• Some may even develop opioid use disorder after misusing opioids they are prescribed by doctors. (cdc.gov)
  • Research indicates that the link between opioid use disorder and depression is bi-directional: individuals with mental illness are prescribed opioids at a higher rate than the average population. (amundsendavislaw.com)
  • Neither substance use disorder due to opioids nor depression is exclusive to a particular demographic. (amundsendavislaw.com)
  • Genetic rodent models (rats and mice) of temperament and propensity to substance use and abuse, including opioids and psychostimulants. (nih.gov)
  • this is simply known as substance use disorder and requires more presenting symptoms before a diagnosis is made. (wikipedia.org)
  • Over 50% of individuals with substance-related disorders will often have a "dual diagnosis," where they are diagnosed with the substance use, as well as a psychiatric diagnosis, the most common being major depression, personality disorder, anxiety disorders, and dysthymia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Subhash C. Bhatia , " Substance and Non Substance Related Addiction Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment ", Bentham Science Publishers (2017). (benthamscience.com)
  • International Programme on the Diagnosis and Classification of Mental Disorders, Subgroup 4: Alcohol- and Drug-related Problems : report of a meeting held in Washington, 25th-29th August 1980. (who.int)
  • by International Programme on the Diagnosis and Classification of Mental Disorders. (who.int)
  • Substance and Non substance Related Addiction Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment is an accessible handbook about the two main types of addiction disorders. (benthambooks.com)
  • It is divided into three sections which cover 1) the scientific underpinnings of addiction disorders (neurobiology, addiction neural reward pathways, genetic and psychosocial basis of addiction, screening and treatment), 2) information about substances commonly used by addicts (pharmacology, diagnostics and treatment considerations) and 3) current understandings of the diagnosis and treatment of behavioral problems (such as gambling), respectively. (benthambooks.com)
  • The diagnosis of the substance-specific intoxication will usually enough to categorize the symptom presentation. (psychdb.com)
  • A diagnosis of an obsessive-compulsive and related disorder should be made in addition to substance intoxication when the symptoms are judged to be in excess of those usually associated with intoxication and are sufficiently severe to warrant independent clinical attention. (psychdb.com)
  • A primary obsessive-compulsive and related disorder diagnosis is warranted if the symptoms persist for a substantial period of time (about 1 month or longer) after the end of the substance intoxication or the individual has a history of an obsessive-compulsive and related disorder. (psychdb.com)
  • In addition, the threshold for substance use disorder diagnosis in DSM-5 is set at two or more criteria, in contrast to a threshold of one or more criteria for a diagnosis of DSM-IV substance abuse and three or more for DSM-IV dependence. (mentalhealthmantra.com)
  • Severity of the DSM-5 substance use disorders is based on the number of criteria endorsed.The DSM-IV specifier for a physiological subtype is eliminated in DSM-5, as is the DSM-IV diagnosis of polysubstance dependence. (mentalhealthmantra.com)
  • Substance use disorders include substance use and substance dependence. (wikipedia.org)
  • It also distinguishes the difference between dependence and addictions as two separate disorders, not to be confused. (wikipedia.org)
  • The symptoms have never met the criteria for substance dependence for this class of substance. (mhmedical.com)
  • Such variations may affect how a substance is consumed, and may lead to dependence and overuse. (ocrevive.com)
  • Self-medicating for mental health issues such as depression, PTSD, or other disorders with drugs or alcohol may initially seem like it will help them but they almost always become addictive with long term dependence. (ocrevive.com)
  • Addiction and dependence on substances may be demonstrated through many different signs and symptoms, physical and/or behavioral. (ocrevive.com)
  • Acknowledging and proactively addressing the relationship between mental illness and substance use disorder is part of a comprehensive approach to reversing the tide of opioid dependence, including by promoting prevention, screening, early intervention, and treatment . (amundsendavislaw.com)
  • Sigma Counseling Services, We offer affordable mental health services related to substance abuse/dependence, mental retardation/pervasive development disorder, EAP (employee assistance program), court-ordered evaluation/treatments, and Sigma counseling to individuals, couples, families, and groups. (sigmacounseling.com)
  • SAMHSA, 2021) Substance Use Disorder (SUD) is a broad term that covers what used to be called substance abuse and substance dependence. (pinerest.org)
  • Substance use disorders (SUDs), including alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and opioid use disorders, are all recognized patterns of problematic substance dependence and/or abuse included in the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition from 2014. (medscape.com)
  • The drugs used are often associated with levels of substance intoxication that alter judgment, perception, attention and physical control, not related with medical effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tolerance for increased amounts of the Substance/ Addictive to achieve intoxication or desired effect or diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the Substance/Addictive. (shareyrheart.com)
  • developed during or soon after substance intoxication or withdrawal or after exposure to a medication. (psychdb.com)
  • If the criteria are met for intoxication with the substance and the symptoms develop during intoxication. (psychdb.com)
  • Obsessions, compulsions, hair pulling, skin picking, or other body-focused repetitive behaviours can occur in association with intoxication with stimulants (including cocaine) and other (or unknown) substances. (psychdb.com)
  • Obsessive-compulsive and related disorder symptoms may occur in substance intoxication. (psychdb.com)
  • Substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder arises only in association with intoxication, whereas a primary obsessive-compulsive and related disorder may precede the onset of substance/medication use. (psychdb.com)
  • Rathe rcriteria are provided for substance use disorder, accompanied by criteria for intoxication,withdrawal, substance-induced disorders, and unspecified substance-related disorders,where relevant. (mentalhealthmantra.com)
  • Pete VanDusartz, director of behavioral health for the HealthPartners hospitals and clinics in the St. Croix Valley, puts it like this: "For the person who has a substance use disorder, as their attention gets more wrapped up in their substance use, other things in their life go undone or unaddressed. (healthpartners.com)
  • Clinically significant maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes that are due to the effect of the substance on the central nervous system. (mhmedical.com)
  • Behavioral addictions that are not dependent on substance use are categorized under Addictive disorders. (ocrevive.com)
  • These substances results in behavioral Sedation and can induce relaxation . (shareyrheart.com)
  • Addiction is a chronic, recurring medical disorder but many suffering from addiction continue to be stigmatized," says Theresa Winhusen, PhD, the Donald C. Harrison Endowed Chair in Medicine and vice chair for addiction sciences in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences at the University of Cincinnati. (uc.edu)
  • Despite federal and community efforts to improve the quality and availability of care for veterans, they remain at high risk of developing both mental health disorders and substance use disorders," said Eric Pedersen , lead author of the study, an adjunct researcher at RAND and an associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Keck School of Medicine of USC. (rand.org)
  • Veterans with co-occurring substance use disorders and mental health disorders may have poor functioning in multiple areas of their lives, such as in their relationships, and are likely to have other behavioral health and physical health problems. (rand.org)
  • Frequently, these veterans do not seek behavioral health care, and even when they do they generally have poorer treatment outcomes than those with just a single behavioral health disorder. (rand.org)
  • McClellan is with the Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality at the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), [email protected]. (nber.org)
  • A step-by-step guide through the process of working with substance-abuse and/or behavioral addiction clients. (ecampus.com)
  • Recognized for its clear, practical approach, Substance Use Counseling offers prospective and practicing clinicians and counselors a sound base of knowledge about alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs (ATOD), and practical help for working with individuals and families who seek assistance for substance abuse and/or behavioral addiction. (ecampus.com)
  • Although it shares features of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), compulsive gambling is likely a different condition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It has also now been linked to severe brain damage leading to an inability to control behaviours, which could explain why many people who use substances go on to develop addictions. (wikipedia.org)
  • When a person experiences a behavioural addiction (e.g. gambling disorder, one of the few behavioural addictions currently recognised in the major classification systems) the neurotransmitter systems of the brain are only indirectly affected but the addictive behaviour can serve as a reinforcer comparable to substances that directly affect these systems. (world.rugby)
  • Behavioural addictions share many of the same psychological causes and consequences as substance use disorders. (world.rugby)
  • Long-term use has been linked to personality changes such as depression, paranoia, anxiety which can be related to psychological disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • What many do not realize is that people suffering from substance use disorder are often also facing mental illness, particularly depression . (amundsendavislaw.com)
  • For example, health care providers can utilize a holistic approach to screening for and treating substance use disorder and depression, including educating patients about the relationship between the conditions. (amundsendavislaw.com)
  • Employers can educate their staff on the signs of substance use disorder and mental illnesses, particularly depression, and can publicize available resources. (amundsendavislaw.com)
  • Friends and family members, often the first to notice outward signs of substance use disorder and depression, can provide help, encouragement, and support to loved ones in need of treatment. (amundsendavislaw.com)
  • Medical claims for mental health care related to depression, anxiety, substance abuse and eating disorders were extracted for both injured and uninjured workers who were enrolled in their employer's sponsored health insurance. (cdc.gov)
  • Drinking a cup of coffee in the morning to wake-up or smoking a cigarette and having a drink with a friend to relax are examples of substance use, as is the occasional ingestion of illegal drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines or barbiturates . (shareyrheart.com)
  • As part of the center, our investigators will continue their important research on opioid, stimulant, cannabis, tobacco and alcohol use disorders," says Winhusen, who is director of the center. (uc.edu)
  • The use of many drugs can lead to criminal convictions, whether the drug itself is illegal or people who use them use unlawful methods to fund their substances. (wikipedia.org)
  • Addiction involves seeking out and consuming a substance (e.g. alcohol or drugs) or engaging in a behaviour (e.g. gambling, exercise, sex or computer gaming) compulsively, despite negative consequences. (world.rugby)
  • When a person is addicted to substances like alcohol or other drugs (clinically called a substance use disorder) there are physical symptoms directly related to ingesting chemicals that impact the brain and body. (world.rugby)
  • Substance-related disorders involve the use of drugs, alcohol, or prescribed medications leading to distressing consequences impacting physical and mental health, social and family responsibilities, and regular activities. (ocrevive.com)
  • Reoccurrence of use may happen to people who use drugs and can happen even years after not taking the substance. (cdc.gov)
  • Philadelphia, March 28, 2017 -- The American College of Physicians (ACP) today released a paper with a comprehensive set of public policy recommendations for the prevention and treatment of substance use disorders involving illicit and prescription drugs. (acponline.org)
  • is intended for use in Substance Abuse Counseling and Drugs and Behavior courses or for practicing counselors and clinicians as an on-the-job resource. (ecampus.com)
  • It is, however, common that people who use substances will experience unpleasant withdrawal symptoms if the drug is taken away from them. (wikipedia.org)
  • Symptoms of addiction include tolerance (increasing amounts required to achieve the desired effect), withdrawal (anxiety, irritability and sleeplessness in its absence), lack of control (unsuccessful attempts to cut down), significant investment in time, reduction in other activities, and continuing to take the substance or engage in the behaviour despite knowledge that it is causing problems. (world.rugby)
  • Withdrawal from an addictive substance can be life-threatening, so medically assisted detoxification is imperative. (ocrevive.com)
  • The withdrawal Syndrome for substance /Addictive. (shareyrheart.com)
  • If criteria are met for withdrawal from the substance and the symptoms develop during, or shortly after, withdrawal. (psychdb.com)
  • Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) can help with cravings and withdrawal symptoms. (cdc.gov)
  • Because anxiety manifests with a number of physical symptoms, any patient who presents with a de novo complaint of physical symptoms suggestive of an anxiety disorder should undergo a physical examination to help rule out medical conditions that might present with anxietylike symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • The Final Rule clarifies provisions related to disclosure of SUD information for treatment, payment and health care operational activities, as there had previously been uncertainty surrounding what activities were covered. (nortonrosefulbright.com)
  • This paper aims to verify and evaluate relevant scientific productions on the implementation of mindfulness in the treatment of patients with substance use disorders. (bvsalud.org)
  • Like alcohol or drug addiction, pathological gambling is a long-term disorder that tends to get worse without treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Treatment of phobic disorders usually consists of pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, or some combination thereof. (medscape.com)
  • The first step in the treatment of substance-related disorders is to remove the toxins from an individual's body through the process of chemical detoxification. (ocrevive.com)
  • Opioid use disorder may require medication as the first course of treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • Hospitals could take a significant role in providing substance use disorder treatment and equipping medical nurses with training to competently care for patients with psychiatric disorders on medical units. (cdc.gov)
  • Raising awareness of the relationship between substance use disorder and mental illnesses will increase the likelihood of prevention and treatment. (amundsendavislaw.com)
  • Research to better understand the causes and consequences of substance use and addiction and to improve treatment outcomes for those struggling with addiction is needed. (uc.edu)
  • Screening and Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment: Occupational Therapy Practitioners Address Issues of Substance Abuse, 4 hours workshop. (uwm.edu)
  • Veterans who have served in the U.S. military since the 9/11 attacks have a high level of need for both substance use treatment and mental health care, yet many do not receive appropriate help for their co-occurring disorders, according to a new RAND Corporation report . (rand.org)
  • Among the RAND recommendations are offering evidence-based integrated treatments that target substance use and co-occurring mental health disorders concurrently, evaluating veterans regularly throughout treatment to make sure both substance use and mental health outcomes are adequately addressed, and incorporating veterans' treatment preferences into decisions about their care. (rand.org)
  • RAND researchers reviewed the research literature on effective approaches to treating substance use disorders alone and alongside mental health disorders, and analyzed the approaches used at treatment centers that offer substance use disorder treatment by conducting a series of interviews and site visits with treatment providers. (rand.org)
  • Using information from two federal databases about treatment programs and information about the locations of the post 9/11 veterans who belong to the Wounded Warrior Project, the study found that alumni of the Wounded Warrior Project have relatively convenient access to mental health and substance use treatment facilities with specialized programs for co-occurring disorders and that also offer specialty programs for veterans. (rand.org)
  • We conclude that the returns to spending on the treatment of substance use disorders are particularly high during economic downturns. (nber.org)
  • Health and Human Services (HHSC) has established a fund to increase accessibility to substance use treatment. (sigmacounseling.com)
  • Please note this funding is only available for substance abuse-related treatment and may not cover additional services. (sigmacounseling.com)
  • Nearly nine in 10 people with a substance use disorder (88%) and more than one in three people with serious mental illness (35%) did not receive treatment for their conditions. (rwjf.org)
  • Successful efforts typically coordinate law enforcement, criminal justice, public health, health care, and social service resources to improve access to, and deliver a broad spectrum of treatment, recovery, health, and social services for people with untreated serious mental illness and substance use disorders. (rwjf.org)
  • p>Officials in Manchester, New Hampshire, launched Safe Stations to reduce drug addiction and opioid-related overdoses by connecting people with treatment at fire stations. (rwjf.org)
  • In substance use disorders, these neurocognitive measures have value in predicting short-term treatment outcomes. (cambridge.org)
  • It is now clearer than ever that employers can play a critical role in preventing drug-related deaths and helping workers access treatment and maintain recovery from substance use disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • David is a licensed clinical social worker who specializes in the treatment of substance use disorders and co-occurring mental health disorders. (utah.edu)
  • There are many potential complications that can arise due to substance use such as severe physiological damage, psychological changes and social changes that are often not desirable. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this section, we will take a closer look at the various psychological perspectives and see how they explain addiction and substance-related disorders. (lumenlearning.com)
  • Typically the substance or behaviour serves a psychological need (e.g. to provide pleasure or relief from internal discomfort such as stress or anxiety) which the individual struggles to control. (world.rugby)
  • The athlete may require psychological support and intervention similar to an athlete using non-banned substances or with a behavioural addiction. (world.rugby)
  • Trauma-related psychological disorders among Palestinian children and adults in Gaza and West Bank 2005-08. (who.int)
  • Match these psychological disorder terms to their definitions. (wisc-online.com)
  • Psychological and social aspects of diseases and disorders affecting the various organ systems. (appi.org)
  • There is other evidence suggesting the existence of an independent non-substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder (e.g. - a history of recurrent non-substance/medication-related episodes). (psychdb.com)
  • Within substance use disorders,a new criterion-craving, or a strong desireor urge to use a substance-has been added and the DSM-IV recurrent substance-related legal problems criterion has been deleted from DSM-5. (mentalhealthmantra.com)
  • Education and awareness around the harm of using substances, along with the support of friends, parents, and caregivers, can help prevent SUDs. (cdc.gov)
  • With a spike in alcohol-related deaths in women in recent years, which appears to be independent of factors such as the global COVID-19 pandemic, SUDs are becoming more important for clinicians in all specialty areas. (medscape.com)
  • On average, general medical facilities hold 20% of patients with substance-related disorders, possibly leading to psychiatric disorders later on. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ninety-six percent (n = 658) of patients residing on medical floors with psychiatric disorders were hospitalized for a principal medical problem. (cdc.gov)
  • Sixty percent (n = 44) of those cases had psychiatric disorders from two or more diagnostic categories. (cdc.gov)
  • Schizophrenia is best understood as a group of disorders with similar clinical profiles, invariably including thought disturbances in a clear sensorium and often with characteristic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and deterioration in the general level of functioning. (health.am)
  • Does not occur exclusively during the course of Schizophrenia, a Mood Disorder With Psychotic Features, or another Psychotic Disorder and is not due to the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition. (deltabravo.net)
  • Psychotic disorders are a collection of disorders in which psychosis predominates the symptom complex. (health.am)
  • You'll review a few key terms regarding abnormal psychology and substance related disorders. (wisc-online.com)
  • Patients with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and comorbid Substance Use Disorders (SUD) are increasingly being treated with central stimulant medication despite limited evidence for its effectiveness. (nih.gov)
  • The handbook meets the information needs of medical students and professionals (family physicians, nurses, addiction therapists, psychiatry residents, and other health care professionals) interested in the primary care of patients afflicted with addiction disorders. (benthambooks.com)
  • Likewise, write Gearhardt and colleagues, even "in the face of significant diet-related health consequences (eg, diabetes and cardiovascular disease), the majority of patients are unable to adhere to medically recommended dietary plans that require a reduction in HPF intake. (medscape.com)
  • Discuss the impacts of Assessing and Diagnosing Patients with Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. (vipwritinghelp.com)
  • Filled with tables for ease of reference both when diagnosing and treating patients, and bolstered by evidence-based, actionable information, Pharmacotherapy for Complex Substance Use Disorders: A Practical Guide sets itself apart as an indispensable resource for all providers aiding individuals on their journeys of recovery. (appi.org)
  • However, there is strong evidence that economic downturns lead to increases in substance use disorders involving hallucinogens and prescription pain relievers. (nber.org)
  • Pathological gambling was introduced as a psychiatric entity in the DSM-III in 1980, and for the past two editions, it has been classified in the Impulse Control Disorders alongside pyromania and trichotillomania. (cambridge.org)
  • Now, in a draft of the forthcoming DSM-5, a bold reclassification has been announced, where pathological gambling is likely to be moved alongside the drug and alcohol use disorders. (cambridge.org)
  • What are the current costs and outcomes related to mental health and substance abuse disorders? (chadd.org)
  • This collection of charts (updated July 31, 2017) explores trends in the prevalence, outcomes, costs, and access to care associated with mental health and substance abuse disorders in the United States and comparably wealthy countries. (chadd.org)
  • Chronic stress caused by health problems, financial troubles, or dysfunctional relationships may induce an individual to use substances to alleviate their anxiety, however when the usage increases, it can lead to substance abuse disorders. (ocrevive.com)
  • The DSM-5 Work Group also paid careful attention to recent research on the underlying pathophysiology of disordered gambling. (cambridge.org)
  • Children and adolescents exposed to addictive substances are likely to continue other addictive substances in their adulthood. (ocrevive.com)
  • Thus, we conclude that HPFs can be considered addictive substances based on scientifically established criteria. (medscape.com)
  • Substance use disorders are treatable chronic medical conditions, like diabetes and hypertension, that should be addressed through expansion of evidence-based public and individual health initiatives to prevent, treat, and promote recovery. (acponline.org)
  • Substance use is often regarded as negative in society and therefore those who engage in such behaviours can often be subject to social discrimination. (wikipedia.org)
  • The reasons for engaging in substance use or particular behaviours may be influenced by the elite sport environment (e.g. performance enhancement, numbing physical pain in games or through injury, dealing with stressors such as pressure to perform or media response, and retirement from sport), may relate to circumstances off the field, or to a combination of both. (world.rugby)
  • Obsessions, compulsions, skin picking, hair pulling, other body-focused repetitive behaviours, or other symptoms characteristic of the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders predominate in the clinical picture. (psychdb.com)
  • The evidence was consistent that economic recessions and mediators such as unemployment, income decline, and unmanageable debts are significantly associated with poor mental wellbeing, increased rates of common mental disorders, substance-related disorders, and suicidal behaviours. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On the basis of a thorough analysis of the selected investigations, we conclude that periods of economic recession are possibly associated with a higher prevalence of mental health problems, including common mental disorders, substance disorders, and ultimately suicidal behaviour. (biomedcentral.com)
  • David has a passion for working with those who are seeking recovery from substance use disorders and their families through group and individual therapy. (utah.edu)
  • Specifically, we propose the primary criteria used to resolve one of the last major controversies over whether a substance, tobacco products, was addictive. (medscape.com)
  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 6 million people die every year as a result of tobacco-related diseases ( 1 ). (aerzteblatt.de)
  • By 2015, combined alcohol and tobacco use cost humans more than one quarter billion disability-adjusted life-years , with other substances adding to that figure substantially. (medscape.com)
  • In 2020, the National Survey on Drug Use and Health estimated that 40.3 million Americans met the criteria for a substance use disorder (SUD) in the past year. (appi.org)
  • In 2020, an estimated 40.3 million Americans age 12+ had a substance use disorder. (pinerest.org)
  • Most of us, use some sort of Psychoactive Substance occasionally. (shareyrheart.com)
  • There substances produce a variety of psychoactive effects that are characteristic of the substances described in the previous categories. (shareyrheart.com)
  • Be aware that these conditions are also commonly found in the general population at large, but the determination of whether or not a true disorder is present depends on the severity and number of the diagnostic criteria found. (deltabravo.net)
  • This is where Pharmacotherapy for Complex Substance Use Disorders: A Practical Guide comes in. (appi.org)
  • Substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder is distinguished from a primary obsessive-compulsive and related disorder by considering the onset, course, and other factors with respect to substances/medications. (psychdb.com)
  • The presence of features that are atypical of a primary obsessive-compulsive and related disorder, such as atypical age at onset of symptoms, may suggest a substance-induced etiology. (psychdb.com)
  • The pattern of comorbidities for the disorders is very similar, and around 30-50% of pathological gamblers have co-occurring substance misuse. (cambridge.org)
  • Nevertheless, there are only a few studies assessing comorbidities related to occupational injury. (cdc.gov)
  • Practices used to treat other types of addiction, such as substance use and alcohol use , can also be helpful in treating pathological gambling. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Intervention at the earliest signs of pathological gambling may prevent the disorder from getting worse. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Reference Holden 1 , Reference Mitzner, Whelan and Meyers 2 The decisions of the DSM-5 Work Group are predicated upon multiple lines of evidence for overlap between pathological gambling and the substance use disorders. (cambridge.org)
  • An individual's behavior and response to certain substances may be influenced by their experiences and exposure during childhood. (ocrevive.com)
  • In addition, other types of psychiatric issues, including substance abuse and anxiety conditions, can be factors in excessive tanning behavior ( Medscape ). (mindingtherapy.com)
  • Other substances that are abused but do not fit neatly into one of the categories here include inhalants (for example, airplane glue), anabolic steroid and other over the-counter and prescription medications (for example, nitrous oxide). (shareyrheart.com)
  • Substance use is also often associated with premature ageing, fertility complications, brain damage and a higher risk of infectious diseases due to a weakened immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are also physiological aspects to the substance use disorders as the substances directly affect the neurotransmitter systems of the brain. (world.rugby)
  • Variations in brain chemistry and genes may determine how an individual responds to a certain substance. (ocrevive.com)