TiterInfectionInhibition assaysPolymeraseTiters were determinedReplication assayProteinsPathogenesisDiagnostic AssaysGenomeInfluenzaDetectionGenomesPurificationIncreased viral replicationProteinStrainsAntibodiesVeroDetermine viralReductionAntiviralVirusAntibodyConcentrationsInfectionsSARSVirusesBacterialEnzymesConcentrationRNAsInfectivityTissue cultureIsolatesNecessityInfectiousCellsGeneticallyCellVisualizationCytotoxicityResultsReporterNucleotideCongenitalCrucialDose-dependent
Titer5
- Traditional baculovirus systems require purification and amplification of an initial low-titer viral supernatant. (fishersci.com)
- The viral titer in the cell supernatant was quantified by standard plaque assay using Vero/ TMPRSS2 cells. (biorxiv.org)
- Viral titer was measured as described in panel a. (c) Vero cells were infected with the parental MERS-CoV/EMC strain (Re-EMC/MERS) or the recombinant mutant strain (Re-Nsp15-A25V) with an amino acid substitution at A25V in NSP15. (biorxiv.org)
- Viral titer was measured as described in panel a. (biorxiv.org)
- Among these siRNAs, PB2-2235 offered the highest inhibition of virus replication with 16-fold reduction in virus HA titer, 80% reduction in viral plaque counts and 94% inhibition in expression of specific RNA at 24 h. (ias.ac.in)
Infection13
- Mice, which are susceptible to SARS-CoV, are resistant to infection with SARS-CoV-2 because of incompatibilities between mouse ACE2 and the viral spike protein. (nature.com)
- To understand the cause(s) of this morbidity and mortality better, we assessed the tissue distribution of infectious virus and viral genomic RNA at 2, 4 and 6 days post infection (dpi) in mice receiving 10 5 PFU of SARS-CoV-2. (nature.com)
- Inhibits viral cell infection in an MHV plaque reduction assay. (tocris.com)
- Replication of picornaviruses occurs associated to cell endomembranes that are recruited during viral infection ( 25 ). (asm.org)
- The cytopathic effect caused by MERS-CoV infection was measured to evaluate viral replication. (biorxiv.org)
- Cell viability in the presence of steroids was quantified by WST assay at 24 hours post-infection (hpi). (biorxiv.org)
- Here, in order to discover those membrane proteins that may be involved in JEV attachment to or entry into virus permissive BHK-21 cells, a chemically mutated cell line (designated 3A10-3F) that became less susceptible to JEV infection was preliminarily established and selected by repeated low moi JEV challenges and RT-PCR detection for viral RNA E gene fragment. (biomedcentral.com)
- The first step of virus infection requires the interaction between virus attachment proteins (VAPs) and cellular receptors, which is known to contribute to host range, tissue tropism and viral pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Furthermore, we have employed NMR and viral plaque assays to probe the interaction between the C-USP7 and HSV-1 immediate-early protein ICP0 (infected cell protein 0), which is essential for efficient lytic infection and virus reactivation from latency. (elsevierpure.com)
- The viral spike protein is essential for cell receptor binding, cell entry, and viral infection. (molcells.org)
- A) After infection, the viral genes immediately turn the host cell into a lambda-producing factory, and the host cell then lyses. (easynotecards.com)
- Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection associated with significant morbidity and mortality caused by any of four closely related virus serotypes (DENV-1,-2,-3 and -4), all of which circulate in the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region. (who.int)
- Viral tests (nucleic acid or antigen detection tests) are used to assess acute infection, whereas antibody tests provide evidence of prior infection with SARS-CoV-2. (medscape.com)
Inhibition assays2
- Experiments including photography of fluorescence in HSV-1g or plaque formation by HSV-1f, western blot assays, real-time RT-PCR assays, cytopathic effect inhibition assays, cytotoxicity assays, and viral absorption and penetration assays were performed to explore the antiviral effect and mechanism of the compounds. (molvis.org)
- To elucidate the possible mechanism of action of honey, plaque inhibition assays were used. (umf.org.nz)
Polymerase5
- The overuse of nucleoside analogs, such as acyclovir (ACV), which suppresses viral DNA polymerase, has led to drug resistance. (molvis.org)
- One of these changes lead to a single amino acid change in the viral RNA polymerase. (virology.ws)
- Here, oh 8 dGTP and DNA polymerase were used in two complementary bacteriophage plaque color assays to examine the mutagenic specificity of oh 8 Gua in vivo. (psu.edu)
- they are currently classified into polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) TaqMan assay for three antigenic groups: group 1 and 2 include mammalian quantifying the number of viral genomes and a plaque coronaviruses, and group 3 encompasses avian coron- assay for performing titration of the virus infectivity. (cdc.gov)
- Diagnosis is with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (msdmanuals.com)
Titers were determined2
- Mice were euthanized after three days and five days of SARS-CoV-2 to obtain their pulmonary tissues for viral load quantification by classic plaque assays, and their antibody titers were determined. (news-medical.net)
- At 24?h after infections viral titers were determined in the test supernatants by plaque assay. (crispr-reagents.com)
Replication assay7
- To increase the sensitivity for detecting infectious influenza virus in an aerosol sample, the viral replication assay was developed. (cdc.gov)
- Compared with the traditional culture-based viral plaque assay, the viral replication assay resulted in a 4.6x10(5) fold increase in influenza virus detection. (cdc.gov)
- Furthermore, viral replication assay results were obtained in half the time of the viral plaque assay. (cdc.gov)
- To demonstrate that the viral replication assay is capable of detecting airborne influenza virus, dilute preparations of strain A/WS/33 were loaded into a nebulizer, aerosolized within a calm-air settling chamber and subsequently collected using NIOSH Two-Stage Bioaerosol Samplers. (cdc.gov)
- At the most diluted concentration corresponding to a chicken embryo infectious dose 50 percent endpoint (CEID(50)) of 2.8E+02/ml, the viral replication assay was able to detect infectious influenza virus that was otherwise undetectable by viral plaque assay. (cdc.gov)
- The results obtained demonstrate that the viral replication assay is highly sensitive at detecting infectious influenza virus from aerosol samples. (cdc.gov)
- Seventeen of these participants tested positive for influenza A virus by viral plaque assay (VPA) with confirmation by viral replication assay (VRA). (netecweb.org)
Proteins9
- Replacements L38E and L41E, involving charge acquisition at residues predicted to contribute to the hydrophobic interface, reduced the dimerization signal in the protein ligation assay and prevented the detection of dimer/multimer species in both transiently expressed 3A proteins and in synthetic peptides reproducing the N terminus of 3A. (asm.org)
- The viral particle is composed of a protein capsid that contains a positive-sense RNA molecule of about 8,500 nucleotides that is infectious and encodes a single polyprotein, which is processed in infected cells by cis - and trans -acting viral proteases ( 55 ) to yield different polypeptide precursors and the mature viral proteins ( 9 , 62 ). (asm.org)
- The viral genome encodes four structural capsid proteins (VP1 to VP4) and seven nonstructural (NS) proteins, the leader Lb/ab protease, and proteins encoded in the P2 (2B and 2C) and P3 (3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D) regions ( 9 ). (asm.org)
- NS proteins are involved in crucial aspects of the viral cycle and pathogenesis, such as rearrangements of intracellular membranes required for endomembrane recruitment and the lysis of host cells ( 1 , 12 , 14 , 18 , 73 ). (asm.org)
- New drugs targeting essential viral proteins other than pUL54 are therefore urgently needed. (frontiersin.org)
- Viral proteins levels were examined by Traditional western blotting using antibodies against NP, NA, and M1. (epf2013.org)
- The A56 protein is capable of binding two viral proteins, a serine protease inhibitor (K2) and the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), and anchoring them to the surface of infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- During many stages of the viral replication cycle in the cytoplasm, + RNA viruses interact with host proteins and alter cell homeostasis to benefit viral replication and assembly [ 12 , 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Viral proteins had been isolated as described previously. (dub-signal.com)
Pathogenesis2
- This study illustrates the importance of coupling genomic and biologic comparisons of viral strains in order to enhance understanding of viral evolution and pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Host lipid metabolism, including lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis, has been associated with viral replication and pathogenesis of different viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Diagnostic Assays1
- Nineteen national-level public health laboratories performed routine dengue diagnostic assays on a proficiency testing panel consisting of two modules: one containing commercial serum samples spiked with cultured dengue viruses for the detection of nucleic acid and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) (Module A) and one containing human serum samples for the detection of anti-dengue virus antibodies (Module B). A review of logistics arrangements was also conducted. (who.int)
Genome9
- For each infected cell, 7-10 plaques were picked and used for massive parallel genome sequencing. (virology.ws)
- Plaque purification has been used for years in virology to produce clonal virus stocks, but at least for VSV, a plaque is not produced by a single viral genome. (virology.ws)
- This deficiency could be overcome using genome-wide analysis of multiple viral strains by high-throughput sequencing. (biomedcentral.com)
- Which of the following viral features is most apt to correlate with the size of the genome? (easynotecards.com)
- B) Viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome. (easynotecards.com)
- C) The viral genome replicates without destroying the host. (easynotecards.com)
- E) Viral genomes are usually similar to the genome of the host cell. (easynotecards.com)
- The full-length viral genome sequence was characterized coronaviruses (9). (cdc.gov)
- 225 to the LUR and it is com patible with the worth measured on Bos taurus suggesting a high degree of methylation of CpG nucleotides and similar methylation mechanisms act ing on the viral and cellular discover more here genome. (dub-signal.com)
Influenza7
- With this assay, influenza virus is first amplified by replication in Mandin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells followed by detection with quantitative PCR (qPCR). (cdc.gov)
- Furthermore, fusion analysis using a dual-labeled influenza trojan revealed a substantial decrease in fusion occasions, without detectable effect on endosomal pH, recommending that CtsW is necessary on the stage of viral fusion. (epf2013.org)
- In this study, we have designed three siRNAs (PB2-2235, PB2-479 and NP-865) targeting PB2 and NP genes of avian influenza virus and evaluated their potential, measured by hemagglutination (HA), plaque reduction and Real time RT-PCR assay, in inhibiting H5N1 virus (A/chicken/Navapur/7972/2006) replication in MDCK cells. (ias.ac.in)
- Anti influenza Viral Effect of Honey In Vitro: Potent High Activity of Manuka Honey. (umf.org.nz)
- Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti- influenza viral activity of honey from various sources. (umf.org.nz)
- Viable influenza A virus was found in the smallest particle size fraction (0.3 μm to 8 μm), with a mean of 142 plaque-forming units (SD 215) expelled during the 6 coughs in particles of this size. (netecweb.org)
- Diseases affected by this research include viral infections such as SARS, HIV, influenza, Hepatitis C and West Nile Virus. (ubc.ca)
Detection3
- Viral loads and detection consistency among Plains ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- Currently, there are three basic types of tests to determine if an individual has been infected with SARS-CoV-2: viral nucleic acid (RNA) detection, viral antigen detection, and detection of antibodies to the virus. (medscape.com)
- Initial direct viral detection is typically performed using an upper respiratory tract (URT) specimen. (medscape.com)
Genomes4
- Replication in a single cell imposes a genetic bottleneck, as few viral genomes are present. (virology.ws)
- I would be very interested to know if the conclusions of this work would be changed by the ability to determine the sequences of all the viral genomes recovered from a single infected cell . (virology.ws)
- 1) Viral genomes vary greatly in size and may include from four genes to several hundred genes. (easynotecards.com)
- Some biologic features plaque assay, we determined that approximately 360 viral of the SARS-CoV described in vivo and in vitro differ genomes were required to generate a PFU. (cdc.gov)
Purification1
- Definition noun An assay used for virus isolation and purification, and to determine viral titers. (biologyonline.com)
Increased viral replication1
- Systemic treatment with corticosteroids is contraindicated for the severe pneumonia caused by viruses such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, as steroids suppress the innate immune system, resulting in increased viral replication. (biorxiv.org)
Protein5
- The H5N1 Inventory is an inclusive compilation of amino acid changes and/or motifs identified within each viral protein that affect one or more biological properties, provided in broad categories. (cdc.gov)
- In this work, FMDV 3A homodimerization was evidenced by an in situ protein fluorescent ligation assay. (asm.org)
- Chen P et al (2012) Molecular determinants of enterovirus 71 viral entry: cleft around GLN-172 on VP1 protein interacts with variable region on scavenge receptor B2. (virosin.org)
- Twenty-seven of these substitution mutations have been observed in genes encoding viral spike protein (S), although most differences were found in non-structural protein-coding genes. (molcells.org)
- Adenoviruses are good vaccine vectors because they can readily be genetically modified to express viral antigens (like the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein). (coviddemystified.com)
Strains2
- The susceptibility of isolated HSV strains to various concentrations of ACV was determined by plaque reduction assay. (unboundmedicine.com)
- and (v) a negative correlation was observed among strains between viral growth in vitro and virulence in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
Antibodies2
- Our outcomes indicate that replication-competent attenuated HSV-1 exerts a powerful oncolytic influence on ovarian cancers which might be additional enhanced by the use of a carrier cell delivery program predicated on amplification of viral insert and perhaps on avoidance of neutralizing antibodies. (crispr-reagents.com)
- Laboratory testing with a rapid conducted at that time showed that 6.1% of the residents assay suggested that a dengue virus (DENV) was the caus- in nearby regions of Uganda had specifi c antibodies to ative agent. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
Vero1
- Vero E6 cells were used for cell culture experiments, and neutralization assays were performed. (news-medical.net)
Determine viral1
- The H5N1 Inventory supports a molecular-based approach for surveillance and should be used to identify genetic mutations that determine viral phenotypic characteristics of importance. (cdc.gov)
Reduction2
- Also inhibits SARS-CoV-2 viral cell entry in a plaque reduction assay (IC 50 = 16.8 μM). (tocris.com)
- The other two siRNAs had 68-73% and 87-88% reduction in viral plaque counts and RNA copy number, respectively. (ias.ac.in)
Antiviral1
- The HCMV helicase-primase complex (pUL105-pUL102-pUL70) is essential for viral DNA replication and could thus be a relevant antiviral target. (frontiersin.org)
Virus6
- Virus-containing culture fluids were then subjected to plaque assay, during which 2 viral replication cycles took place. (virology.ws)
- Greater virus yields means more viral RNA replication, and more change for diversity. (virology.ws)
- A recombinant virus with the mutation was also resistant to ciclesonide suppression of viral replication. (biorxiv.org)
- Representative images of the virus plaques are presented above the bars. (figshare.com)
- The susceptibility to JEV of 3A10-3F cells was significantly weakened compared with parental BHK-21 cells, verified by indirect immunofluorescence assay, virus plague formation assay, and flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)
- Many potent inhibitors, which play roles in suppressing the virus-host interaction and membrane fusion, restraining viral replication and translation, or disturbing autophagy, have been explored and identified in vitro and in vivo. (datexis.com)
Antibody2
- In addition, mice sera were assessed by ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) reporter assays. (news-medical.net)
- stained for viral Demeclocycline HCl Demeclocycline HCl NP utilizing a mouse monoclonal NP antibody (plus supplementary antibody anti-mouse AF488) and DAPI. (epf2013.org)
Concentrations1
- SPS was added to the culture medium at various concentrations in time-of-addition assay. (molvis.org)
Infections1
- Adenovirus ocular infections (epidemic keratoconjunctivitis [EKC], follicular conjunctivitis, and pharyngeal conjunctival fever) are the most common ocular viral infections worldwide. (arvojournals.org)
SARS2
- To assess the susceptibility of K18-hACE2 mice to SARS-CoV-2, we intranasally challenged male and female mice using inocula of 10 3 , 10 4 and 10 5 plaque-forming units (PFU). (nature.com)
- The viral strain has been designated as patients with SARS (4,5). (cdc.gov)
Viruses4
- It is also used in plaque assays for counting viruses, as an alternative to carboxymethylcellulose. (wikipedia.org)
- Promising new inhibitors that target the viral helicase-primase complex have been reported to block replication of herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses, but they have no activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), another herpesvirus. (frontiersin.org)
- Viable CVA10 viruses were harvested by transfecting the viral mRNA into human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. (virosin.org)
- Pharmacological interference in lipid metabolism and LD inhibition affects viral replication of different viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Bacterial2
- A) Many bacterial cells containing viral DNA are produced. (easynotecards.com)
- We followed this with hands on workshops showing them hematopoietic cell colonies, bacterial colonies and viral plaque assays under microscopes. (ubc.ca)
Enzymes2
- The virion core contains several enzymes needed for transcription and capping of viral RNA. (medscape.com)
- LXGG sequence is recognized by viral and cellular deubiquitinating enzymes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Concentration1
- Next, concentration-dependent viral growth suppression and drug cytotoxicity were assessed. (biorxiv.org)
RNAs1
- On the other hand, 3AB presumably anchors 3B in intracellular membranes originated de novo during the early steps of RNA replication, where uridylylated 3B primes the synthesis of nascent viral RNAs ( 2 , 37 , 68 , 69 ). (asm.org)
Infectivity2
- At constant temperature, the RH was varied from 7-73% and infectivity was assessed by the viral plaque assay. (com.bd)
- By using both real-time reverse transcription-poly- voir to humans and the molecular basis of such a jump merase chain reaction TaqMan assay and an infectivity remain unanswered questions (12). (cdc.gov)
Tissue culture1
- Many showed uniform plaque morphology and grew to high titre in tissue culture. (who.int)
Isolates2
Necessity2
- Collect a pure P2 baculovirus stock on Day 10 without the necessity of tedious plaques assay. (fishersci.com)
- In this scholarly study, we present that reducing the known degrees of appearance of CtsW decreases viral titers for different subtypes of IAV, and we map the mark stage of CtsW necessity to viral entrance. (epf2013.org)
Infectious1
- Co-transfection of the viral replicon RNA and capsid expresser in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells led to the production of single round infectious particles (SRIPs). (virosin.org)
Cells3
- A total of 881 plaques from 90 individual cells were analyzed in this way. (virology.ws)
- The number of changes identified in the 7-10 plaques isolated from each cell, between 0 and 17, shows that some cells produce more diverse progeny than others. (virology.ws)
- Nevertheless, we discovered impaired get away of viral Demeclocycline HCl contaminants from past due endosomes in CtsW knockdown cells. (epf2013.org)
Genetically1
- The conclusion from these results is very important: a single plaque-forming unit can contain multiple, genetically diverse particles. (virology.ws)
Cell2
- Between 0 and 17 changes were identified in the 7-10 plaques isolated from each cell. (virology.ws)
- The viral yield per cell varied greatly, from 0 to over 3000 PFU. (virology.ws)
Visualization1
- Caine EA, Osorio JE (2017) In vivo imaging with bioluminescent enterovirus 71 allows for real-time visualization of tissue tropism and viral spread. (virosin.org)
Cytotoxicity1
- Ciclesonide exhibited low cytotoxicity and potent suppression of viral growth ( Fig. 1a ). (biorxiv.org)
Results1
- Sixteen of the 18 laboratories using IgM assays in Module B obtained the correct results as did the 13 laboratories that performed IgG assays. (who.int)
Reporter1
- We also constructed the vectors for CVA10 subgenomic replicon with luciferase reporter and viral capsid with EGFP reporter, respectively. (virosin.org)
Nucleotide1
- The second assay, a forward mutation assay, tests the mispairing potential of any altered nucleotide 1) during incorporation as substrate nucleotide, and 2) after multiple incorporations into a single-stranded DNA gap region of M13mp2. (psu.edu)
Congenital1
- Globally, HCMV represents the first viral cause of birth defect, leading to severe congenital malformations ( Leruez-Ville and Ville, 2017 ). (frontiersin.org)
Crucial1
- Mutational analysis of several of these amino acids both in pUL105 and pUL70, proved that they are crucial for viral replication. (frontiersin.org)
Dose-dependent1
- Importantly, viral absorption and penetration assays showed that the relative fluorescence intensity of HSV-1g was significantly reduced by SPS in a dose-dependent manner in the absorption test, but no change was observed in the penetration test. (molvis.org)