• Both dioxygen and the superoxide anion are free radicals that exhibit paramagnetism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Previously, we showed that diabetic monocytes produce increased superoxide anion (O 2 − ), and α-tocopherol (AT) supplementation decreases this. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Monocytes from type 2 diabetic patients secrete increased superoxide anion (O 2 − ) compared with control subjects ( 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Global gene expression analysis reveals differences in cellular responses to hydroxyl- and superoxide anion radical-induced oxidative stress in caco-2 cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therefore, we studied global gene expression by an extensive time series (0.08, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 24 h) analyses in human colon cancer (caco-2) cells after exposure to H(2)O(2) or the superoxide anion donor menadione . (bvsalud.org)
  • In 1989, Nicotera et al suggested that the major biochemical defect in persons with Bloom syndrome is chronic overproduction of the superoxide radical anion. (medscape.com)
  • HO2 + OH-}}} Given that the hydroperoxyl radical has a pKa of around 4.8, superoxide predominantly exists in the anionic form at neutral pH. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the metalloprotein superoxide dismutase, SOD, is the key enzyme involved in the detoxification of superoxide radicals, it may play a vital role in interindividual variation in superoxide radical turnover. (nature.com)
  • The formula used in SOD is a bioavailable form of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the most important enzyme in the body for protecting the body's cells and tissues from free radical damage. (seacoast.com)
  • The enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a powerful antioxidant thought to slow the rate of cell destruction by providing a defense against free radicals, especially the most prolific free radical, superoxide. (myaimstore.com)
  • Generation of superoxide-radical by the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase of heart mitochondria. (scienceopen.com)
  • SDSM2 introduces two additional features to the formula: 1) a more potent form of Superoxide Dismutase derived from yeast originally isolated from grape skin with an extremely high activity of up to 55000 pyrogallol autoxidation inhibitor units per ml and 2) a purified, ph-balanced extract of malachite rock, or copper carbonate hydroxide mineral, which offers additional direct scavenging of the superoxide radical. (niod.com)
  • This highly-purified, ph-balanced extract of malachite rock, or copper carbonate hydroxide mineral, offers additional direct scavenging of the superoxide radical. (niod.com)
  • It works by catalyzing the dismutation of the superoxide radical O2ˉ to O2 and H2O2, which are then metabolized to H2O and O2 by catalase and glutathione peroxidase (2,5). (eaglebio.com)
  • We evaluated the effects of two insecticides (fipronil, sulfluramid) and metallic insecticide complex (magnesium complex [Mg(hesp)2(phen)] (1)) on the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and the overall antioxidant capacity using two different methodologies: total radical-trapping potential (TRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). (springer.com)
  • In turn, micro-organisms genetically engineered to lack the superoxide-scavenging enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) lose virulence. (wikipedia.org)
  • We are interested in achieving a dynamic description with structural resolution of the full-fibrillation pathway of the enzyme superoxide dismutase 1. (lu.se)
  • Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are the primary reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzymes of the cell and catalyze the dismutation of superoxide radicals O2- to H2O2 and molecular oxygen (O2). (nih.gov)
  • Enhanced oxidative-stress defence in transgenic potato expressing tomato Cu/Zn superoxide dismutases. (scielo.org.za)
  • Molecular cloning and characterization of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase ( sod1 ) gene in brown trout and its expression in response to acute aquaculture stressors. (wroc.pl)
  • Worldwide, approximately 20% of cases of familial ALS are due to a mutation in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-1 gene ( SOD1 ). (medscape.com)
  • There has been increasing evidence that deranged superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities might be a risk factor for schizophrenia and/or tardive dyskinesia (TD). (nature.com)
  • The salts caesium superoxide (CsO2), rubidium superoxide (RbO2), potassium superoxide (KO2), and sodium superoxide (NaO2) are prepared by the reaction of O2 with the respective alkali metal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Which is yellow, sodium superoxide or potassium peroxide? (handlebar-online.com)
  • The Rubidium Superoxide is a classically voiced fuzz circuit with modern updates. (reverb.com)
  • Rubidium Superoxide features true-bypass switching and premium parts. (reverb.com)
  • The reactive oxygen ion superoxide is particularly important as the product of the one-electron reduction of dioxygen O2, which occurs widely in nature. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both superoxide and hydroperoxyl are classified as reactive oxygen species. (wikipedia.org)
  • The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of highly reactive superoxide . (emf-portal.org)
  • Superoxide is the main reactive oxygen species in each cell and SOD is the body's natural way of out-competing the ongoing and very damaging effect of superoxide in cells. (niod.com)
  • Superoxide may contribute to the pathogenesis of many diseases (the evidence is particularly strong for radiation poisoning and hyperoxic injury), and perhaps also to aging via the oxidative damage that it inflicts on cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • 3/2 O2 + 2 OH-}}} This reaction (with moisture and carbon dioxide in exhaled air) is the basis of the use of potassium superoxide as an oxygen source in chemical oxygen generators, such as those used on the Space Shuttle and on submarines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Potassium superoxide is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (facilitated by crown ethers) and is stable as long as protons are not available. (wikipedia.org)
  • Title : Tests of potassium superoxide canisters in a small fallout shelter Personal Author(s) : Brechner, Verne L.;Bauer, Robert O.;Wolff, Robert F.;Bethune, Robert W.M.;Dillon, John B. (cdc.gov)
  • In the study reported here, the potato cultivar Aviva was transformed with a cytosolic Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana using Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation. (scielo.org.za)
  • For detailed information about superoxide reductase, go to the full flat file . (brenda-enzymes.org)
  • Deactivation of Complex I results in almost complete loss of its NADH-ubiquinone reductase activity and in increase in NADH-dependent superoxide generation. (scienceopen.com)
  • One site (F) serves as an entry for the NADH oxidation and the other one (R) serves as an exit during either the succinate-supported NAD+ reduction or superoxide generation or NADH-ferricyanide reductase reaction. (scienceopen.com)
  • Molecular oxygen (dioxygen) is a diradical containing two unpaired electrons, and superoxide results from the addition of an electron which fills one of the two degenerate molecular orbitals, leaving a charged ionic species with a single unpaired electron and a net negative charge of −1. (wikipedia.org)
  • Superoxides are also used in firefighters' oxygen tanks to provide a readily available source of oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Superoxide is also deleterious when produced as a byproduct of mitochondrial respiration (most notably by Complex I and Complex III), as well as several other enzymes, for example xanthine oxidase, which can catalyze the transfer of electrons directly to molecular oxygen under strongly reducing conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because superoxide is toxic at high concentrations, nearly all organisms living in the presence of oxygen express SOD. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxygen stress and superoxide dismutase. (scielo.org.za)
  • The rate of superoxide formation during Deltamu(H(+))-controlled respiration with succinate depends linearly on oxygen concentration and contributes approximately 0.4% of the overall oxidase activity at saturating (0.25 mM) oxygen. (scienceopen.com)
  • Genetic inactivation ("knockout") of SOD produces deleterious phenotypes in organisms ranging from bacteria to mice and have provided important clues as to the mechanisms of toxicity of superoxide in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transformed plants with elevated levels of chloroplastic SOD are not more resistant to superoxide toxicity. (scielo.org.za)
  • In this paper the superoxide generation by Complex I in tightly coupled bovine heart submitochondrial particles is quantitatively characterized. (scienceopen.com)
  • NAD+ and NADH inhibit the succinate-supported superoxide generation. (scienceopen.com)
  • While the action of superoxide in the pathogenesis of some conditions is strong (for instance, mice and rats overexpressing CuZnSOD or MnSOD are more resistant to strokes and heart attacks), the role of superoxide in aging must be regarded as unproven, for now. (wikipedia.org)
  • SIRT3-5 expression declined significantly in the hippocampus and frontal lobe, associated with increases in superoxide and fatty acid oxidation levels, and acetylated CPS-1 protein expression, and a reduction in MnSOD level. (frontiersin.org)
  • Intracellular generation of superoxide by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase: how, where, and what for? (nih.gov)
  • Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an endogenously produced intracellular enzyme present in almost every cell in the body (3). (eaglebio.com)
  • O2 + H2O2}}} Other proteins that can be both oxidized and reduced by superoxide (such as hemoglobin) have weak SOD-like activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The body manufactures superoxide to kill bacteria and for other uses, but excess levels of superoxide can injure healthy cells. (wroc.pl)
  • Arbor Assays Laboratories manufactures the arbor assays superoxide dismutase reagents distributed by Genprice. (taq-polymerase.net)
  • Scientific research shows that GliSODin supports the natural production of superoxide dismutase in your body. (seacoast.com)
  • In contrast to NADH oxidase, the rate-substrate concentration dependence for the superoxide production shows a maximum at low (approximately 50 microM) concentrations of NADH. (scienceopen.com)
  • Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme found in all cells of the human body. (mskcc.org)
  • In chemistry, a superoxide is a compound that contains the superoxide ion, which has the chemical formula O−2. (wikipedia.org)