AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
TransducinRod Cell Outer SegmentRhodopsin3',5'-Cyclic-GMP PhosphodiesterasesRetinal Rod Photoreceptor CellsGTP-Binding Protein RegulatorsPhotoreceptor CellsCattleArrestinCyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 6Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)Guanosine TriphosphateGTP PhosphohydrolasesLightG-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 1Retinal PigmentsGTP-Binding ProteinsAdenosine Diphosphate RiboseDark AdaptationVision, OcularEye ProteinsRod OpsinsGuanosine DiphosphateGuanylyl ImidodiphosphateGTP-Binding Protein alpha SubunitsRetinaldehydeHydroxylamineRetinal Cone Photoreceptor CellsLight Signal TransductionHeterotrimeric GTP-Binding ProteinsRGS ProteinsAdaptation, OcularMacromolecular SubstancesVirulence Factors, BordetellaRetinaPertussis ToxinAluminum CompoundsPhotoreceptor Cells, VertebrateNucleoside Diphosphate SugarsMembrane ProteinsKineticsThionucleotidesRetinal Photoreceptor Cell Outer SegmentHydroxylaminesSkatoleGTP-Binding Protein beta SubunitsAmino Acid SequenceGuanine Nucleotides
ProteinBeta-transducinActivate transducinPhosphodiesteraseSubunitsRhodopsin-transducinSuperfamilyHeterotrimericProteinsArrestinGuanosineEnhancerRetinalRodsActivationFunctionalMutationCrucialGeneExchangeVisionVisualDirectlyCellsRepeatsSubunit of transducinSubunits of transducinCGMP phosphodiesteraseRhodopsin to bindTranslocationRetinal DegenerationActivatesMoleculeGammaEffectorDissociationPhotoreceptorsPhototransductionTriggersConeComplexBetaLight
Protein14
  • Transducin (Gt) is a protein naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rods and cones and it is very important in vertebrate phototransduction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Activation of the G protein transducin by rhodopsin was thought to proceed by the lever mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
  • In rods, when photons strike the chromophore component of rhodopsin, chromophore isomerization induces a conformational change that produces Meta-II rhodopsin, which then activates a G-protein, transducin. (jneurosci.org)
  • Photoactivated rhodopsin (R) catalyses, by repetitively interacting with many copies of a guanosine nucleotide binding protein (transducin), the amplified binding of GTP to transducin molecules which then activate cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase. (nih.gov)
  • and an abundant soluble protein of 48 KDal (called 48 K-protein, S-antigen, or arrestin) that specifically binds to phosphorylated R. Phosphorylation partially suppresses the ability of R to catalyze transducin-mediated phosphodiesterase activation even in the absence of arrestin. (nih.gov)
  • The GNAT2 gene provides instructions for making one part (called the cone-specific alpha subunit) of a protein called transducin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The heterotrimeric G-protein transducin mediates visual signaling in vertebrate photoreceptor cells. (eneuro.org)
  • The heterotrimeric G-protein transducin mediates visual signal transduction in the outer segments of vertebrate photoreceptor cells. (eneuro.org)
  • The signal is passed to a G-protein called transducin, triggering a series of downstream events. (moviecultists.com)
  • When rhodopsin is activated by light the protein couples with the G protein transducin which is the first step in the signal cascade. (moviecultists.com)
  • This pathway starts with the absorption of a photon by the GPCR rhodopsin, resulting in its activation of the heterotrimeric G protein transducin by catalyzing GDP-GTP exchange on the transducin-alpha subunit (GαT). (cornell.edu)
  • We determined structures for the rhodopsin-transducin complex by cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM), which together with efforts from other laboratories, led to a detailed picture of how GPCRs activate their G protein partners. (cornell.edu)
  • We will now test important aspects of this model through two broad experimental aims, each comprised of a number of sub-aims: 1) Determine how activated Gα subunits of the retinal G protein transducin exert a highly tuned regulation of their biological effector PDE6. (cornell.edu)
  • In light adaptation, rhodopsin is activated (ie, 11-cis -retinal is photoisomerized), and the attached G-protein (transducin) is also activated. (medscape.com)
Beta-transducin1
  • WD-40 repeats (also known as WD or beta-transducin repeats) are short ~40 amino acid motifs, often terminating in a Trp-Asp (W-D) dipeptide. (embl.de)
Activate transducin3
  • Altogether, the results suggest that single opsin molecules directly activate transducin sufficiently to induce membrane current fluctuations similar to those evoked by photons. (jneurosci.org)
  • The photopigments activate transducin, which triggers a series of chemical reactions within the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rather, nonglycosylated rhodopsin exhibited reduced ability to activate transducin, which was specifically associated with loss of glycosylation at N15. (jneurosci.org)
Phosphodiesterase9
  • Transducin activates phosphodiesterase, which results in the breakdown of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). (wikipedia.org)
  • Activated transducin α-subunit activates cGMP phosphodiesterase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Tα subunit of transducin contains three functional domains: one for rhodopsin/Tβγ interaction, one for GTP binding, and the last for activation of cGMP phosphodiesterase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transducin activation ultimately results in stimulation of the biological effector molecule cGMP phosphodiesterase, an oligomer with α, β and two inhibitory γ subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transducin activates a phosphodiesterase that hydrolyses cGMP, reducing cGMP levels. (jneurosci.org)
  • Bleaching-induced photoresponse-like events were absent in rods lacking transducin, ruling out direct activation of phosphodiesterase. (jneurosci.org)
  • Residues within the polycationic region of cGMP phosphodiesterase gamma subunit crucial for the interaction with transducin alpha subunit. (genome.jp)
  • The proteins identified include transducin α (Gα t ), phosphodiesterase (PDE6) catalytic and inhibitory subunits, cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGα) and arrestin. (bioone.org)
  • It takes two transducins to activate the cGMP-phosphodiesterase 6 in retinal rods. (uni-koeln.de)
Subunits3
  • Many aspects of the function of transducin were learned from knock-out mice lacking its individual subunits. (eneuro.org)
  • Previous studies have demonstrated that knocking out individual transducin subunits produces quite different phenotypes. (eneuro.org)
  • Recently, we solved a cryoEM structure for a complex in solution that contains two GTP-bound GαT subunits and PDE6, leading to a model describing how transducin activates its biological effector. (cornell.edu)
Rhodopsin-transducin1
  • Mutations in this domain abolish rhodopsin-transducin interaction. (wikipedia.org)
Superfamily1
Heterotrimeric1
  • Since Tβγ is crucial for the binding of transducin, reacquisition of the heterotrimeric conformation could lead to more rapid binding to another GTP molecule and thus faster phototransduction. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins1
  • Structural and functional characterization of guanyl nucleotide-binding proteins using monoclonal antibodies to the alpha-subunit of transducin. (aspetjournals.org)
Arrestin1
  • Binding of arrestin to the phosphorylated R potentiates this inhibitory effect, most probably because arrestin competes with transducin for binding on the phosphorylated R. Phosphorylation, in conjunction with arrestin binding, therefore appears to be a mechanism that terminates the active state of the receptor, R. (nih.gov)
Guanosine1
Enhancer2
  • Transducin-like enhancer of split 1 (TLE1) belongs to the Groucho/TLE family, and it functions in the "off" state in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transducin-like enhancer of split 1 (TLE1) is a member of the Groucho (ortholog of Drosophila )/TLE gene family located at chromosome 9q21.32 and acts as a transcriptional corepressor [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Retinal1
  • Transducin is activated by metarhodopsin II, a conformational change in rhodopsin caused by the absorption of a photon by the rhodopsin moiety retinal. (wikipedia.org)
Rods1
  • Transients disappear in rods lacking a transducin subunit (dark blue). (jneurosci.org)
Activation3
  • Light leads to conformational changes in rhodopsin, which in turn leads to the activation of transducin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The amino terminal might be anchored or in close proximity to the carboxyl terminal for activation of the transducin molecule by rhodopsin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sulfhydryl Reactivity and Transducin Activation Reveal a Tertiary Structure. (cmu.edu)
Functional1
  • As a result, a small amount of functional transducin is available to play its role in phototransduction, and the partially functioning cones can transmit some visual information to the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutation2
  • Mapping of a novel locus for achromatopsia (ACHM4) to 1p and identification of a germline mutation in the alpha subunit of cone transducin (GNAT2). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cone dystrophy phenotype associated with a frameshift mutation (M280fsX291) in the alpha-subunit of cone specific transducin (GNAT2). (medlineplus.gov)
Crucial1
  • Although the focus for phototransduction is on Tα, Tβγ is crucial for rhodopsin to bind to transducin. (wikipedia.org)
Gene1
  • The GNAT2 gene mutations that underlie complete achromatopsia lead to an abnormally small, nonfunctional version of the cone-specific alpha subunit of transducin. (medlineplus.gov)
Exchange1
  • The visual signal, or photoresponse, is initiated when photoexcited rhodopsin activates the transducin heterotrimer by catalyzing GDP−GTP exchange on its α-subunit (Gα t ). (eneuro.org)
Vision1
  • Golf is instrumental in odour perception, transducin in vision and gustducin in taste recognition. (genome.jp)
Visual1
Directly1
  • The intensity of the flash response is directly proportional to the number of transducin activated. (wikipedia.org)
Cells1
  • En face co-immunostaining of the mouse aortic arch revealed a low level of PDCD4 in endothelial cells undergoing pulsatile shear stress. (plos.org)
Repeats1
  • WD-40 repeats (also known as WD or beta-transducin repeats) are short ~40 amino acid motifs, often terminating in a Trp-Asp (W-D) dipeptide. (embl.de)
Subunit of transducin3
  • The Tα subunit of transducin contains three functional domains: one for rhodopsin/Tβγ interaction, one for GTP binding, and the last for activation of cGMP phosphodiesterase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The GNAT2 gene mutations that underlie complete achromatopsia lead to an abnormally small, nonfunctional version of the cone-specific alpha subunit of transducin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Available data argue for the D(E)RY motif binding both the Alpha and the Gamma subunit of transducin during activation of the latter. (hu-berlin.de)
Subunits of transducin1
CGMP phosphodiesterase2
  • Activated transducin α-subunit activates cGMP phosphodiesterase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transducin activation ultimately results in stimulation of the biological effector molecule cGMP phosphodiesterase, an oligomer with α, β and two inhibitory γ subunits. (wikipedia.org)
Rhodopsin to bind2
  • Although the focus for phototransduction is on Tα, Tβγ is crucial for rhodopsin to bind to transducin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The light photons cause the activated form of rhodopsin to bind to its protein partner, transducin, made up of three subunits (green, yellow, and purple). (nih.gov)
Translocation2
  • Light-dependent translocation of transducin. (nih.gov)
  • Transducin translocation in rods is triggered by saturation of the GTPase-activating complex. (nih.gov)
Retinal Degeneration1
  • Retinal accumulation of each reporter was measured in two models of retinal degeneration: the transducin γ-subunit knock-out (Gγ1-/- ) and P23H rhodopsin knock-in (P23H) mice. (duke.edu)
Activates2
Molecule2
  • The amino terminal might be anchored or in close proximity to the carboxyl terminal for activation of the transducin molecule by rhodopsin. (wikipedia.org)
  • This raises the possibility that the 43-kDa alpha transducin-immunopositive molecule present in the fish pineal organ and retina may be involved in phototransduction. (nih.gov)
Gamma2
  • Die verfügbaren Daten sprechen dafür, dass das D(E)RY-Motiv bei der Aktivierung des Transducins sowohl die Alpha- als auch die Gamma-Untereinheit desselben bindet. (hu-berlin.de)
  • Activation of rhodopsin on the outer membrane of rod and cone cells causes GTP to bind to transducin followed by dissociation of the alpha subunit-GTP complex from the beta/gamma subunits of transducin. (nih.gov)
Effector1
  • 2019, 'Phototransduction gain at the G-protein, transducin, and effector protein, phosphodiesterase-6, stages in retinal rods', PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 116, no. 18, pp. 8653-8654. (edu.au)
Dissociation1
  • Left, In dim light, RGS9-induced inactivation of transducin prevents its rapid dissociation from the membrane. (nih.gov)
Photoreceptors2
  • Therefore, we focused on the distal breakpoint and found that it lies in the second intron of the gene Gnb1, coding for the transducin beta1-subunit (Tbeta1) protein that is directly involved in the response to light of rod photoreceptors. (nih.gov)
  • Light-dependent compartmentalization of transducin in rod photoreceptors. (nih.gov)
Phototransduction2
  • Transducin plays an essential role in transmitting visual signals from photoreceptor cells in the retina to the brain through a process called phototransduction. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As a result, a small amount of functional transducin is available to play its role in phototransduction, and the partially functioning cones can transmit some visual information to the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
Triggers2
  • The photopigments activate transducin, which triggers a series of chemical reactions within the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This initiates the activation process and finally results in the active receptor conformation which is capable of activating the G protein transducin and thereby triggers a cascade of further activation steps which finally cause a nerve signal. (hu-berlin.de)
Cone3
  • The GNAT2 gene provides instructions for making one part (called the cone-specific alpha subunit) of a protein called transducin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mapping of a novel locus for achromatopsia (ACHM4) to 1p and identification of a germline mutation in the alpha subunit of cone transducin (GNAT2). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cone dystrophy phenotype associated with a frameshift mutation (M280fsX291) in the alpha-subunit of cone specific transducin (GNAT2). (medlineplus.gov)
Complex1
  • Right, In bright light, higher levels of activated transducin overwhelm the RGS9 complex, thereby allowing the accumulation of activated transducin. (nih.gov)
Beta2
  • Recently, both beta-transducin repeat-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (β-TrCP) and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase synoviolin (Hrd1) have been identified as novel E3 ubiquitin ligases that negatively regulate Nrf2 through Keap1-independent mechanisms. (portlandpress.com)
  • Forman estructuras tipo hélice beta características y están presentes en muchas proteínas eucariotas que actúan en distintos procesos celulares. (bvsalud.org)
Light1
  • In light adaptation, rhodopsin is activated (ie, 11- cis -retinal is photoisomerized), and the attached G-protein (transducin) is also activated. (medscape.com)