• Shigella is a genus of bacteria that is Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped, and is genetically closely related to Escherichia. (wikipedia.org)
  • The effector proteins can alter the metabolism of the target cell - leading, for example, to the lysis of vacuolar membranes or reorganization of actin polymerization to facilitate intracellular motility of Shigella bacteria inside the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • To see if your child has shigellosis, the doctor will take a stool sample to test for Shigella bacteria. (kidshealth.org)
  • Some Shigella infections can be severe and hard to treat if the bacteria is resistant to antibiotics. (cdc.gov)
  • Shigella bacteria cause a diarrheal illness that can occur in children. (healthychildren.org)
  • Four species of Shigella bacteria (S boydii, S dysenteriae, S flexneri, and S sonnei) have been identified as infecting the lining of the intestines. (healthychildren.org)
  • A pediatrician may order laboratory tests in which a culture of the child's feces is examined for evidence of Shigella bacteria. (healthychildren.org)
  • These drugs can kill Shigella bacteria in the child's stools, shorten the duration of the diarrhea, and lower the chances of spreading the illness. (healthychildren.org)
  • Shigellosis, a highly contagious diarrheal disease, is caused by Shigella bacteria circulating in industrializing countries but also in industrialized countries. (pasteur.fr)
  • The acquisition of antibiotic resistance mechanisms by Shigella bacteria therefore restricts therapeutic options. (pasteur.fr)
  • Shigella bacteria multiply in the human intestinal tract and invade the cells, which results in much tissue destruction. (marlerclark.com)
  • Shigella is a bacteria that causes a bowel infection, which usually results in diarrhoea, fever and nausea, with symptoms appearing any time between 12 hours and four days after exposure and generally lasts between four and seven days. (starobserver.com.au)
  • Treatment of Shigella infection with antibiotics clears the bacteria and so makes a person non-infectious after a few days. (starobserver.com.au)
  • The sickened diners tested positive for Shigella , an intestinal bacteria that triggers severe diarrhea. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • Sexually transmitted enteric infections in men who have sex with men (MSM) can be caused by viruses (eg, hepatitis A), bacteria (eg, Shigella ) and protozoa (eg, Giardia ) and can cause hepatitis, proctocolitis and enteritis. (bmj.com)
  • 1 2 Shigella is a Gram-negative bacteria closely related to Escherichia coli causing a self-limiting diarrhoea illness caused by four subtypes ( S. dysenteriae , S. flexneri , S. boydii and S. sonnei ). (bmj.com)
  • Infection with Shigella bacteria can be treated with antibiotics, but these bacteria are frequently resistant to many antibiotic drugs. (phila.gov)
  • Shigellosis is an infection of the digestive tract (or gut) caused by Shigella bacteria. (wa.gov.au)
  • You become infected with Shigella by ingesting the bacteria through your mouth. (wa.gov.au)
  • This can be by drinking or eating something contaminated with Shigella bacteria. (wa.gov.au)
  • Occasionally, people are infected with Shigella bacteria that are resistant to several commonly available antibiotics. (wa.gov.au)
  • Men who have sex with men and overseas travellers are more likely to have MDR Shigella bacteria and should speak to their doctor about specific treatment. (wa.gov.au)
  • Shigella are a group of bacteria that can cause shigellosis - a diarrheal illness in humans. (ecolab.com)
  • Shigellae are Gram-negative , non-spore-forming , facultatively anaerobic , nonmotile bacteria. (mdwiki.org)
  • 3. OSU - Shigella is a germ (one of the bacteria) that causes an infectious disease. (shigellablog.com)
  • Shigella is an infectious disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella , the most common of which in the UK are Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri . (aidsmap.com)
  • Shigella bacteria are found in faeces (poo) and can also be present in contaminated food. (aidsmap.com)
  • Shigella is a genus of bacteria known to cause a contagious form of gastroenteritis known as shigellosis. (osmosis.org)
  • Shigella bacteria can infect seafood or raw fruits and vegetables. (kidshealth.org)
  • Public health officials are warning about an increase in drug-resistant strains of the bacteria shigella. (medshoppehhs.com)
  • Shigella bacteria can spread easily through the fecal-oral route, through person-to-person contact such as sexual contact, or by consuming food and water prepared by someone with an infection. (medshoppehhs.com)
  • XDR shigella bacteria are strains resistant to all commonly recommended and alternative antibiotics, including azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and ampicillin. (medshoppehhs.com)
  • Shigella species generally invade the epithelial lining of the colon, causing severe inflammation and death of the cells lining the colon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because they do not interact with the apical surface of epithelial cells - preferring the basolateral side - Shigella species invade the host through the M-cells interspersed in the epithelia of the small intestine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Shigella species. (medscape.com)
  • Salmonella and Shigella species. (medscape.com)
  • Shigella phages isolated during a dysentery outbreak reveal uncommon structures and broad species diversity. (medscape.com)
  • Active ingredients of ShigaShield are naturally occurring lytic bacteriophages that kill Shigella species, including strains belonging to the three major disease-causing species: S. flexneri, S. sonnei and S. dysenteriae. (foodnavigator.com)
  • Among the different types of Shigella , Shigella sonnei is the species that mainly circulates in industrialized countries. (pasteur.fr)
  • One of the SHIGELLA species that produces bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY). (harvard.edu)
  • Six cases have confirmatory testing indicating they were sickened with Shigella sonnei, a species of this pathogen. (foodpoisoningbulletin.com)
  • High case fatality rates (5% and above) may be associated with any of the four species of shigella ( S. dysenteriae type 1, S. flexneri , S. boydii and S. sonnei ) present in the Region, but very high case fatality rates (over 10%) have been observed only in Sd1 epidemics. (who.int)
  • Providers using culture-independent diagnostic test (CIDT) instead of culture for diagnosis of enteric infections should request that the clinical laboratory perform reflex culture when CIDT is positive for Shigella species. (phila.gov)
  • Shigella dysenteriae is a species of the rod-shaped bacterial genus Shigella . (mdwiki.org)
  • [1] Shigella species can cause shigellosis ( bacillary dysentery ). (mdwiki.org)
  • This invention describes DNA probes for enteroinvasive E. coli and Shigella species, including the sequence of the 2.5 kb fragment (SmaII and Falkow's) on which the probe is based. (nih.gov)
  • Shigella are divided into four species Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii and Shigella sonnei. (generon-food-safety.com)
  • Phylogenetic studies indicate Shigella is more appropriately treated as a subgroup of Escherichia (see Escherichia coli#Diversity for details). (wikipedia.org)
  • Scientists from the French National Reference Center for Escherichia coli , Shigella and Salmonella at the Institut Pasteur who have been monitoring Shigella in France for several years have detected the emergence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Shigella sonnei . (pasteur.fr)
  • In this study, scientists from the National Reference Center for Escherichia coli , Shigella and Salmonella (CNR-ESS) at the Institut Pasteur demonstrate an increase in antibiotic resistance in S. sonnei isolates collected in France over the past 17 years. (pasteur.fr)
  • Shigellae and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) remain major causes of diarrhea among children in developing countries and travelers to these areas. (nih.gov)
  • Recently, we reported the induction of protective immunity by environmental Escherichia albertii strain DM104 against Shigella dysenteriae in Guinea pig model. (ac.bd)
  • Shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, during its evolution towards pathogenicity, has conserved 14, out of 20 present in the genome of its commensal ancestor Escherichia coli, operons encoding efflux pumps systems. (uniroma1.it)
  • How are Shigella infections treated? (cdc.gov)
  • In most cases, Shigella infections run their course in 2 to 3 days. (healthychildren.org)
  • Shigella infections are rare in the country compared to Listeria, Salmonella but it is a big problem throughout the world. (foodnavigator.com)
  • This observation needs to be taken into account by clinicians and laboratories when testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in MSM, and systematic antibiograms should be performed if a Shigella strain is isolated to improve treatment for patients infected with XDR strains. (pasteur.fr)
  • Shigella sonnei infections can cause short-term diarrhea (3-4 days) that resolves on its own. (pasteur.fr)
  • Intralytix won a U.S. Army Phase I STTR contract to support Phase II development of a bacteriophage-based probiotic dietary supplement that could help reduce the incidence and severity of Shigella infections. (genengnews.com)
  • Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. (harvard.edu)
  • It has been associated with gastrointestinal infections with Shigella , Salmonella , Campylobacter , and other organisms. (marlerclark.com)
  • Reports on non-travel associated shigella infections in England. (www.gov.uk)
  • De Schrijver K , Bertrand S , GutiĆ©rrez Garitano I , Van den Branden D , Van Schaeren J . Outbreak of Shigella sonnei infections in the Orthodox Jewish community of Antwerp, Belgium, April to August 2008. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Shigella infections may be contracted by a lack of monitoring of water and food quality, unsanitary cooking conditions and improper hygiene practices. (mdwiki.org)
  • These diseases include group A streptococcal infections, Shigella, and a cluster of serious infections transmitted by body lice called Bartonella quintana. (publichealthinsider.com)
  • Many of the men being diagnosed with shigella also have other sexually transmitted infections such as LGV , syphilis and HIV. (aidsmap.com)
  • Reactive arthritis can be seen with Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and Yersinia infections. (medscape.com)
  • About 5% of shigella infections reported to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention last year were caused by the drug-resistant XDR strain. (medshoppehhs.com)
  • The agency is also doing an analysis of antimicrobial-resistant shigella infections in the United States. (medshoppehhs.com)
  • This inflammation produces the hallmark diarrhea - even dysentery - of Shigella infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hence, Shigella cells may cause dysentery. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Shigella genus is named after Japanese physician Kiyoshi Shiga, who researched the cause of dysentery. (wikipedia.org)
  • BOSTON - Shigella , a bacterial pathogen that causes dysentery and is the leading cause of childhood diarrheal diseases, inserts a pore called a translocon into an infected person's intestinal cells and then injects bacterial proteins into the cells. (massgeneral.org)
  • In addition to endemic shigellosis, some countries (such as the Republic of Yemen) have reported in recent years large epidemics of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Sd1), which is characterized by a particularly high case fatality rate, extreme debility in survivors and an increasing number of multiple drug-resistant strains. (who.int)
  • Nicholas Thomson and colleagues report whole-genome sequencing of 132 globally distributed isolates of Shigella sonnei, a cause of human dysentery. (northumbria.ac.uk)
  • In developing parts of the world, Shigella dysenteriae causes deadly epidemics of dysentery. (ecolab.com)
  • The most commonly observed signs associated with Shigella dysentery include colitis , malnutrition , rectal prolapse , tenesmus , reactive arthritis , and central nervous system problems. (mdwiki.org)
  • BACKGROUND: Shigella flexneri is an important human pathogen that has to adapt to the anaerobic environment in the gastrointestinal tract to cause dysentery. (ox.ac.uk)
  • NSW Health officials are concerned about a serious outbreak of the gut infection caused by shigella among gay men in the state. (starobserver.com.au)
  • A Shigella outbreak at an unnamed hotel in downtown Los Angeles, California has sickened art least six people, according to the Alameda County Health Department. (foodpoisoningbulletin.com)
  • The last Shigella outbreak in the United States was linked to Tamarind Tree in Seattle, Washington earlier this year. (foodpoisoningbulletin.com)
  • There are now 32 people sick in the Tamarind Tree Shigella outbreak in Seattle, Washington, according to King County Public Health. (foodpoisoningbulletin.com)
  • A Tamarind Tree Shigella outbreak in Seattle, Washington has sickened at least 17 people, according to King County Public Health. (foodpoisoningbulletin.com)
  • A Kansas shigella outbreak at a splash pad in June 2021 sickened at least 21 people, according to the Center For Disease Control and Prevention's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) for the week of August 5, 2022. (foodpoisoningbulletin.com)
  • There were actually two outbreaks: One involving shigella, and the other was a norovirus outbreak. (foodpoisoningbulletin.com)
  • The shigella outbreak was linked to visits on June 11, 2021, and the norovirus outbreak was linked to visits on June 18, 2021. (foodpoisoningbulletin.com)
  • Isolates are currently necessary for molecular typing (PFGE and whole genome sequencing) that are essential for outbreak detection and for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, which is increasingly important because of substantial multidrug resistance among Shigella . (cdc.gov)
  • Antibody Response of Monkeys to Invasion Plasmid Antigen D after Infection with Shigella spp. (ku.edu)
  • Frequent use of antibiotics in South and South-East Asia, together with repeat treatment for STIs in some people potentially exposed to this risk, increase the likelihood of selection of XDR Shigella strains. (pasteur.fr)
  • Therapeutic trials are also crucial to identify effective oral antibiotics for treating these XDR Shigella strains. (pasteur.fr)
  • are readily transmitted via food, water, environmental contacts, pets and from Culture and identification of strains person to person, with morbidity rates in Frozen Shigella and Salmonella strains developing countries 3-to-6-fold higher were subcultured on MacConkey agar than in developed countries [ 1 ]. (who.int)
  • Ingersoll MA, Zychlinsky A. ShiA abrogates the innate T-cell response to Shigella flexneri infection. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic Shigella flexneri infection preceding development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • The Shigella chromosomes share most of their genes with those of E. coli K12 strain MG1655. (wikipedia.org)
  • or Shigella / enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) in a clinical specimen using a culture-independent diagnostic testing (CIDT). (cdc.gov)
  • Shigella - Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Introduction Shigella is classified among the class of Enterobacteriaceae, more related to E.coli. (microbiologynotes.org)
  • These methods are expensive, time-consuming, difficult to use, and have not been able to distinguish between nonvirulent enteroinvasive E. coli and Shigella. (nih.gov)
  • SIFIN diagnostics Gmbh offers a comprehensive line of specific test reagents for serotyping Salmonella (according to secondo White-Kauffmann-Le-Minor scheme), E. coli, Yersinia and Shigella in clinical and veterinary diagnostics. (generon-food-safety.com)
  • An increase in shigella cases has been observed in Philadelphia over the last month. (phila.gov)
  • The increase in shigella cases has been linked to high numbers of sexual partners and chemsex (sex under the influence of drugs). (aidsmap.com)
  • Identification and management of Shigella infection in children with diarrhoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
  • Shigella causes about 500,000 cases of diarrhoea in the US annually, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (foodnavigator.com)
  • Shigella infection (also known as shigellosis) causes diarrhoea, which is mostly spread from person to person. (wa.gov.au)
  • Shigella is a serious gut infection causing severe, prolonged diarrhoea and stomach cramps. (aidsmap.com)
  • Shigella can cause stomach pain and watery diarrhoea. (aidsmap.com)
  • Shigella is a leading cause of bacterial diarrhea worldwide, with annually 80-165 million annual cases (estimated) and 74,000 to 600,000 deaths. (wikipedia.org)
  • Atypical va- from S. flexneri serotype X variant (SFxv), which was rieties were prevalent mainly in developed regions, and 1 recently reported in China ( 8 ), because it reacted with variant has become the dominant Shigella spp. (cdc.gov)
  • SUMMARY: Resting organisms of Shigella flexneri serotype 3 are able to synthesize soluble and ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the presence of chloram-phenicol. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Nutritional requirements of Shigella flexneri serotype 3. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Three of those five patients have had confirmatory testing indicating they are infected with Shigella sonnei, one strain of this pathogen. (foodpoisoningbulletin.com)
  • We show that these immune responses are protective as vaccinated animals can be protected 100% from challenge with the live homologous Shigella strain compared to negligible survival in mice given PBS. (nih.gov)
  • In June 2009, Intralytix won a contract to develop a bacteriophage-based food safety product for reducing or eliminating pathogenic Salmonella and Shigella contamination of fruits, vegetables, and other food products. (genengnews.com)
  • Using condoms for anal sex and latex gloves for fisting, as well as washing hands frequently, can help prevent transmission of shigella. (aidsmap.com)
  • Shigella is a low-infectious dose pathogen that can cause disease in healthy people. (ac.bd)
  • The macrophages gobble up Shigella to neutralize the pathogen, but the bacterium induces apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in the macrophage . (osmosis.org)
  • People with Shigella infection can spread germs to others for several weeks after their diarrhea ends. (cdc.gov)
  • Travelers' diarrhea may be caused by Shigella or many other harmful germs. (cdc.gov)
  • If you or your partner has been diagnosed with a Shigella infection, wait at least two weeks after diarrhea ends to have sex to reduce the chance of Shigella spreading . (cdc.gov)
  • Most people infected with Shigella develop diarrhea (often containing blood and mucus), fever and stomach cramps starting a day or two after they are exposed to the bacterium. (ecolab.com)
  • Shigella causes severe diarrhea and the passing of blood. (shigellablog.com)
  • Shigella causes an estimated 448,000 cases of diarrhea illnesses per year. (fightbac.org)
  • The use of CIDTs as stand-alone tests for the direct detection of Shigella /EIEC in stool is increasing. (cdc.gov)
  • The Rapid Shigella is a rapid chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of Shigella in stool samples in order to detect shigellosis in infected human. (firegene.com)
  • Shigella boydii" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Shigella boydii" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Shigella boydii" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Shigella boydii" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
  • Most people recover from Shigella infection without antibiotics. (cdc.gov)
  • Shigella can be successfully treated with antibiotics. (aidsmap.com)
  • After infection, Shigella cells multiply intracellularly and spread to neighboring epithelial cells, resulting in tissue destruction and the characteristic pathology of shigellosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim of this work is to analyze the induction of efflux pumps conserved in Shigella during the infection of macrophages and epithelial cells and to identify those that are potentially involved in the pathogenesis of Shigella. (uniroma1.it)
  • The enteroinvasive bacterium Shigella flexneri invades the intestinal epithelium of humans. (unibas.ch)
  • The Shigella blog supplements Marler Clark's Web site About Shigella , a site that provides information about Shigella, the symptoms and risks of infection, testing and detection of Shigellosis, and how to prevent the spread of the Shigella bacterium. (shigellablog.com)
  • Shigella is a Gram-negative bacterium that belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family. (osmosis.org)
  • Now, Shigella is a gram-negative, rod shaped bacterium, meaning it looks like a little red or pink stick on a gram stain. (osmosis.org)
  • If a culture is positive for Shigella, order antimicrobial susceptibility testing to inform antimicrobial selection. (phila.gov)
  • ABSTRACT In this study, the serogroup and susceptibility patterns of Shigella and Salmonella spp. (who.int)
  • Bacteriophages for managing Shigella in various clinical and non-clinical settings. (medscape.com)
  • Shigella antibiotic resistance in central Turkey: comparison of the years 1987-1994 and 1995-2002. (harvard.edu)
  • Each of the Shigella genomes includes a virulence plasmid that encodes conserved primary virulence determinants. (wikipedia.org)
  • These genes, located on the large Shigella virulence plasmid, were down regulated in anaerobiosis in an FNR-dependent manner. (ox.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Anaerobiosis promotes survival and adaption strategies of Shigella, while modulating virulence plasmid genes involved in T3SS-mediated host cell invasion. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Scientists have advanced knowledge about how two proteins fit together to form a pore that Shigella uses to invade intestinal cells. (massgeneral.org)
  • Shigella infects our gut by manipulating our intestinal cells and tricking them into letting the Shigella inside. (massgeneral.org)
  • Person to person spread of Shigella has caused outbreaks in facilities such as day care centers. (ecolab.com)
  • The nation's leading law firm representing victims of Shigella and other foodborne illness outbreaks. (shigellablog.com)
  • People with shigella typically can recover with fluids and supportive care, but sometimes an antimicrobial agent is needed to shorten the length of illness and reduce the likelihood of spreading it during outbreaks. (medshoppehhs.com)
  • What are the symptoms of a Shigella infection? (cdc.gov)
  • A Shigella infection can cause mild watery or loose stools with no other symptoms, or it can be more serious, with fever, abdominal cramps or tenderness, crampy rectal pain (tenesmus), and mucous-filled and sometimes bloody stools. (healthychildren.org)
  • There are many causes of gastroenteritis, and laboratory testing of a faecal specimen is necessary to confirm that symptoms are due to Shigella infection. (wa.gov.au)
  • Shigella can be shed in the feces of some individuals for three to five weeks after symptoms of illness subside. (ecolab.com)
  • There, the proteins hijack the cells' machinery to help Shigella multiply. (massgeneral.org)
  • A total of 1,856 human shigella isolations were reported from the 53 reporting centers during the second quarter of 1966, representing an 11.6 percent decrease from the 2,099 isolations reported during the first quarter of 1966 (same reporting centers). (cdc.gov)
  • Shigella uses a type-III secretion system that acts as a biological syringe to translocate toxic effector proteins to the target human cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Such details may help investigators target the translocon and block the entry of Shigella proteins into cells. (massgeneral.org)
  • The antigen preparation most often used for determining the levels of antibodies to virulence-associated proteins of Shigella spp. (ku.edu)
  • consists of a mixture of proteins (including IpaB, IpaC, IpaD, and VirG*) extracted from virulent shigellae with water (water extract). (ku.edu)
  • Now, once Shigella is ingested, it multiplies in the small intestine , and then passes into the colon . (osmosis.org)
  • Areas of Sydney that have seen particular rises in cases of shigella include parts of the inner city as well as western and northern Sydney. (starobserver.com.au)
  • At least three out of the six cases were PCR+ for Shigella. (foodpoisoningbulletin.com)
  • In the beginning of April 2008 three cases of Shigella sonnei infection were identified among the Orthodox Jewish community of Antwerp, Belgium. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The latest estimates amount to about a million total shigella cases annually with approximately 40 000 deaths (an average of 4% case fatality rate). (who.int)
  • The latest regional estimates are a million total shigella cases annually with approximately 40 000 deaths (an average 4% case fatality rate). (who.int)
  • Report shigella cases to PDPH by calling 215-685-6748 during business hours or completing this Disease reporting form and faxing the form to 215-238-6947. (phila.gov)
  • The San Joaquin County Public Health Services has seen an increase in the number of cases of Shigella in the county this year. (shigellablog.com)
  • In the UK, most cases of shigella used to be associated with foreign travel. (aidsmap.com)
  • The CDC urged health care workers to be vigilant about reporting cases of XDR shigella to their local or state health departments. (medshoppehhs.com)
  • Between January 2015 and January 2023, the CDC received reports of 239 XDR Shigella cases, with two-thirds of them Shigella sonnei and one-third Shigella flexneri . (medshoppehhs.com)
  • Intralytix Inc's product targeting Shigella has received GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) recognition from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (foodnavigator.com)
  • The term "men who have sex with men" is used in CDC surveillance systems because it indicates men who engage in behaviors that may transmit Shigella infection, rather than how someone identifies their sexuality. (cdc.gov)
  • The infectious dose (amount required to cause illness) is believed to be as low as 10 cells of the Shigella organism, depending on the age and health of the affected individual. (ecolab.com)
  • Shigella is implicated as one of the pathogenic causes of reactive arthritis worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Linkage of Whole Genome Sequencing, Epidemiological, and Clinical Data to Understand the Genetic Diversity and Clinical Outcomes of Shigella flexneri among Men Who Have Sex with Men in England. (nih.gov)
  • Detection of Shigella from a clinical specimen using a non-culture based method. (cdc.gov)
  • Isolation of Shigella from a clinical specimen. (cdc.gov)
  • Confirmatory laboratory evidence: Isolation of Shigella spp. (cdc.gov)
  • Supportive laboratory evidence: Detection of Shigella spp. (cdc.gov)