small molecules to xanthine oxidase (XOD). (wisconsin.edu)
  • 1997. Role of tautomerism of 2-azaadenine and 2-azahypoxanthine in substrate recognition by xanthine oxidase . (ub.edu)
  • Type I xanthinuria has been traced directly to mutations of the XDH gene which mediates xanthine oxidase activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Xanthine Oxidase Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with and without Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Xanthine crystalluria has been reported in only three patients. (nih.gov)
  • Flavan-3-ol interacts with xanthine oxidase through hydrogen bonding with amino acid residues in the form of Arginine 912 and Lysine 1045. (phcogj.com)
  • Ceruloplasmin exhibits a copper-dependent oxidase activity, which is associated with possible oxidation of Fe 2+ (ferrous iron) into Fe 3+ (ferric iron), therefore assisting in its transport in the plasma in association with transferrin, which can only carry iron in the ferric state. (bionity.com)
  • The purpose of this project is to determine the mechanisms by which chronic stress contributed to cerebrovascular dysfunction and cognitive decline, and their relationship with Alzheimer's disease, with a focus on the mechanistic role of xanthine oxidase. (wvu.edu)
  • To evaluate the role of xanthine oxidase and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation (which are purported mechanisms of reperfusion injury) in the pathogenesis of GDV-related mortality, we created experimental GDV in 21 dogs. (nih.gov)
  • Xanthine oxidase (XO), was the focus of recent clinical trials and epidemiological studies. (nih.gov)