- The thioredoxins are maintained in their reduced state by the flavoenzyme thioredoxin reductase, in a NADPH-dependent reaction. (wikipedia.org)
- Thioredoxins act as electron donors to peroxidases and ribonucleotide reductase. (wikipedia.org)
- The related glutaredoxins share many of the functions of thioredoxins, but are reduced by glutathione rather than a specific reductase. (wikipedia.org)
- Oxidized Trx1 is then reduced by thioredoxin reductase, which in turn is reduced by NADPH as described above. (wikipedia.org)
- Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is similar in activity to glutathione reductase (GR), catalyzing the reduction of GSSG to GSH, and is one of the key enzymes of the glutathione redox cycle. (pharmiweb.com)
- Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzymes are a family of selenoproteins with a unique but essential selenocysteine (Sec) residue at their C-terminal redox center. (pharmiweb.com)
- The paper by Yusra A Al-Yafee and colleagues [4] (open-access) looking at " sulfur-dependent detoxification mechanisms " in relation to the autism spectrum noted that alongside aberrant values for glutathione ( yes, quite consistently so ) in their autistic cohort, elevated levels of TRX and related thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) were also detected compared with controls. (blogspot.com)
- Holmgren A. Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase. (blogspot.com)
- We analyzed the effects of mercuric chloride (HgCl(2)) and monomethylmercury (MeHg) on the proteins of the mammalian thioredoxin system, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and thioredoxin (Trx), and of the glutaredoxin system, glutathione reductase (GR) and glutaredoxin (Grx). (qxmd.com)
- The human selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) is a very important enzyme for cell growth, differentiation, and the defense against oxidative stress. (mesothelioma-line.com)
- The activity of the seleno-enzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1), important in maintaining Trx1 redox balance, was measured by cell-free and cell-dependent assays. (elsevierpure.com)
- Reyes, A.M. PrxQ B from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a monomeric, thioredoxin-dependent and highly efficient fatty acid hydroperoxide reductase. (uba.ar)
- Trujillo, M. 'PrxQ B from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a monomeric, thioredoxin-dependent and highly efficient fatty acid hydroperoxide reductase' (2016) Free Radical Biology and Medicine. (uba.ar)
- We show here that a splice variant of human thioredoxin reductase 1, TXNRD1_v3, forms both dynamic cytoplasmic filaments and provokes instantaneous formation of dynamic cell membrane protrusions identified as filopodia. (houstonmethodist.org)
- 2. RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH reactions (e.g., thioredoxin reductase). (cdc.gov)
- Selenium is a component of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase (which indirectly reduce certain oxidized molecules in animals and some plants). (cdc.gov)
- JNK activation and up-regulation of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) in the rat cochlea following styrene exposure. (cdc.gov)
- Thioredoxin is a 12-kD oxidoreductase protein. (wikipedia.org)
- Identification and characterization of TRP14, a thioredoxin-related protein of 14 kDa. (nih.gov)
- Protein disulfide reduction by thioredoxins (TRXs) controls the conformation of enzyme active sites and their multimeric complex formation. (rcsb.org)
- TrxR, mainly by donating electrons from NADPH to maintain the endogenous substrate thioredoxin (Trx) protein in a reduced state, regulates various redox-based signaling pathways involved in antioxidant defense, protein repair and transcriptional regulation. (pharmiweb.com)
- Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) is a regulator of metabolism and an inhibitor of the antioxidant thioredoxins, but little is known about its roles in the myocardium. (jci.org)
- Scholars@Duke publication: Glucose sensing by MondoA:Mlx complexes: a role for hexokinases and direct regulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein expression. (duke.edu)
- We identify thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) as a direct and glucose-regulated MondoA:Mlx transcriptional target. (duke.edu)
- Chevy Singh discusses targeting Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein (TXNIP) in the trabecular meshwork to prevent high glucose-mediated ocular hypertension. (kaltura.com)
- The activity of thioredoxin is regulated by a variety of mechanisms, such as transcription, localization, protein-protein interaction, and post-translational modification. (elsevierpure.com)
- Thioredoxin 2 Is a Novel E2-Interacting Protein That Inhibits the Replication of Classical Swine Fever Virus. (nih.gov)
- Using mass-spectrometry and deCoAlation assays, we identified B. subtilis YtpP (thioredoxin-like protein) and thioredoxin A (TrxA) as enzymes that can remove CoA from different substrates. (crick.ac.uk)
- Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of Thioredoxin Interacting Protein: A Perspective on Redox Inflammation and Metabolism. (harvard.edu)
- A role for thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) in cellular creatine homeostasis. (ox.ac.uk)
- Global gene expression analysis identified thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) as the only significantly upregulated gene (by 46%) under these conditions (P = 0.036), subsequently verified independently at mRNA and protein levels. (ox.ac.uk)
- Redox regulation is an important point of control in protein structure, interactions, cellular location , and function, with thioredoxins (TRXs) and glutaredoxins (GRXs) being key players in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis . (bvsalud.org)
- Activation of thioredoxin-interacting proteins (TXNIP)/nod-want receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has a critical function in pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (biopaqc.com)
- Purpose: Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is a cellular redox protein that promotes tumor growth, inhibits apoptosis, and up-regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor. (elsevierpure.com)
- Thioredoxin (TRX or TXN) is a class of small redox proteins known to be present in all organisms. (wikipedia.org)
- Thioredoxin proteins also have a characteristic tertiary structure termed the thioredoxin fold. (wikipedia.org)
- These two cysteines are the key to the ability of thioredoxin to reduce other proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Thioredoxin proteins move from cell to cell, representing a novel form of cellular communication in plants. (wikipedia.org)
- Thioredoxins are small soluble proteins that contain a redox-active disulfide (CXXC). (rcsb.org)
- The thioredoxin family consists of a small group of redox proteins present in all organisms and composed of thioredoxins (TRXs), glutaredoxins (GLRXs) and peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) which are found in the extracellular fluid, the cytoplasm, the mitochondria and in the nucleus with functions that include antioxidation, signaling and transcriptional control, among others. (curefa.org)
- The importance of thioredoxin family proteins in neurodegenerative diseases is gaining relevance because some of these proteins have demonstrated an important role in the central nervous system by mediating neuroprotection against oxidative stress, contributing to mitochondrial function and regulating gene expression. (curefa.org)
- Specifically, in the context of Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), thioredoxin family proteins may have a special role in the regulation of Nrf2 expression and function, in Fe-S cluster metabolism, controlling the expression of genes located at the iron-response element (IRE) and probably regulating ferroptosis. (curefa.org)
- Therefore, comprehension of the mechanisms that closely link thioredoxin family proteins with cellular processes affected in FRDA will serve as a cornerstone to design improved therapeutic strategies. (curefa.org)
- ROS production can lead to oxidative modifications of proteins, whereas redox enzymes such as thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) and glutaredoxin1 (Grx1) are the major antioxidant enzymes that are important for restoring redox-homeostasis, and regulating stress-relevant signaling pathways. (wayne.edu)
- This nuclear gene encodes a mitochondrial member of the thioredoxin family, a group of small multifunctional redox-active proteins. (nih.gov)
- Objective Thioredoxin-2 (Trx2) a major antioxidant proteins in mitochondria enhances nitric oxide bioavailability and inhibits ASK1-reliant apoptosis in endothelial cells (EC). (biomasswars.com)
- The redox management proteins Nrf2 and thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) were separated by electrophoresis, then quantified by immunoblotting. (elsevierpure.com)
- For Trx1, this process begins by attack of Cys32, one of the residues conserved in the thioredoxin CXXC motif, onto the oxidized group of the substrate. (wikipedia.org)
- Hypoxia inhibits expression and function of mitochondrial thioredoxin 2 to promote pulmonary hypertension. (nih.gov)
- A mitochondrial thioredoxin-sensitive mechanism regulates TGF-β-mediated gene expression associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. (nih.gov)
- In these two systems, GR and TrxR catalyze the transfer of electrons from NADPH to GSSG and thioredoxin, respectively, turning them into a reduced state, thereby participating in various subsequent reactions that maintain redox balance. (pharmiweb.com)
- The primary function of thioredoxin (Trx) is the reduction of oxidized cysteine residues and the cleavage of disulfide bonds. (wikipedia.org)
- Although not entirely understood, thioredoxin is linked to medicine through their response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). (wikipedia.org)
- In the human cell, antioxidant molecules include both nonenzymatic compounds such as glutathione (GSH), thioredoxin (Trx), ascorbate, α -tocopherol, β -carotene, and coenzyme Q10 and enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The poster titled " Targeting the intersection of immunology and redox biology: therapeutic potential of an anti-Thioredoxin antibody " will describe the identification of high affinity monoclonal antibodies against human Thioredoxin and in vitro and in vivo characterization of these antibodies. (obliquet.com)
- We find that when these archaeal thioredoxins are probed directly using PFV, both the high and low potential thioredoxins display consistent 2H+:2e- coupling over a physiological pH range, in conflict with the conventional 'rheostat' model. (rcsb.org)
- Thioredoxin not only functions as a major antioxidant in the heart but also interacts with important signaling molecules and transcription factors, thereby modulating various cellular functions. (elsevierpure.com)
- Thioredoxin and ventricular remodeling. (nih.gov)
- In this review, we will summarize the cardiac effects of thioredoxin and the mechanisms by which thioredoxin mediates inhibition of ventricular remodeling. (nih.gov)
- The three isozymes are named thioredoxin R1 (TrxR1) (cytoplasmic type), TrxR2 (mitochondrial type) and an isozyme TrxR3 (TGR) expressed mainly in the testis due to their different distribution regions. (pharmiweb.com)
- Inhibition of the human thioredoxin system. (qxmd.com)
- Overall, mercury inhibition was selective toward the thioredoxin system. (qxmd.com)
- Reference: Thioredoxin, the Processivity Factor, Sequesters an Exposed Cysteine in the Thumb Domain of Bacteriophage T7 DNA Polymerase. (neb.com)
- Here, we studied the impact of mitochondrial-localized thioredoxin o1 (TRXo1) on photorespiratory metabolism. (hal.science)
- The present results also suggest that one potential role of the MP6-derived thioredoxin could be the up regulation of IL-6 receptor expression in EBV-infected B cells. (lu.se)
- Thioredoxin reductases are important selenoproteins maintaining cellular redox balance and regulating several redox dependent processes in apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation. (houstonmethodist.org)
- Loss-of-function mutation of either of the two human thioredoxin genes is lethal at the four-cell stage of the developing embryo. (wikipedia.org)
- Orthologous to human TXNDC17 (thioredoxin domain containing 17). (nih.gov)
- Crystal structures of reduced, oxidized, and mutated human thioredoxins: evidence for a regulatory homodimer. (expasy.org)
- Furthermore, the human T cell hybridoma cell line MP6 that secretes a B cell growth and differentiation factor, recently identified as an isoform of thioredoxin, is also capable of stimulating EBV-infected B cells and lymphoblastoid cell lines. (lu.se)
- In humans, thioredoxins are encoded by TXN and TXN2 genes. (wikipedia.org)
- Thioredoxins play a role in cell-to-cell communication. (wikipedia.org)
- Recent studies have confirmed that sulforaphane (SFN) can activate multiple pathways, and promote the expression of the antioxidants in cells.Thioredoxin (Trx) plays an important role in maintaining the intracellular redox in the steady state. (cjeo-journal.org)
- These disulfides are tuned to oxidizing or reducing potentials depending on the function of the thioredoxin within the cell. (rcsb.org)
- New insights into the specificity of thioredoxin function. (nih.gov)
- THX is a plastidial thioredoxin that may participate in various redox reactions. (phytoab.com)
- In plants, thioredoxins regulate a spectrum of critical functions, ranging from photosynthesis to growth, flowering and the development and germination of seeds. (wikipedia.org)
- In most eukaryotes, there are mainly two independent antioxidant systems, one is the thioredoxin system and the other is the glutathione system. (pharmiweb.com)