S phase cell cycle checkpoints. Medical search. Frequent questions

Bendamustine also inhibits cell-cycle checkpoints, leading to mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis. (medscape.com)
8. Tbx3 impinges on the p53 pathway to suppress apoptosis, facilitate cell transformation and block myogenic differentiation. (nih.gov)
Knock down of ZFP57 in OC cells inhibited the cell proliferation and migration, and also arrested the cells at G1 phase as well as accelerated the apoptosis. (jcancer.org)
Functionally, Chk2 can activate both apoptosis (via p53, and PML) and cell cycle arrest at S-phase (via cdc25A and cdc25C, p53, and BRCA1). (nih.gov)
Apoptosis is programmed cell death characterized by the activation of catabolic enzymes, which is responsible for degradation of cellular components, shrinkage of the cell, condensation of chromatin and fragmentation of DNA [ 4 , 5 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Since p53 was identified as a tumor suppressor protein in late 1980's, various studies have focused on its contributions on cell cycle arrest, senescence, apoptosis and autophagy [ 8 , 9 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Thus DOX inhibits replication and transcription causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis afterwards [ 16 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Changes in cell viability, apoptosis, lactate dehydrogenase release, and cell cycle analysis were measured by cell counting kit-8 assay, annexin V/ propidium iodide staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. (medsci.org)
And so cell death is called apoptosis. (pearson.com)
And um unregulated and uncontrolled apoptosis also causes cancer because you're getting these cell growth, you're getting these divisions and nothing's telling them, oh wait, you're growing too much, you're dividing too much, it's time to die. (pearson.com)
Evidence already exists that both essential and non-essential nutrients can influence cell cycle regulation, processes involved with replication/transcription, and factors involved with apoptosis. (nih.gov)
The inhibitor of growth gene 1 (ING1) is a modulator of cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. (bmj.com)
2, 3 Since then, ING1 has been established as a modulator of cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis, cellular senescence, and the maintenance of genomic stability. (bmj.com)
The model has four outcomes that convey alternative cell fates: proliferation, (transient) cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence. (biomedcentral.com)
Among other components, the tumour suppressor p53 protein triggers cellular programs that lead to different fates: transient arrest followed by cell cycle re-entry upon damage repair, permanent cell cycle arrest (senescence) or, if the damage is irreparable, initiation of cell death program (apoptosis). (biomedcentral.com)
Some breast cancer cells go into apoptosis when treated with Smac mimetics whereas other cells need an additional apoptosis trigger for Smac mimetics to be effective. (lu.se)
Down Regulation of CLDND1 Induces Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells. (lu.se)
Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. (lookformedical.com)
Based on functional enrichment analyses, up-regulated polyploidy genes appeared to implicate several functions, which primarily include cell/nuclear division, ATP binding, metabolic process, and mitochondrial activity, whereas that of down-regulated genes primarily included apoptosis and immune processes. (plos.org)
At low nanomolar concentrations OXi6196 caused G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and monolayers of rapidly growing HUVECs underwent concentration-dependent changes in their morphology. (elsevierpure.com)
Main Outcome Measure(s): Cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and related genes expression were determined. (elsevierpure.com)
Result(s): BBR inhibited UtLM cell proliferation by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (elsevierpure.com)

Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. (wikipedia.org)
Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. (wikipedia.org)
Progression through these checkpoints is largely determined by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases by regulatory protein subunits called cyclins, different forms of which are produced at each stage of the cell cycle to control the specific events that occur therein. (wikipedia.org)
As the eukaryotic cell cycle is a complex process, eukaryotes have evolved a network of regulatory proteins, known as the cell cycle control system, which monitors and dictates the progression of the cell through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Those complexes, in turn, activate different downstream targets to promote or prevent cell cycle progression. (wikipedia.org)
The three pocket proteins are Retinoblastoma (Rb), p107, and p130, which bind to the E2F transcription factors to prevent progression past the G1 checkpoint. (wikipedia.org)
Positive feedback plays an essential role in regulating the progression from G1 to S phase, particularly involving the phosphorylation of Rb by a Cyclin/CDK protein complex. (wikipedia.org)
The purpose of this review is to discuss the known signal transduction pathways that regulate cell cycle progression and the mechanisms cells employ to insure DNA stability in the face of genotoxic stress. (nih.gov)
Surveillance control mechanisms that check to ensure proper completion of early events and cellular integrity before initiation of subsequent events in cell cycle progression are referred to as cell cycle checkpoints and can generate a transient delay that provides the cell more time to repair damage before progressing to the next phase of the cycle. (nih.gov)
A cell cycle checkpoint that blocks cell cycle progression from G2 to M phase in response to DNA damage. (yeastrc.org)
Adavosertib demonstrated a 65% reduction in the risk of disease progression or death compared with active monitoring in patients with TP53 -/ RAS -mutant metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) following first-line chemotherapy, according to data from the phase 2 FOCUS4-C trial (EUDRACT 2012-005111-12) that were presented during the 2021 ESMO Congress. (onclive.com)
4. HTLV-I p30 inhibits multiple S phase entry checkpoints, decreases cyclin E-CDK2 interactions and delays cell cycle progression. (nih.gov)
7. HIRA, the human homologue of yeast Hir1p and Hir2p, is a novel cyclin-cdk2 substrate whose expression blocks S-phase progression. (nih.gov)
10. Foxo3 circular RNA retards cell cycle progression via forming ternary complexes with p21 and CDK2. (nih.gov)
16. Cyclin A but not cyclin D1 is essential for c-myc-modulated cell-cycle progression. (nih.gov)
Additionally, ZFP57 transcriptionally regulated BRCA1 expression in OC, indicating that ZFP57 may affect BRCA1 mediated G1 checkpoint to regulate the cell cycle of OC cells and further influence the progression of OC. (jcancer.org)
Study cell division with antibodies for detecting cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases that control cycle progression, bioactive and stable recombinant proteins that stimulate or suppress cell division, and specialized dyes that can track cell proliferation. (biolegend.com)
Progression through checkpoints during interphase is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are activated when bound by specific cyclins (see table below). (biolegend.com)
At the end of G1 the 'licensing checkpoint' is a critical safeguard that prevents progression into S phase until enough Mcm2-7 have been loaded onto DNA for replication to occur properly. (dundee.ac.uk)
In cancer cells, this checkpoint is lost so that cells can progression into S-phase with insufficient Mcm2-7 proteins attached to the DNA, meaning that DNA replication cannot be completed and the cancer cell cannot divide again. (dundee.ac.uk)
The cellular signaling system that halts the progression of cells through MITOSIS or MEIOSIS if a defect that will affect CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION is detected. (bvsalud.org)
Cell regulatory signaling system that controls progression through S PHASE and stabilizes the replication forks during conditions that could affect the fidelity of DNA REPLICATION , such as DNA DAMAGE or depletion of nucleotide pools. (nih.gov)
We report that a short duration of CDK1 inhibition, which does not perturb cell cycle progression, triggers a replication-associated DNA damage response (DDR). (oncotarget.com)
also comprises p53 together with cell cycle regulation allowing to investigate the impact of DNA damage intensities on cell cycle progression [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. (lookformedical.com)
Tumor microenvironment (TME) Oncology research solutions TABLE OF CONTENTS Molecular drivers of cancer pathogenesis Cancer progression is associated with the interplay between tumor cells and the surrounding environment, which requires signal transduction pathways to relay messages throughout the cell.1,2 Cell signaling pathways regulate everything from cell growth to proliferation to survival. (technologynetworks.com)
Many of the genes commonly mutated encode Purpose and scope INTRODUCTION components or targets of the PI3K/AKT and Ras/ERK pathways, causing dysregulation of cellular signaling.1 This dysregulation drives cancer progression by influencing the behavior of tumor cells through cell proliferation, survival, migration, differentiation, metabolism, polarity, angiogenesis, and the tumor microenvironment. (technologynetworks.com)
However, the role of ARMS/Kidins220 in cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression has never been investigated. (molcells.org)
Although ARMS/Kidins220 is involved in tumor cell survival and contributes to tumor progression, its role in cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression has never been investigated. (molcells.org)
Thus, the p21-cyclinD1/CDK4 signaling pathway plays a critical role in ARMS/Kidins220-dependent cell-cycle progression. (molcells.org)

The main mechanism of action of the cell cycle checkpoints is through the regulation of the activities of a family of protein kinases known as the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which bind to different classes of regulator proteins known as cyclins, with specific cyclin-CDK complexes being formed and activated at different phases of the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
The E2F gene family is a group of transcription factors that target many genes that are important for control of the cell cycle, including cyclins, CDKs, checkpoint regulators, and DNA repair proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Lastly, the failure to accumulate p21 in response to UVB in C/EBPα-deficient keratinocytes resulted in decreased p21 interactions with critical cell cycle regulatory proteins, increased CDK2 activity, and inappropriate entry into S-phase. (nih.gov)
The cell breaks down and destroys old, damaged, or abnormal proteins and other substances within its cytoplasm , including bacteria and viruses . (nih.gov)
Although 1 affects different signaling pathways in different cell lines and has multiple functions, we have identified its target proteins, which explain and clarify the universal mechanism of its medicinal efficacy. (nature.com)
Only one form of XBub3 is apparent in Xenopus tissue culture (XTC) cells,and localisation studies reveal that, unlike the Mad proteins, which are concentrated at the nuclear periphery, XBub3 is diffusely localised throughout the nucleus during interphase. (biologists.com)
I'm using cell and molecular biology techniques, biochemistry as well as microscopy to characterise the plant SUN proteins. (brookes.ac.uk)
This includes finding out what other proteins the SUNs bind to and what functions they have during cell division. (brookes.ac.uk)
At the first stage of the cell division cycle, termed G1, minichromosome maintenance proteins Mcm2-7 are loaded onto the DNA in preparation for the next stage (termed S-phase), when DNA is replicated (copied). (dundee.ac.uk)
Precise knowledge of how kMT attachments trigger the removal of SAC components from kinetochores or how the checkpoint proteins feedback in to the attachment machinery remains elusive. (northwestern.edu)
This kinase has been shown to phosphorylate checkpoint kinase CHK1, checkpoint proteins RAD17, and RAD9, as well as tumor suppressor protein BRCA1. (genetex.com)
With proteins required for almost all tasks of cellular life, preserving the integrity of our genes, and therefore DNA, is thus critical to upholding normal cell activity and survival. (clinuvel.com)
Accumulates energy and proteins in preparation for the synthesis phase. (hellovaia.com)
Cell proliferation is tightly controlled by the cell-cycle regulatory proteins, primarily by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in the G 1 phase. (molcells.org)

The ability of cells to maintain genomic integrity is vital for cell survival and proliferation. (nih.gov)
17. ING5 is phosphorylated by CDK2 and controls cell proliferation independently of p53. (nih.gov)
The role of interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R) signaling in Igh recombination has been difficult to partition from its role in B cell survival and proliferation. (babraham.ac.uk)
This response must be tightly regulated, since improper cell proliferation can lead to tumor growth or developmental problems. (biolegend.com)
Cell cycle inhibition - Dysregulation of the cell cycle can result in uncontrolled proliferation of cells, which will cause tumor growth and cancer. (biolegend.com)
And generally what we term this whole cell growth and division is called proliferation. (pearson.com)
It's just going all over the place proliferation which is the cell growth and division. (pearson.com)
Preclinical evidence demonstrating that several dietary components can influence Phase I and II enzymes involved with carcinogen metabolism, as well as alter pathways involved with cell proliferation and differentiation, serve as justification for expanding this area of investigation while simultaneously satisfying NCI's goal to identify Molecular Targets of Prevention and Treatment. (nih.gov)
Cell proliferation. (lookformedical.com)
Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation , and cell proliferation . (lookformedical.com)
PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types. (lookformedical.com)
Here we report that knockdown of ARMS/Kidins220 inhibits mouse neuroblastoma cell proliferation by inducing slowdown of cell cycle in the G 1 phase. (molcells.org)
Our results suggest a new role of ARMS/Kidins220 as a signaling platform to regulate tumor cell proliferation in response to the extracellular stimuli. (molcells.org)
In this study, we report that knockdown of ARMS/Kidins220 in mouse neuroblastoma cells induces a slowdown of cell cycle in the G 1 phase, which results in a decrease in cell proliferation. (molcells.org)
Taken together, our study reveals a novel mechanism by which ARMS/Kidins220 scaffold protein regulates tumor cell proliferation. (molcells.org)
Objective: To determine whether berberine (BBR), a naturally occurring plant-derived alkaloid, inhibits the proliferation of human uterine leiomyoma (UtLM) cells. (elsevierpure.com)
E 2 - and P 4 -induced UtLM cell proliferation was blocked by BBR treatment. (elsevierpure.com)
In marked contrast, even the highest concentration of BBR (50 μM) did not influence cell proliferation in UtSMC cells. (elsevierpure.com)
Conclusion(s): BBR selectively inhibits cellular proliferation and blocks E 2 - and P 4 -induced cell proliferation in UtLM but not in normal UtSMC cells. (elsevierpure.com)
Mutations in this network may lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. (nih.gov)

and the M (mitosis) phase, during which the duplicated chromosomes (known as the sister chromatids) separate into two daughter nuclei, and the cell divides into two daughter cells, each with a full copy of DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Other lesions induce potentially harmful mutations in the cell's genome, which affect the survival of its daughter cells after it undergoes mitosis . (wikipedia.org)
At the end of mitosis, two diploid cells are produced, not haploid cells. (proprofs.com)
Mitosis is the process of cell division where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. (proprofs.com)
Prophase - Prophase is the first step of mitosis, a type of cell division that produces two daughter cells with identical genomes. (biolegend.com)
Cytokinesis - Towards the end of mitosis, the parent cell physically splits into two cells, a process called cytokinesis. (biolegend.com)
Cell cycle controls at a phase between G2 PHASE and MITOSIS when chromosome condensation is reversible. (nih.gov)
Figure 1: The cell cycle: Interphase and the Mitotic phase, as well as the sub-phases: G1, S, G2, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis. (hellovaia.com)
Mitosis is the division of the DNA chromosomes and takes place over five sub-phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. (hellovaia.com)
The deep dive below gives a brief overview of the sub-phases of mitosis. (hellovaia.com)
This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. (lookformedical.com)

Aneuploidy, a common feature of cancer cells, results in increased sensitivity to the inhibition of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and the mitotic motor protein Kinesin Family Member 18A (KIF18A). (iucc.ac.il)
In biochemical assays, polyamides inhibit DNA helicases, providing a plausible mechanism for S-phase inhibition. (escholarship.org)
9 Extension of these preliminary findings suggested that the association of competent protein forms of each member of the p53-p33 ING1b complex is essential for the optimum inhibition of cell growth and transactivation by TP53. (bmj.com)
a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, an inhibition of BrdU incorporation and a reduced level of cyclin D1. (vittori-lab.com)
The inhibition of mitochondrial activity by various pharmacological inhibitors, as well as by gene-specific targeting using siRNA-mediated technology showed a dramatic attenuation of polyploidy and bi-nucleation development during in vitro stromal cell decidualization, suggesting mitochondria play a major role in positive regulation of decidual cell polyploidization. (plos.org)
Conversely, FOXO1 expression was efficiently restored in the Ishikawa cell line upon simultaneous inhibition of miR-9, miR-27, miR-96, miR-153, miR-183, and miR-186. (uandes.cl)

Key transitions in the cell cycle are regulated by the activities of various protein kinase complexes composed of cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) molecules. (nih.gov)
Red No. 3, beta-estradiol, and DDT increase ER site-specific DNA binding to the estrogen response element in HTB 133 cells and increase cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. (researchgate.net)
Activation of a cell cycle checkpoint response was evidenced by autophosphorylation of ATR, the S-phase checkpoint kinase, and by recruitment of ATR and the ATR activators RPA, 9-1-1, and Rad17 to chromatin. (escholarship.org)
Surprisingly, ATR activation was accompanied by only a slight increase in single-stranded DNA, and the ATR targets RPA2 and Chk1, a cell cycle checkpoint kinase, were not phosphorylated. (escholarship.org)
Cyclin dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) is essential for cell viability and plays a vital role in many biological events including cell cycle control, DNA damage repair, and checkpoint activation. (oncotarget.com)
Identification of a novel protein kinase Cδ-Smac complex that dissociates during paclitaxel-induced cell death. (lu.se)
The G 1 phase arrest is associated with the decreased expressions of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and hyperphosphorylated pRb, which is mediated by p21 upregulation. (molcells.org)

it is also a key regulator of G2/M and intra-S checkpoint. (onclive.com)

Replication stress by Py-Im polyamides induces a non-canonical ATR-dependent checkpoint response. (escholarship.org)

Several human heritable cancer-prone syndromes known to alter DNA stability have been found to have defects in checkpoint surveillance pathways. (nih.gov)
Signaling pathways ultimately lead to the activation of transcription factors that regulate genes involved in the cell cycle. (biolegend.com)
Astonishing strides have been made in the understanding about how molecules and pathways in pre- and malignant cells differ from their normal counterparts. (nih.gov)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
These responses are elicited through signalling pathways, which activate cell cycle checkpoints and basically lead to three cellular fates: cycle arrest promoting DNA repair, senescence (permanent arrest) or cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we advance a qualitative model covering DNA damage response pathways, focusing on G1/S checkpoint enforcement, supposedly more sensitive to arrest than G2/M checkpoint. (biomedcentral.com)
We define a discrete, logical model encompassing ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) pathways activation upon DNA damage, as well as G1/S checkpoint main components. (biomedcentral.com)
As a step towards an integrative model of DNA-damage response pathways to better cover the onset of senescence, our model focuses on G1/S checkpoint enforcement. (biomedcentral.com)
Finally, downstream nuclear targets of signaling pathways like the transcription factors Myc and NF-κB, chromatin remodelers, and cell cycle effectors are also commonly altered. (technologynetworks.com)

Compared to the eukaryotic cell cycle, the prokaryotic cell cycle (known as binary fission) is relatively simple and quick: the chromosome replicates from the origin of replication, a new membrane is assembled, and the cell wall forms a septum which divides the cell into two. (wikipedia.org)
The cell cycle checkpoints play an important role in the control system by sensing defects that occur during essential processes such as DNA replication or chromosome segregation, and inducing a cell cycle arrest in response until the defects are repaired. (wikipedia.org)
Lack of fidelity in DNA replication and maintenance can result in deleterious mutations leading to cell death or, in multicellular organisms, cancer. (nih.gov)
In the initiation of DNA replication cycle in eukaryotes, what is present at replicators throughout the cell cycle? (flashcardmachine.com)
they also have replication stress during the S-phase. (onclive.com)
For the phase 2 trial, investigators hypothesized that the oral and highly selective small molecular Wee1 inhibitor adavosertib could lead to synthetic lethality with failure of checkpoint control and dNTP shortage, which would further add to DNA replication stress and, ultimately, cell death. (onclive.com)
15. Activation of Cdk2/Cyclin E complexes is dependent on the origin of replication licensing factor Cdc6 in mammalian cells. (nih.gov)
The cell cycle is a series of steps that cells must undergo for replication. (biolegend.com)
Telophase - Each new daughter cell begins to recover from replication by loosening DNA compaction, reforming nuclear membranes, and breaking down the mitotic spindle. (biolegend.com)
The initiation of cell replication begins with extracellular signals. (biolegend.com)
The work, which involved the identification of a new class of small molecules that inhibit DNA replication, has been published in Cell Chemical Biology . (dundee.ac.uk)
Polyamide treatment induced accumulation of S-phase cells and of PCNA replication/repair foci. (escholarship.org)
Moreover, we show that compromised CDK1 activity dramatically increases the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents that kill cancer cells through perturbing DNA replication, including Olaparib, an FDA approved PARP inhibitor. (oncotarget.com)
The cell undergoes DNA Replication, copying exactly all of the DNA chromosomes . (hellovaia.com)

Cohen-Sharir, Y & Ben-David, U 2021, ' Relevance of aneuploidy for cancer therapies targeting the spindle assembly checkpoint and KIF18A ', Molecular and Cellular Oncology , vol. 8, no. 3, 1915075. (iucc.ac.il)
Once the appropriate attachment is achieved, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that delays the premature onset of anaphase needs to be silenced for the cell to proceed to anaphase and cytokinesis. (northwestern.edu)
Agarwal, S & Varma, D 2014, ' How the SAC gets the axe: Integrating kinetochore microtubule attachments with spindle assembly checkpoint signaling ', BioArchitecture , vol. 5, no. 1-2, pp. 1-12. (northwestern.edu)

abstract = "Failure of mitotic checkpoint machinery leads to the chromosomal missegregation and nuclear endoreduplication, thereby driving the emergence of aneuploidy and tetraploidy population. (korea.ac.kr)

In particular, we focus on mammalian cell cycle checkpoint functions, their role in maintaining DNA stability during the cell cycle following exposure to genotoxic agents, and the gene products that act in checkpoint function signal transduction cascades. (nih.gov)
Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. (lookformedical.com)

The G1 checkpoint, also known as the restriction point in mammalian cells and the start point in yeast, is the point at which the cell becomes committed to entering the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
This paper focuses on the role of small modules and feedbacks in the gene-protein network governing the G1/S transition in mammalian cells. (nih.gov)

As the cell progresses through G1, depending on internal and external conditions, it can either delay G1, enter a quiescent state known as G0, or proceed past the restriction point. (wikipedia.org)

Cell viability percentages, cell cycle phases, which cells were on, apoptotic cell rates, drug efflux levels via P-gp, expression levels of Mdr-1 as well as certain genes in p53 apoptotic pathway were measured. (ijpsonline.com)
The molecules which facilitated this repair were photoactivated by wavelengths of light only seen in the visible spectrum, explaining why instead of lethality, survival and retained viability was seen in these treated cell cultures. (clinuvel.com)
The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. (lookformedical.com)

Eliciting proper G1, S, and G2 checkpoint responses to double-strand DNA breaks requires the function of the Ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene product. (nih.gov)
2. TBX3, the gene mutated in ulnar-mammary syndrome, promotes growth of mammary epithelial cells via repression of p19ARF, independently of p53. (nih.gov)
IL-7R signaling activates widespread V and D gene usage to drive antibody diversity in bone marrow B cells. (babraham.ac.uk)
With a detailed description of the Igh repertoire in murine IL-7Rα bone marrow B cells, we demonstrate that IL-7R signaling profoundly influences V gene selection during V-to-DJ recombination. (babraham.ac.uk)
A collaboration between Professor Julian Blow's lab in Gene Regulation and Expression and the Drug Discovery Unit has provided insights into how differences between normal cells and cancer cells could provide a novel anti-cancer therapy. (dundee.ac.uk)
Drug efflux assay results were also shown to be consistent with Mdr-1 gene expression levels in both cell lines. (ijpsonline.com)
This protein and ATM share similarity with Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad3, a cell cycle checkpoint gene required for cell cycle arrest and DNA damage repair in response to DNA damage. (genetex.com)
The inhibitor of growth gene 1 (ING1) was first isolated in early 1996, after it was found to be preferentially expressed in a normal breast cell line but not in a panel of breast cancer cell lines. (bmj.com)

The decision to commit to a new round of cell division occurs when the cell activates cyclin-CDK-dependent transcription which promotes entry into S phase. (wikipedia.org)
A variety of cellular responses are elicited that function in checkpoint signaling to inhibit cyclin/Cdk activities. (nih.gov)
1. The T-Box factor TBX3 is important in S-phase and is regulated by c-Myc and cyclin A-CDK2. (nih.gov)
3. Cyclin A/Cdk2 regulates Cdh1 and claspin during late S/G2 phase of the cell cycle. (nih.gov)
5. Dual regulation of the anaphase promoting complex in human cells by cyclin A-Cdk2 and cyclin A-Cdk1 complexes. (nih.gov)
Cyclin D1 is a key regulatory protein for the transition of cells from the G(1)-S cell cycle phase. (nih.gov)
Cell cycle G2/M phase-related genes were altered by BBR treatment: the expression of cyclin A1, cyclin B1, and Cdk1 were down-regulated, while Cdk4, p21, and p53 were up-regulated. (elsevierpure.com)

Cytokinesis is when cell division actually happens, producing daughter cells . (hellovaia.com)
It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION. (lookformedical.com)
Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell. (lookformedical.com)

Then, we will talk about the regulation of the cell cycle. (hellovaia.com)

Interphase - During interphase, which is comprised of G1, S, and G2 phases, the cell prepares to undergo division by replicating its genome and organelles. (biolegend.com)
The cell cycle phases, interphase and the mitotic phase, are further broken down into sub-phases: G 1 , S phase, and so on. (hellovaia.com)
Interphase is the longest portion of the cell cycle, where the cell performs its essential functions and prepares for division. (hellovaia.com)
Interphase is broken down into three sub-phases: first gap phase (G 1 ), synthesis phase (S phase), and second gap phase (G 2 ). (hellovaia.com)

and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint. (wikipedia.org)
Once the chromosomes are aligned, they are ready to separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell during anaphase. (proprofs.com)
Anaphase - Microtubules pull each chromatid to opposite poles of the cell, so that each daughter cell will have a copy of the genome. (biolegend.com)
The spindle checkpoint delays the onset of anaphase if there are any defects in the interactions between spindle microtubules and kinetochores. (biologists.com)
During cell division it is essential that cells attach all of their kinetochores to spindle microtubules before the onset of anaphase, otherwise daughter cells will gain or lose genetic material, resulting in aneuploidy( Nicklas, 1997 ). (biologists.com)

This review aims to describe the recent advances that provide an insight into the interplay of molecular events that coordinate and regulate the SAC activity in response to kMT attachment during cell division. (northwestern.edu)

Cell Death and Differentiation. (wustl.edu)

The mechanism through which C/EBPα regulates the cell cycle checkpoint in response to DNA damage is unknown. (nih.gov)

During metaphase, the chromosomes align themselves along the equatorial plane of the cell. (proprofs.com)
Metaphase - Chromosomes are lined along the middle of the cell, and microtubules attach to chromosome kinetochores. (biolegend.com)
Stern and Murray, 2001 ) can activate a checkpoint-dependent metaphase delay. (biologists.com)

This checkpoint has been reconstituted in vitro in Xenopus egg extracts, and here we use antibodies to Xenopus Bub3 (XBub3) to show that this protein is required for both the activation and the maintenance of a spindle checkpoint arrest in egg extracts. (biologists.com)
TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains) is an immune checkpoint protein that has gained attention as a potential therapeutic target. (financialcontent.com)
BACKGROUND: This Phase 1 study evaluates the intra- and peritumoral administration by convection enhanced delivery (CED) of human recombinant Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (hrBMP4) - an inhibitory regulator of cancer stem cells (CSCs) - in recurrent glioblastoma. (bvsalud.org)

Their tumor selectivity is probably due to tumor-specific defects affecting cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair, and enhancing apoptotic response in the tumor. (nih.gov)
Apoptotic cell number increased in MCF-7 and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was measured to be ~ 7 fold higher in cells treated with 200 nM of doxorubicin when compared to the control. (ijpsonline.com)
Likewise, apoptotic cell rate increased in MDA-MB-231 cells and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was increased by 2 fold compared to the control. (ijpsonline.com)
Consequently it was concluded that doxorubicin directly influences apoptotic pathway and multidrug resistance in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells even though data all together suggest that the effect is more significant on MDA-MB-231. (ijpsonline.com)
Further, aberrant miR expression results in deregulated cell cycle control and impaired apoptotic responses, and thus, may be central to endometrial tumorigenesis. (uandes.cl)

This checkpoint is responsible for ensuring that all DNA has been replicated correctly and any damage or errors have been repaired before the cell enters the mitotic phase (M phase). (proprofs.com)
The cell continues to grow and accumulate energy for the mitotic phase . (hellovaia.com)
A second cell checkpoint ensures the cell is ready to enter the mitotic phase . (hellovaia.com)
The mitotic phase of the cell cycle is when the cell separates its DNA chromosomes and cell components, leading to cell division and daughter cells . (hellovaia.com)

Transcriptome and accessibility analyses suggest reduced expression of B lineage transcription factors (TFs) and targets and loss of D and V antisense transcription in IL-7Rα B cells. (babraham.ac.uk)

C/EBPα regulates CRL4(Cdt2)-mediated degradation of p21 in response to UVB-induced DNA damage to control the G1/S checkpoint. (nih.gov)
sodium 2-hydroxyoleate), activates sphingomyelin synthase expression and regulates membrane-lipid composition and mitochondrial energy production, inducing cancer cell autophagy. (bvsalud.org)

We aimed to examine whether EPA could protect vascular endothelial cells under stress conditions against stress-induced accelerated senescence (SIAS). (medsci.org)
Cellular senescence is a process in which various stressors permanently stop cell division, resulting in cell changes that appear as senescent-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) ( 2 ). (medsci.org)
In particular, how cells are induced to senescence upon DNA damage attracted a lot of attention, this phenotype being associated to tumour suppression [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

During this process, the plasma membrane undergoes a critical breaking point, leading to the separation of the two daughter cells. (proprofs.com)
Therefore, CITOCINESIS accurately describes the critical breaking of the plasma membrane in the formation of the two daughter cells. (proprofs.com)
Cell permeant dyes like Cytophase™ Violet and DRAQ5™ can measure the cell cycle in live cells while membrane impermeant dyes like Propidium Iodide, DRAQ7™, and Helix NP™ can only assess cell cycle status in cells that have been fixed or permeabilized. (biolegend.com)
In eukaryotic cells the genetic material is surrounded by a membrane system called the nuclear envelope (NE). (brookes.ac.uk)
1971) Attachment of Flagellar Basal Bodies to the Cell Envelope: Specific Attachment to the Outer, Lipopolysaccharide, Membrane and the Cytoplasmic Membrane, J. Bacteriology 105:396-407. (nih.gov)
Untreated (-) and treated (+) HCT116 whole cell extracts (30 μg) were separated by 5% SDS-PAGE, and the membrane was blotted with ATR (phospho Thr1989) antibody (GTX128145) diluted at 1:2000. (genetex.com)
In animal cells , an actin ring pinches the cell's plasma membrane together until it has split into two cells , almost like pinching a piece of clay into two. (hellovaia.com)

And because there's multiple mutations, we say that cancer cells are genetically unstable and this is a fairly common term that you hear when describing cancer. (pearson.com)
Normal cells have multiple mechanisms to recognize and repair DNA damage before mutations arise (5) , serving to maintain the integrity of the genome. (aacrjournals.org)
As a result, the high frequency of mutations found in cancer cells cannot be accounted for by the low spontaneous mutation rate observed among somatic cells. (aacrjournals.org)

We discuss the mechanism by which our α-XBub3 antibodies interfere with the checkpoint and possible roles for XBub3 in the spindle checkpoint pathway. (biologists.com)

So it's this combination of growth division and unregulated death that allows for these tumors to grow and so in order to affect cell growth division and death, it requires multiple mutation. (pearson.com)
This Phase 0 approach for malignant brain tumors is a game changer in cancer research and our program is the first of its kind in the world," said Dr. Nader Sanai, M.D., the study's lead author, a brain tumor surgeon at Barrow Neurological Institute who also directs Barrow's Brain Tumor Research Center, and co-Director of the Brain Tumor Early-Phase Clinical Trials Unit at TGen. (tgen.org)
The hope is that these drugs - AZD1775 and TMZ - could work in tandem to exploit a particular genetic vulnerability discovered by TGen in certain glioblastoma tumors," said Dr. Michael Berens, Ph.D., a TGen Deputy Director, a co-Director of TGen's Early-Phase Clinical Trials Unit, and one of the study's authors. (tgen.org)
In this context, fasting cycles have been shown to retard the growth of tumors and to sensitize various cancer cell types to chemotherapy.6 In regard to the development of alternative or complementary anticancer agents, thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are interesting compounds. (vittori-lab.com)

All three immunoglobulin loci also participate in a highly specific, developmentally regulated network of interchromosomal interactions with genes encoding B cell-lineage factors. (babraham.ac.uk)
Our analysis suggests that H3K4me3-BDs can be created by super-enhancers and supports the new concept of epigenomic translocation, where the relocation of H3K4me3-BDs from cell identity genes to oncogenes accompanies the translocation of super-enhancers. (babraham.ac.uk)
Genes and the Environment, Defining the Signatures of Cancer Cells, and Molecular Targets. (nih.gov)
All cells have unique "signatures" that are characterized by active and inactive genes and cellular products. (nih.gov)

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. (lookformedical.com)

Exposures to several common sources of genotoxic stress, including oxidative stress, ionizing radiation, UV radiation, and the genotoxic compound benzo[a]pyrene, elicit cell cycle checkpoint responses that show both similarities and differences in their molecular signaling. (nih.gov)
Exploring this border is now proving hugely rewarding, with implications for many aspects of cell function and plant responses to the environment. (brookes.ac.uk)
Therefore, cancer cells rely on DNA damage responses to sustain growth in the presence of a high load of endogenous lesions and during chemotherapeutic treatments. (cnrs.fr)
Fortunately, in response to UVR and HEV light assault, DNA damage responses (DDRs) are upregulated in our skin cells. (clinuvel.com)

Cell cycle control, checkpoint mechanisms, and genotoxic stress. (nih.gov)
It is an important control mechanism to prevent the transmission of damaged or mutated DNA to daughter cells. (proprofs.com)
Using an assay for repair based on host cell reactivation of UV-damaged plasmid DNA, cells exposed to hypoxia and low pH were found to have a diminished capacity for DNA repair compared with control cells grown under standard culture conditions. (aacrjournals.org)
A drug that could help arrest cells from continuing to divide out of control could be a benefit to patients with cancer, including brain cancer," said Dr. Harshil Dhruv, Ph.D., TGen Assistant Professor, and one of the study's authors. (tgen.org)
3, 7 Suppression of p33 ING1b is associated with the loss of cellular growth control and immortalisation, whereas its overexpression arrests cells in the G 0 /G 1 phase of the cell cycle. (bmj.com)

Site-specific DNA binding by p53 in RLE, HTB 125, HTB 133, and MCF-7 cells was increased when they were treated with Red No. 3, which suggests that cellular DNA was damaged by this colorant. (researchgate.net)
The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. (lookformedical.com)

1985) DNA primase-DNA Polymerase-a from Simian cells: Modulation of RNA Primer Synthesis by Ribonucleoside Triphosphates, J. Biol. (nih.gov)
1975) Synthesis of Superhelical Simian Virus 40 DNA in Cell Lysates, J. Biol. (nih.gov)
Here, we identify an unanticipated role for CDK1 in promoting nascent DNA synthesis during S-phase. (oncotarget.com)

Using tiled Capture Hi-C, we produce a comprehensive map of chromatin interactions throughout the 2.8-Mb Igh locus in progenitor B cells. (babraham.ac.uk)
1976) Simian Virus 40 - Permissive Cell Interactions: Selection and Characterization of Spontaneously Arising Monkey Cells that are Resistant to SV40 Infection, J. Virol. (nih.gov)

Although abnormal nuclear ploidy and the resulting impairment of mitotic checkpoint function are typical physiological event leading to human hepatocellular carcinoma, any mutational change of mitotic checkpoint regulators has not yet been discovered. (korea.ac.kr)

Glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity are also potential mechanisms for diabetic complications, in addition to beta cell dysfunction. (medsci.org)
The aims of the project are 1) to identify and understand novel mechanisms regulating breast cancer cell death and 2) to identify molecular patterns of importance for the tumor biology and disease outcome. (lu.se)
The mechanisms of this effect and what determines whether such a change, rather than cell death, is induced will be analyzed. (lu.se)
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). (lookformedical.com)
MOTIVATION: Mathematical models of the cell cycle can contribute to an understanding of its basic mechanisms. (nih.gov)

12. Depletion of SUMO ligase hMMS21 impairs G1 to S transition in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. (nih.gov)
We relate these bifurcations to the cell cycle checkpoint and the G1/S phase transition point. (nih.gov)

In normal dividing cells, the inhibitor pauses the cell cycle in G1 while in contrast a cancer cell will still proceed through the cell cycle to enter an S-phase it cannot complete. (dundee.ac.uk)

The rate of DNA repair is dependent on many factors, including the cell type, the age of the cell, and the extracellular environment. (wikipedia.org)

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide, with over 40,000 new cases per year in the US. (medscape.com)
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most frequent malignancies in humans and academia as well as public authorities expect a further increase of its incidence in the next years. (frontiersin.org)

the comet assay in peripheral blood-isolated lymphocytes and mammary epithelial cells was also carried out. (researchgate.net)
Our results suggest that DDT is genotoxic, not only for lymphocytes but also to mammary epithelial cells. (researchgate.net)

Those are very commonly found in breast cancer cells. (pearson.com)
And so we just sort of say, you know, cancer cells have a lot of these, therefore they're genetically unstable. (pearson.com)
This alteration in repair capacity may constitute an important mechanism underlying the genetic instability of cancer cells in vivo . (aacrjournals.org)
This has led to the hypothesis proposed by Loeb (6) that cancer cells exhibit a mutator phenotype and that the loss of genome stability function(s) early during tumor development could produce an increase in mutation rate in the affected cells. (aacrjournals.org)
PHOENIX, Ariz. - May 24, 2018 - In a first-of-its-kind clinical trial, a drug called AZD1775 was shown to penetrate deadly glioblastoma brain cancer cells, according to a study conducted at Barrow Neurological Institute and initiated by the Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) . (tgen.org)
Cancer cells divide unceasingly, instead of eventually dying as they should. (tgen.org)
Chemotherapy drugs work on cancer cells at different parts of the cell cycle. (ketris.online)
It combines both the advantages of highly specific targeting ability and highly potent killing effect to achieve accurate and efficient elimination of cancer cells, which has become one of the hotspots for the research and development of anticancer drugs. (ketris.online)
Reduced nuclear expression of p33 ING1b was found in cancer cells, both in intensity and the proportion of cells staining. (bmj.com)

CELL CYCLE regulatory signaling systems that are triggered by DNA DAMAGE or lack of nutrients during G2 PHASE . (nih.gov)

When a cell has the wrong number of chromosomes , either more or less than it should. (nih.gov)
During meiosis, the number of chromosomes in the cell is halved, resulting in the formation of gametes (sperm and eggs) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. (proprofs.com)
This alignment is crucial for the accurate distribution of chromosomes to each daughter cell during cell division. (proprofs.com)

All living organisms are the products of repeated rounds of cell growth and division. (wikipedia.org)
Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs only in the specialized cells called germ cells. (proprofs.com)
The given correct answer, CITOCINESIS, refers to the process of cell division where the cytoplasm of a cell divides, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells. (proprofs.com)
The current version of the model gives predictions of the yields and sizes of translocations, dicentrics, rings, and more complex-type aberrations formed in the G 0 /G 1 cell cycle phase during the first cell division after irradiation. (bioone.org)
The different stages of this process form what is termed the cell division cycle. (dundee.ac.uk)
It's a little bit more difficult term but abnormal cell growth and division. (pearson.com)
And if you get a lot of cell growth and division eventually that's going to develop into a tumor. (pearson.com)
But it's not only cell growth and division that is unregulated, it's also unregulated death. (pearson.com)
It's created a tumor, It has unregulated cell growth division and cell death. (pearson.com)
It looks like AZD1775 gets across the blood-brain barrier," said Dr. Berens, who also is Director of TGen's Cancer and Cell Biology Division and TGen's Glioma Research Lab. (tgen.org)
These cells will have to produce clones, copies of themselves in a process called the cell cycle and cell division . (hellovaia.com)
The cell cycle describes the life cycle of a eukaryotic cell as it performs its necessary functions and prepares for cell division, producing two new daughter cells. (hellovaia.com)
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION . (lookformedical.com)
and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE. (lookformedical.com)

Anatomy15

Organisms2

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs58

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes52

Information Science3

Health Care2

Apoptosis22

Progression30

Proteins14

Proliferation20

Mitosis11

Inhibition6

Kinase7

Intra-S checkpoint1

Induces1

Pathways9

Replication14

Assembly checkpoint3

Abstract1

Signal transduction2

Mammalian cells2

Restriction point1

Viability3

Gene8

Cyclin7

Cytokinesis3

Regulation1

Interphase4

Anaphase5

Regulate1

Differentiation1

Response to DNA damage1

Metaphase3

Protein3

Apoptotic5

Mitotic phase4

Transcription1

Regulates2

Senescence3

Membrane7

Mutations3

Antibodies1

Tumors4

Genes4

Vitro1

Responses4

Control5

Cellular2

Synthesis3

Interactions2

Regulators1

Mechanisms5

Transition2

Inhibitor1

Extracellular1

Squamous cell carc2

Mammary epithelial cells2

Cancer cells9

Regulatory1

Chromosomes3

Division14