Thymine (/ˈθaɪmɪn/) (symbol T or Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G-C-A-T. The others are adenine, guanine, and cytosine. (wikipedia.org)
One of the common mutations of DNA involves two adjacent thymines or cytosine, which, in presence of ultraviolet light, may form thymine dimers, causing "kinks" in the DNA molecule that inhibit normal function. (wikipedia.org)
In March 2015, NASA scientists reported that, for the first time, complex DNA and RNA organic compounds of life, including uracil, cytosine and thymine, have been formed in the laboratory under outer space conditions, using starting chemicals, such as pyrimidine, found in meteorites. (wikipedia.org)
In DNA, however, uracil is readily produced by chemical degradation of cytosine, so having thymine as the normal base makes detection and repair of such incipient mutations more efficient. (pfeiffertheface.com)
When thymine is used the cell can easily recognize that the uracil doesn't belong there and can repair it by substituting it by a cytosine again. (pfeiffertheface.com)
DNA stores biological information in sequences of four roughly 30,000 genes, discrete chunks of DNA that are translated bases of nucleic acid -- adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) into individual proteins. (nih.gov)
Adenine (A) is one of the four nucleotide bases in DNA, with the other three being cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Within a double-stranded DNA molecule, adenine bases on one strand pair with thymine bases on the opposite strand. (genome.gov)
The structure of DNA, here diagramed and labeled shows detail regarding the four bases, adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine, and the location of the major and minor groove. (wikiversity.org)
The four nitrogenous bases that occur in DNA linking between the two phosphate-deoxyribose polymer strands are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). (wikiversity.org)
In the aqueous extracts from the Murchison CM meteorite, for which intensive study of organics have been made since its fall in 1969, we successfully detected all five canonical nucleobases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil) at the concentrations ranging from 4 to 72 ppb 11 . (nature.com)
The tautomeric forms of DNA bases are capable of unusual base pairing like thymine-guanine and cytosine-adenine and create mutations, which are the precursors of some molecular-based diseases. (osu.edu)
Bases5
Thymine bases are frequently oxidized to hydantoins over time after the death of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
To determine if this technology is capable of identifying individual DNA bases, we have examined the molecular arrangements of adenine and thymine attached to the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. (nih.gov)
Thymine is a nitrogen-containing base that is one of the four nucleotide bases that form the genetic code of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). (chemistrypage.in)
Thymine is linked to other bases of the same strand through a sugar-phosphodiester backbone, the nucleotide of thymine being called thymidine (thymine + deoxyribose sugar + phosphate). (botanydictionary.org)
In addition, the RNA bases are the same as in DNA, except that uracil replaces thymine. (encyclopedia.com)
This gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, which is involved in the breakdown of molecules called uracil and thymine. (medlineplus.gov)
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency interferes with the breakdown of uracil and thymine, and results in excess quantities of these molecules in the blood, urine, and the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord ( cerebrospinal fluid ). (medlineplus.gov)
It is unclear how the excess uracil and thymine are related to the specific signs and symptoms of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
Adenine and thymine2
Lattice dimensions, structural periodicities, and the epitaxy of adenine and thymine molecules with respect to the basal plane of graphite have been determined. (nih.gov)
Yet it's proven to be a major challenge because the genetic blueprint of this protozoan parasite has an unusual bias towards two nucleotides (adenine and thymine), which makes it difficult to use standard research tools to study the functions of its genes. (nih.gov)
Dimers5
Crude extracts of normal human diploid fibroblasts and of human peripheral blood lymphocytes excise thymine dimers from purified ultraviolet irradiated DNA, or from the DNA presumably present as chromatin in unfractionated cell free preparations of cells that had been labeled with [ 3 H]thymidine. (tau.ac.il)
Extracts of Xeroderma pigmentosum cells from complementation groups A, C, and D also excise thymine dimers from purified DNA, but extracts of group A cells do not excise dimers from the DNA of radioactively labeled unfractionated cell free preparations. (tau.ac.il)
abstract = "Crude extracts of normal human diploid fibroblasts and of human peripheral blood lymphocytes excise thymine dimers from purified ultraviolet irradiated DNA, or from the DNA presumably present as chromatin in unfractionated cell free preparations of cells that had been labeled with [3H]thymidine. (tau.ac.il)
After exposure to UV light, normal cultured cells identify and excise the UV-induced thymine dimers and insert undamaged nucleotides after DNA synthesis and ligation. (medscape.com)
Cell complementation analysis of cultured cells from patients with xeroderma pigmentosum demonstrated that xeroderma pigmentosum was genetically heterogeneous for the ability to repair UV-induced thymine dimers. (medscape.com)
Thymidine1
Thymine combined with deoxyribose creates the nucleoside deoxythymidine, which is synonymous with the term thymidine. (wikipedia.org)
In DNA, thymine (T) binds to adenine (A) via two hydrogen bonds, thereby stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. (wikipedia.org)
Ueber das Thymin, ein Spaltungsproduct der Nucleïnsäure" [On thymine, a cleavage product of nucleic acid]. (wikipedia.org)
Canonical2
TDG employs strict regulation for both the opposing guanine, as well as the base downstream of the target thymine, in order to limit removal of thymine from canonical A·T pairs, as erroneous removal of thymine from A·T pairs is mutagenic and cytotoxic. (umaryland.edu)
The solution structure of the self-complementary dodecamer 5'd(CGCGPATTCGCG)2, containing a purine-thymine base pair within the hexameric canonical recognition site GAATTC for the restriction endonuclease EcoRI, is investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics. (nih.gov)
Synthesis1
5-FU can be a metabolic analog of thymine (in DNA synthesis) or uracil (in RNA synthesis). (wikipedia.org)
Mutations1
The mutations caused by thymine deficiency appear to occur only at AT base pair sites in DNA and are often AT to GC transition mutations. (wikipedia.org)
Thymine at the place of uracil confers to additional stability because thymine has greater resistance to photochemical mutation, making the genetic material more stable. (pfeiffertheface.com)
Conversely, two conserved residues in TDG, A145 and H151, limit stability of thymine in the active site, and destabilize thymine as a leaving group. (umaryland.edu)
Interaction2
However, the thymine-Hg2+ interaction is strongly affected by the buffer conditions. (uwaterloo.ca)
Interaction between genotype and thymine concentrations genotype American whine interaction with concentration 50 ml L record average high in trait leave area, relative growth rate and carbohydrates ratio (4338, 4833 cm2 and 0.039, 0.021) g m-2 day-1 and 59.50, 58.35 %) both two season respectively. (edu.iq)
Supramolecular1
Supramolecular nanopatterns self-assembled by adenine-thymine quartets at the liquid/solid interface. (nih.gov)
Stable3
DNA uses thymine instead of uracil because thymine has greater resistance to photochemical mutation, making the genetic message more stable. (pfeiffertheface.com)
As a result, additional contacts between both the opposing guanine, as well as the guanine downstream of the target thymine, appear necessary to orient thymine in a manner which produces stable, productive flipping into the active site. (umaryland.edu)
During growth of bacteriophage T4, an imbalance of thymine availability, either a deficiency or an excess of thymine, causes increased mutation. (wikipedia.org)
In the bacterium Escherichia coli, thymine deficiency was also found to be mutagenic and cause AT to GC transitions. (wikipedia.org)
In DNA it pairs specifically with adenine in the complementary strand, so that the thymine:adenine base ratio is 1:1. (botanydictionary.org)
Hydrogen1
Thymine likely formed within some meteorite parent bodies, but may not have persisted within these bodies due to an oxidation reaction with hydrogen peroxide. (wikipedia.org)
Structures1
14. Microwave spectra and molecular structures of (Z)-pent-2-en-4-ynenitrile and maleonitrile. (nih.gov)
UV radiation induces cross-linking (dimerization) between thymine nucleotides. (medscape.com)
Chemical1
In enzymology, a thymine dioxygenase (EC 1.14.11.6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction thymine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } 5-hydroxymethyluracil + succinate + CO2 The 3 substrates of this enzyme are thymine, 2-oxoglutarate, and O2, whereas its 3 products are 5-hydroxymethyluracil, succinate, and CO2. (wikipedia.org)
Result2
It is shown that the introduction of the purine-thymine mismatch does not result in any significant distortion of the structure. (nih.gov)
Thymine could also be a target for actions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer treatment. (wikipedia.org)
American1
The visiting American chemist, Jerry Donohue, provided a key piece of evidence when he revealed that the forms given for thymine and guanine in most textbooks were wrong. (berkeley.edu)
Electronic1
13. Ab initio electronic structure of thymine anions. (nih.gov)
Found1
Thymine has not been found in meteorites, which suggests the first strands of DNA had to look elsewhere to obtain this building block. (wikipedia.org)