• In contrast, there is a branch of ergodic theory which aims at analysing dynamical system models which incorporate this extra information, and rigorously derives statistical properties from the underlying deterministic dynamics. (conference-service.com)
  • J Chem Theory Comput;19(18): 6484-6499, 2023 Sep 26. (bvsalud.org)
  • This book examines macroeconomic theory from an analytical framework provided by theories of complex systems, in contrast to conventional theories founded on aggregation. (mercatus.org)
  • Results are also discussed through the framework of Family Systems Theory and related back to previous literature on the role of the family in the college selection process. (ku.edu)
  • For example, Baez and Pollard proposed a general framework for describing the reaction network and corresponding open dynamic systems, by using the graph of Petri nets. (utoronto.ca)
  • This framework is constrained in representing the dynamical systems that can be represented by Petri nets and is difficult to describe the dynamical systems including arbitrary functions, such as exponential functions, logarithmic functions, etc. (utoronto.ca)
  • The condensation theory provides a framework for understanding the formation of our solar system and has been supported by numerous observations and simulations. (philosophynews.com)
  • CDC has released a framework for healthcare systems providing non-COVID-19 clinical care during the COVID-19 pandemic to provide these systems with an analytic tool to deliver non-COVID-19 healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • A theory-driven design framework for social recommender systems. (lu.se)
  • These emerging themes have the potential to transform management and policy approaches for protected areas and have important implications for conservation, in both theory and practice. (usgs.gov)
  • Although studies on PD from various aspects are becoming popular, few rely on predictive systems modeling approaches. (amrita.edu)
  • When designing more conventional systems (following approaches such as user-centered design or design thinking), designers rely on latent user characteristics (such as beliefs and attitudes, proficiency levels, expertise, personality) aside from objective, observable behavior. (wikicfp.com)
  • HUMANIZE aims to investigate the potential of combining the quantitative, data-driven approaches with the qualitative, theory-driven approaches. (wikicfp.com)
  • In this thesis three new transfer operator based approaches are developed for the analysis of the long-term behavior of dynamical systems. (logos-verlag.de)
  • Furthermore, new theories and approaches that have arisen through the study of East and SouthEast Asia's societies, e.g. theories of post-colonialism that have been questioned and enriched Western social sciences, are discussed and analysed. (lu.se)
  • It is part of the wider field of probabilistic properties of (deterministic) dynamical systems. (conference-service.com)
  • To address the issues, this paper proposes a novel theory as Automatic Increase Market Systems (AIMS) for cryptos, which could potentially be designed to automatically adjust the value of a cryptocurrency helping to stabilize the price and increase its value over time in a deterministic manner. (arxiv.org)
  • Based on the Boltzmann Machine concept, we derive a learning algorithm in which time-consuming stochastic measurements of correlations are replaced by solutions to deterministic mean field theory equations. (lu.se)
  • I will explain what the ergodic theory of group actions tells us about the distribution of points of arithmetic interest on spheres. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • Machine learning (ML), a sub-discipline of AI, has led to the application of internet searches, ecommerce sites, goods and services recommender systems, image and speech recognition, sensor technologies, robotic devices, and cognitive decision support systems (see the blog AI and Workers' Comp ). (cdc.gov)
  • First we review the construction and properties of Hamiltonian systems in the so-called restricted multimomentum bundle using Hamiltonian sections, including the variational principle which leads to the Hamiltonian field equations. (upc.edu)
  • The corresponding variational principle is also stated for these extended Hamiltonian systems and, after studying the geometric properties of these systems, we establish the relation between the extended and the restricted ones. (upc.edu)
  • Perspectives of General Systems Theory by Ludwig von Bertalanffy. (isss.org)
  • This chapter treats the theory of ordinary differential equations, both linear and nonlinear. (projecteuclid.org)
  • Since higher-order equations can always be reduced to first-order systems, these results address existence and uniqueness for $n^{th}$-order equations as a special case. (projecteuclid.org)
  • Sections 6-7 identify explicit solutions to $n^{th}$-order linear equations and first-order linear systems. (projecteuclid.org)
  • The apparent universality of this phenomenon has now been confirmed for many integrable systems, both continuous and discrete with defining equations in one, two and three dimensions. (cam.ac.uk)
  • From a physics point of view this could set a new paradigm for least-action principles in physics where the Lagrangian itself is a solution of a system of generalized Euler-Lagrange equations, and where the geometry in the embedding space is a variational variable together with the field variables. (cam.ac.uk)
  • In systems engineering, the tricotyledon theory of system design (T3SD) is a mathematical theory of system design developed by A. Wayne Wymore. (wikipedia.org)
  • T3SD consists of a language for describing systems and requirements, which is based on set theory, a mathematical systems model based on port automata, and a precise definition of the different types of system requirements and relationships between requirements. (wikipedia.org)
  • Established in 1997, the prize is awarded to an individual in their early career for research contributions to mathematical control or systems theory. (siam.org)
  • The SIAM Activity Group on Control and Systems Theory Prize (SIAG/CST Prize) is awarded every two years to one outstanding early career researcher for distinguished contributions to mathematical theory of systems and control in the three calendar years preceding the award year. (siam.org)
  • The candidate's research must contain significant contributions to the mathematical theory of control or systems, as commonly defined in the mathematical and engineering literature. (siam.org)
  • This book is different;it presents mathematical background with sufficient rigor for an engineering text, but it concentrates on providing practical application examples that can be used to design working systems, without needing to fully understand the math and high-level theory operating behind the scenes. (powells.com)
  • Article: How information system investment evaluation is being initiated: an actor network theory perspective Journal: International Journal of Business Information Systems (IJBIS) 2016 Vol.22 No.3 pp.259 - 279 Abstract: Determining whether investments in information technology (IT) have an impact on firm performance has been and continues to be a major problem for information system (IS) researchers and practitioners. (inderscience.com)
  • A system is "more than the sum of its parts" by expressing synergy or emergent behavior. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Department of Adaptive Systems focuses predominantly on the design of decision-making systems, which modify their behavior according to the changing properties of their environment. (cas.cz)
  • Observable, measurable, objective interaction behavior plays a central role in the design of these systems, in both the predictive modeling that provides intelligence (e.g., predicting what web pages a website visitor will visit based on their historic navigation behavior) and the evaluation (e.g., decide if a system performs well based on the extent that predictions are accurate and used correctly). (wikicfp.com)
  • Any adaptive system that relies solely on the interaction behavior data can be explained in terms of expectations, perceptions, variables and models used from theory and define the users as entities, their thinking and feeling, while undertaking purposeful actions (and reactions) regarding e.g., learning, reasoning, problem solving, decision making. (wikicfp.com)
  • These findings suggest that the specific feature of the COVID-19 event system ( economic versus health ) and the target (organizational insiders versus outsiders) matter for shaping helping behavior. (cdc.gov)
  • A. Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory looks at the development of a child as happening within an intricate system of relationships affected by various levels of their environment. (bartleby.com)
  • The two factors as mentioned previously are the foundation of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. (bartleby.com)
  • Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory encompasses every aspect of Adam Lanza's development. (bartleby.com)
  • The ecological system theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner views the child development as being in a system of connections affected by many levels of the surrounding environment (Berk,2006). (bartleby.com)
  • Protected areas offer a fundamental approach to conserving ecosystems, but they are also social-ecological systems whose ecological management and sustainability are heavily influenced by people. (usgs.gov)
  • The condensation theory proposes that the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust known as the solar nebula. (philosophynews.com)
  • The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is currently pushing health systems to, and possibly beyond, their limits [1]. (mja.com.au)
  • On June 21, 2019, a round table on the topic "System of National Statistics: Theory and Practice" was held at the Andizhan Machine-Building Institute. (stat.uz)
  • The project is focused on two objectives: the study of optimization and inference algorithms based on advanced statistical physics methods for disordered systems, and their application to large-scale inverse problems in computational systems biology. (europa.eu)
  • Any adaptive system that considers a human-centred model in its core may consider and respect the individual differences, enabling the design and creation of environments, interventions and AI algorithms that are ethical, open to diversity, policies and legal challenges, and treating all users with fairness regarding their skills and unique characteristics. (wikicfp.com)
  • Any adaptive system that utilizes the full potential of its human-centred model in terms of definition and impact on decisions made by AI algorithms may facilitate the visibility and transparency of the subsequent actions bringing the control back to the users, for regulating, monitoring and understanding an adaptive outcome that directly affects them. (wikicfp.com)
  • Any adaptive system�s AI algorithms and adaptive processes which are designed and developed considering human-centred model characteristics, the impact and relationships of subsequent variables, may facilitate informed interpretations and unveil possible bias decisions, actions and operations of users during their multi-purpose interactions. (wikicfp.com)
  • This approach discussed by Berk (2006) starts with the inner most layer of this system being the microsystem. (bartleby.com)
  • In contrast, the social-theoretic approach to macro or social theory in this book treats the standard macro variables as having been shaped through social institutions, conventions, and processes that in turn are generated through interaction among economizing persons. (mercatus.org)
  • The approach in this paper uses a spatial overlap correlator scheme to accurately track organ motion in computed tomography imaging systems. (nih.gov)
  • Synthetic data tests demonstrate the validity of this approach and show that hardware modifications are essential for its implementation in x-ray CT medical imaging systems. (nih.gov)
  • This health-oriented systems approach is not only reason based-it supports a courageous leadership deeply needed in our congregations at this critical time. (rowman.com)
  • Event system theory: An event-oriented approach to the organizational sciences. (cdc.gov)
  • [10] More businesses are managing their workforces using sensor technology, cloud-based human resource systems, and ML-enabled data analytics in an approach called "people analytics. (cdc.gov)
  • Perceiving more congruence among disparate formulations than has hitherto been appreciated, he elaborates his vision of personality as an adaptive system that enables the individual to maintain equilibrium in an environment that is both threatening and engaging. (whsmith.co.uk)
  • Conventional macro theory presents a national economy as a collection of such aggregate variables as output, employment, investment, and a price level, and seeks to develop theoretical relationships among those variables. (mercatus.org)
  • To better understand the often far-reaching implications associated with technology investment and interrelated IS evaluation, this study follows actor-network theory (ANT) as a theoretical lens and interpretive case study as a methodology. (inderscience.com)
  • Systems theory is an interdisciplinary field with origins in engineering , physics and applied mathematics but has been extended into many areas of natural sciences and humanities such as biology , economics and psychology . (academickids.com)
  • We build a crypto, WISH (https://wishbank.wtf), based on AIMS in order to demonstrate how the automatic increase market system would work in practice, and how it would influence the supply of the cryptocurrency in response to market demand and finally make itself to be a stable medium of exchange, ensuring that the AIMS is fair and transparent. (arxiv.org)
  • For the range of coupling (strength) parameters we consider, our finite-size coupled systems always have a unique invariant probability density which is strictly positive and analytic, and all finite-size systems exhibit exponential decay of correlations. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • At the same time, these new techniques are becoming key tools in fields such as computational systems biology, where the exponential increase of molecular data is posing new computational challenges in the study of biological systems composed by many interacting molecular components. (europa.eu)
  • The author, an engineer with many years of experience in the application of control system theory to embedded designs, offers a concise presentation of the basics of control theory as it pertains to an embedded environment. (powells.com)
  • What is Dynamic Systems Theory, as it pertains to movement? (biolayne.com)
  • During the DIS programme of 2009 Lobb and Nijhoff introduced a novel point of view on the Lagrangian theory of systems integrable in the sense of multidimensional consistency. (cam.ac.uk)
  • The angular perturbation analysis is suggestive of the presence of weak turbulence instabilities that propagate from low to high orders in perturbation theory. (arxiv.org)
  • Further, conditions are derived such that the Galerkin projection of the transfer operator can be related to a small random perturbation of the underlying system. (logos-verlag.de)
  • Fuzzy logic has shown itself to be a powerful design and analysis methodology in control theory, enabling the implementation of advanced knowledge-based control strategies for complex dynamic systems such as those emerging applications for systems and synthetic biology. (hindawi.com)
  • We deal with basic radiation and reflection theories and properties and the Corine land cover classification system. (lu.se)
  • A representative mine power system is modeled, and simulations with faults at various locations are conducted. (cdc.gov)
  • A brief discussion of the psychological theory known as systems theory. (academon.com)
  • We solicit work from researchers that incorporate variables grounded in psychological theory into their adaptive/intelligent systems. (wikicfp.com)
  • The Chair of the SIAM Activity Group on Control and Systems Theory will present the award to the recipient. (siam.org)
  • Control theory, and numerical methods for design, operation and control of energy systems. (otago.ac.nz)
  • We will discuss control theory and application, instrumentation and equipment selection, dynamic simulation and numerical methods for design, operation and control of engineering processes and energy systems. (otago.ac.nz)
  • Many embedded engineers and programmers who need to implement basic process or motion control as part of a product design do not have formal training or experience in control system theory. (powells.com)
  • Although some projects require advanced and very sophisticated control systems expertise, the majority of embedded control problems can be solved without resorting to heavy math and complicated control theory. (powells.com)
  • The increasing complexity of the problems addressed directs the main stream of the research toward decentralized control of large-scale systems and normative decision-making with multiple participants. (cas.cz)
  • Taking in and organizing information and maintaining nondisruptive levels of anxiety while responding to outer and inner demands are the tasks of this system, which consists of a perceptual apparatus and a control apparatus operating in delicate balance. (whsmith.co.uk)
  • This research direction is concerned with identification and control of uncertain systems using Bayesian decision-making theory. (cas.cz)
  • The main advantage of this theory is consistency of the generated decision (i.e. estimates and control actions). (cas.cz)
  • Every system has causal boundaries, is influenced by its context, defined by its structure, function and role, and expressed through its relations with other systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • No. It's not that we have abandoned the theory of a causal connection between depression and neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine, but we now realize that the brain is much more complex and there are multiple factors involved. (theglobeandmail.com)
  • Dr. Lindsay defines "Critical Race Theory" as the belief that the fundamental organizing principle of society is racism that was created by white people for their own benefit. (yaf.org)
  • Academic achievements (the student workload) at Lund University are measured according to a credit system. (lu.se)
  • Readers benefit from a lively mix of motivation and intuition, with illustrations, examples, and more than 300 exercises, all while acquiring the skills needed to model, analyze, and design large-scale systems with good performance and low cost. (cmu.edu)
  • The exercises are an important feature, teaching research-level counterintuitive lessons in the design of computer systems. (cmu.edu)
  • Normal Accident Theory is a classic argument in organizational sociology, although it has been criticized as having imprecise definitions and lacking criteria for quantifying complexity. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, Ilya Prigogine, of the Center for Complex Quantum Systems at the University of Texas, has studied emergent properties, suggesting that they offer analogues for living systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • As the source nuclei of the primary vagal efferent pathways regulating the heart shifted from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in reptiles to the nucleus ambiguus in mammals, a face-heart connection evolved with emergent properties of a social engagement system that would enable social interactions to regulate visceral state. (ccjm.org)
  • Formed in the 1950s it is a precursor the newer field of complex systems which developed in the 1980s and later. (academickids.com)
  • See the related Category:Complex systems . (academickids.com)
  • Model-Based Systems Engineering. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bronfenbrenner called his theory a bioecological model because the child's biological attributes mesh with the environment to further development. (bartleby.com)
  • A Systems Model of Parkinson's Disease Using Biochemical Systems Theory. (amrita.edu)
  • Using Biochemical Systems Theory (BST), this article attempts to model and characterize dopaminergic cell death and understand pathophysiology of progression of PD. (amrita.edu)
  • The motivation for this model originated from our previous research and used new ingredients, dictated by the understanding of common structure underlying the QH systems and the theories with extra dimensions. (europa.eu)
  • The inner and the outer model in explanatory design theory: the case of designing electronic feedback systems. (lu.se)
  • On the Simulation of Thermal Isomerization of Molecular Photoswitches in Biological Systems. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ab initio multireference free-energy calculations in explicit molecular environments are crucial for predicting the effects of substituents on the thermal half-lives of photoswitches in biological systems. (bvsalud.org)
  • Category theory is believed to be the central hub of pure mathematics. (utoronto.ca)
  • I/O requirement Performance requirement System test requirement Cost requirement Tradeoff requirement Based on set theory Transition systems Functional system design Buildable system design Wymore, A. Wayne (1993). (wikipedia.org)
  • D. Krokavec and A. Filasová explore the new conditions suitable for design of a stabilizing output controller for a class of continuous-time Takagi-Sugeno nonlinear systems. (hindawi.com)
  • for instance, if design principles can be formalized in order to reshape the information systems design into a. (lu.se)
  • In this panel, Shirley Gregor, Fred Niederman, Eileen Trauth, and Cathy Urquhart reflect on the multiple aspects of social inclusion in the design and the resulting shape of Information Systems. (lu.se)
  • This combination provides valuable information on how to design the systems. (wikicfp.com)
  • Theory Audio Design has followed its recent product announcements with a new update to its Automator software for the ALC-1809 amplified loudspeaker controller. (residentialsystems.com)
  • The anatomy of a design theory. (lu.se)
  • Assessing information system design theory in perspective: how useful was our 1992 initial rendition? (lu.se)
  • Explanatory design theory. (lu.se)
  • A science of design for software-intensive systems. (lu.se)
  • A design science research methodology for information systems research. (lu.se)
  • Leaving the beaten tracks in creative work-A design theory for systems that support convergent and divergent thinking. (lu.se)
  • A design theory for secure information systems design methods. (lu.se)
  • The role of theory and theorising in design science research. (lu.se)
  • In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Design Science in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST 2006) (pp. 1-18). (lu.se)
  • and to elucidate principles (such as purpose, measure, methods, tools) that can be discerned and applied to other systems at every level of nesting, and in a wide range of fields for achieving optimized equifinality. (wikipedia.org)
  • General systems theory is about developing broadly applicable concepts and principles, as opposed to concepts and principles specific to one domain of knowledge. (wikipedia.org)
  • By comparing different systems, scientists can gain insight into the general principles that govern the formation and evolution of planetary systems. (philosophynews.com)
  • The interplay between theory and limited computing power is the common issue linking the various project domains. (cas.cz)
  • The interplay and interrelation between QH effect and theories with extra dimensions, including string theory, was the main motivation for this project. (europa.eu)
  • The second method considers the infinitesimal generator of the transfer operator semigroup for continuous-time systems. (logos-verlag.de)
  • One aspect of reshaping society that has been recently discussed in central Europe is that of social inclusion (http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=750&langId=en). (lu.se)
  • Automator v2.0 allows installers to deploy Theory surround systems utilizing two of the company's ALC-1809 loudspeaker controllers simultaneously for systems up to 9.4.4 or 7.4.6. (residentialsystems.com)
  • The formation of our solar system is a topic of great scientific interest and ongoing research. (philosophynews.com)
  • One prominent theory that attempts to explain the origin of our solar system is the condensation theory. (philosophynews.com)
  • The first key concept of condensation theory is the solar nebula, the primordial cloud of gas and dust from which our solar system originated. (philosophynews.com)
  • The process of accretion was not uniform throughout the Solar System. (philosophynews.com)
  • In summary, condensation theory provides a comprehensive explanation for the formation of our solar system, from the collapse of the solar nebula to the condensation of solid particles and the subsequent accretion of planets. (philosophynews.com)
  • What is the condensation theory of solar system formation? (philosophynews.com)
  • The classical theory of planet formation, established when the Solar System was the only one we knew, has been recently challenged and is undergoing major changes. (lu.se)
  • This book provides guidance for self-examination and leadership development in equal measure on the topic of emotional systems, rendering understandable some counterintuitive ways of thinking about individuals and communities. (rowman.com)
  • Active systems are activity structures or components that interact in behaviours and processes or interrelate through formal contextual boundary conditions (attractors). (wikipedia.org)
  • Sophie Libkind has proposed operadic modeling of dynamical systems, which can represent and compose the dynamical systems via composing both exterior dynamic variables and sharing resources (which are the stocks in the Stock and Flow diagrams or also named compartments in the compartmental models). (utoronto.ca)
  • However, although the graphs used (directed wiring diagrams and undirected wiring diagrams) are helpful in representing the two compositional methods, some details of dynamical systems are obscure to be shown. (utoronto.ca)
  • Then, we employ the monoidal category to generate a new Stock and Flow diagram (dynamical systems) by composing from multiple "small" Stock and Flow diagrams (dynamical systems). (utoronto.ca)
  • Systems theory is the transdisciplinary study of systems, i.e. cohesive groups of interrelated, interdependent components that can be natural or human-made. (wikipedia.org)
  • Systems theory promotes dialogue between autonomous areas of study as well as within systems science itself. (wikipedia.org)
  • We study systems consisting of a large number of identical ergodic transformations which interact via a mean-field coupling rule, meaning that the evolution of each component depends on the global average of all states. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • The study of return-times and hitting-times of small sets ("rare events") in ergodic dynamical systems has undergone some intense research in the past 20 years. (conference-service.com)
  • Based on the lack of research, the overarching Division III philosophy, the pure participation rates of NCAA Division III athletes (more than 180,000 current Division III athletes), and the ideal fit of Family Systems Theory to this selection process, this research study is fitting. (ku.edu)
  • The study of other star systems and exoplanets has also shed light on the diversity of planetary systems beyond our own. (philosophynews.com)
  • In addressing the above issues the study serves an important objective which is to provide valuable insights regarding the way in which IS investments projects are evaluated, which is currently lacking in both the information systems and the management literature. (inderscience.com)
  • Each system is aligned with specific interaction levels. (bartleby.com)
  • The theory under consideration should be applicable to dynamic DM and interaction within a flat structure without any coordination. (cas.cz)
  • Movement patterns emerge from the interaction of multiple systems. (biolayne.com)
  • The class system is well organized in terms of Marx's theory which is displayed in characters in the media, as independent individuals but at the same time media has added their own perspective of the class of having difficulty fitting in with society and their own personality. (123helpme.com)
  • Provocative, innovative, and analytical, Personality as an Affect-Processing System: Toward an Integrative Theory points to new directions for all those who seek to understand human psychological functioning. (whsmith.co.uk)
  • Identifying theory (e.g., personality, level of domain knowledge, cognitive styles) that can be used for user models for personalizing user interfaces. (wikicfp.com)
  • This theory focuses on the impact of the environment on a child's overall development. (bartleby.com)
  • Designing better adaptive systems from inferred user variables (e.g., altering the number of search results, ordering of interface elements, visual versus textual representations). (wikicfp.com)
  • Nevertheless from this purely formal definition of "system" many properties follow which in part are expressed in laws well-known in various fields of science, and in part concern concepts previously regarded as anthropomorphic, vitalistic. (isss.org)
  • Healing Logics: Culture and Medicine in Modern Health Belief Systems. (academon.com)
  • Health Belief System Theory' 29 March 2012. (academon.com)
  • A look at the formation and meaning of belief systems. (academon.com)
  • Moreover, we will implement the category theory (representation and composition) in the programing language Julia as a practical software, based on the category theory Julia package Catlab, and the Algerbraic Julia ecosystem. (utoronto.ca)
  • The book is written with computer scientists and engineers in mind and is full of examples from computer systems, as well as manufacturing and operations research. (cmu.edu)
  • The practical tips, real-life examples and ability of Reeves to get outside of his own systems enough to provide clear thinking about them can be a very useful tool in helping any reader of his book to do the same. (rowman.com)
  • About fifteen years ago, Palis conjectured that typical dynamical systems should possess good statistical properties. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • Partly this was made possible by extending ideas from the statistical physics of disordered systems to applications in computer science. (europa.eu)
  • As a result, the theory, which was extremely fruitful in the realm of statistical and condensed matter physics, notably in the description of superconductivity and superfluidity, turned out to become a big success in cosmology. (europa.eu)
  • This paper seeks to make a contribution to the theory of IS evaluation in a developing country context to close a gap in knowledge by generating new understanding of the IS pre-evaluation practices adopted by a large Jordanian bank. (inderscience.com)
  • The Stock and Flow diagram has been commonly used in several simulation software as the bridge to build dynamical systems, such as VENSIM, Anylogic. (utoronto.ca)
  • His theory is commonly displayed on television through the typical nineties American sitcom shows wanting to live the dream. (123helpme.com)