• Although the structures of rotavirus and other members of the Reoviridae have been extensively studied, little is known about the structures of virus-encoded non-structural proteins that are essential for genome replication and packaging. (nih.gov)
  • Several RNA binding sites, resulting from the quaternary organization of NSP2 monomers, may be required for the helix destabilizing activity of NSP2 and its function during genome replication and packaging. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, our data support a model in which protein p56 ensures an efficient viral DNA replication, preventing the deleterious effect caused by UDG when it eliminates uracil residues present in the phi29 genome. (nih.gov)
  • Using a transient subgenomic replicon, we demonstrate that SDM25N restricts genomic RNA replication rather than translation of the viral genome. (bris.ac.uk)
  • The human papillomavirus (HPV) E2 protein is a multifunctional protein essential for the control of virus gene expression, genome replication and persistence. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Origin recognition complexes (ORCs) initiate the task of DNA replication throughout an entire genome in a controlled, temporal pattern. (cshl.edu)
  • In the mammalian genome, this group of proteins assembles at tens of thousands of sites all at once, ensuring each chromosome is copied precisely once per cell division. (cshl.edu)
  • T-antigen hijacks other proteins from the infected cell to replicate the virus genome. (cshl.edu)
  • Over the next few decades researchers would use SV40 replication to discover dozens of cellular proteins that are necessary for human cell genome replication. (cshl.edu)
  • The Stillman lab searched for the protein(s) that start cell chromosome duplication, rather than virus genome replication. (cshl.edu)
  • These proteins are essential for viral mRNA synthesis and genome replication, and consequently they constitute attractive targets for drug design. (hal.science)
  • Although primarily based on observations made with TCV, this new model could be broadly applicable to other viruses as it provides a molecular basis for maintaining virus genome fidelity in the face of the error-prone nature of virus replication process. (frontiersin.org)
  • Trinucleotide repeats are a source of genome instability, causing replication fork stalling, chromosome fragility, and impaired repair. (tufts.edu)
  • Classification of viruses is principally according to their genome sequence taking into consideration nature and structure of their genome and their method of replication, but not according to the diseases they cause (see International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), 2021 release ). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Replication protein A (RPA) is the main eukaryotic ssDNA-binding protein with essential roles in DNA replication, recombination, and repair. (anl.gov)
  • In cells arrested in S-phase with hydroxyurea, WRN localizes to discrete nuclear foci that coincide with those formed by the single-stranded DNA binding protein replication protein A. These results are consistent with a model in which WRN prevents aberrant recombination events at sites of stalled replication forks by dissociating recombination intermediates. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Moreover, these motions occur in mostly conserved nucleotides from structural regions (i.e., priming loop, pseudo-triloop, and U43 bulge) that biochemical and mutational studies have shown to be essential for P binding, protein-priming, pgRNA packaging, and DNA synthesis. (nist.gov)
  • Interferon (IFN)-inducing protein 10 (IP-10), which is involved in IFN synthesis during influenza infection, showed the highest level of expression in both influenza A and B patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Enriched metabolic pathways for both total fat (%) and fat distribution included protein synthesis, branched-chain amino acids biosynthesis and metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. (lu.se)
  • Replication initiation of the broad host range plasmid RK2 requires binding of the host-encoded DnaA protein to specific sequences (DnaA boxes) at its replication origin ( oriV ). (sri.com)
  • DNase I footprint, gel mobility shift, and surface plasmon resonance analyses showed that the DnaA proteins from Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas putida , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bind to the DnaA boxes at oriV and are capable of inducing open complex formation, the first step in the replication initiation process. (sri.com)
  • In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
  • DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
  • The pre-replication complex (pre-RC) assembly or the DNA replication licensing is the first step in DNA replication initiation, characterized by the sequential recruitment of ORCs, Cdc6, Cdt1 and MCMs to the DNA replication origins to form the pre-RC at the end of mitosis ( Bell and Dutta 2002 ). (intechopen.com)
  • Here, we present evidence that fission yeast replication origins are specifically associated with proteins that participate in initiation of replication. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The results suggest that the fission yeast ORC specifically interacts with chromosomal replication origins and that Mcm proteins are loaded onto the origins to play a role in initiation of replication. (elsevierpure.com)
  • For the same reason, the initiation of DNA replication is highly regulated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosome replication in bacteria is regulated at the initiation stage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Meanwhile, several other proteins interact directly with the oriC sequence to regulate initiation, usually by inhibition. (wikipedia.org)
  • A few other mechanisms in E. coli that variously regulate initiation are DDAH (datA-Dependent DnaA Hydrolysis, which is also regulated by IHF), inhibition of the dnaA gene (by the SeqA protein), and reactivation of DnaA by the lipid membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, UDG and apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease treatment of viral DNA isolated from phi29-infected cells revealed that uracil residues arise in phi29 DNA during replication, probably as a result of misincorporation of dUMP by the phi29 DNA polymerase. (nih.gov)
  • Replication of IAV is carried out by the RNA-dependent RNA viral polymerase that functions as a heterotrimeric complex, formed from separate components PA, PB1 and PB2. (nature.com)
  • Once priming is complete, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is loaded into the DNA and replication begins. (wikipedia.org)
  • First, we summarize the recent structural and functional advances on the molecules involved in filovirus replication/transcription cycle, particularly the NP, VP30, VP35 proteins, and the "large" protein L, which harbors the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and mRNA capping activities. (hal.science)
  • HBV replication is initiated by the binding of polymerase (P) to epsilon (ε), a 61 nucleotide (nt) cis -acting regulatory stem-loop RNA located at the 5′-end of the pregenomic RNA (pgRNA). (nist.gov)
  • The Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) binds to sites in chromosomes to specify the location of origins of DNA replication. (nature.com)
  • The results illuminate the molecular mechanism of a critical biochemical step in the licensing of eukaryotic replication origins. (nature.com)
  • In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , there are over 400 origins of DNA replication located on 16 chromosomes and they can function as autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs) when inserted into a plasmid 19 . (nature.com)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • Bacterial origins regulate orisome assembly, a nuclei-protein complex assembled on the origin responsible for unwinding the origin and loading all the replication machinery. (wikipedia.org)
  • In previous studies, we suggested that this inhibition is likely a defense mechanism developed by phage phi29 to prevent the action of UDG if uracilation occurs in DNA either from deamination of cytosine or the incorporation of dUMP during viral DNA replication. (nih.gov)
  • this binding may contribute to the inhibition of the virus replication. (scitechdaily.com)
  • In contrast to a chromosomal replication origin, which functionally interacts only with the native DnaA protein of the organism, the ability of RK2 to replicate in a wide range of Gram-negative bacterial hosts requires the interaction of oriV with many different DnaA proteins. (sri.com)
  • RPA maintains the DNA as single-stranded and also interacts with other DNA-processing proteins, coordinating their assembly and disassembly on DNA. (anl.gov)
  • Replication protein A 14 kDa subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPA3 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cloning, overexpression, and genomic mapping of the 14-kDa subunit of human replication protein A". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biophysical Analysis of the N-Terminal Domain from the Human Protein Phosphatase 1 Nuclear Targeting Subunit PNUTS Suggests an Extended Transcription Factor TFIIS-Like Fold. (nih.gov)
  • The S. cerevisiae ORC binds to specific DNA sequences throughout the cell cycle but becomes active only when it binds to the replication initiator Cdc6. (nature.com)
  • RPA binds to ssDNA in two conformational states with opposing affinities for DNA and proteins. (anl.gov)
  • The human ORC is composed of ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5, and ORC6 and binds to a protein called CDC6 that is related to ORC1. (cshl.edu)
  • When the ORC1 protein binds to DNA, it recruits CDC6, a protein that regulates and recruits other proteins, to a liquid phase and completes the ORC ring. (cshl.edu)
  • CDC6 then binds to ORC1, bringing the other molecules along, allowing replication to begin. (cshl.edu)
  • The RepA protein binds to DNA repeats that flank the repA gene. (nih.gov)
  • ITZ binds OSBP and inhibits its function, i.e., shuttling of cholesterol and phosphatidylinositol -4- phosphate between membranes , thereby likely perturbing the virus -induced membrane alterations essential for viral replication organelle formation. (bvsalud.org)
  • J.H.Taylor confirmed semi conservative replication of DNA in Vicia faba chromosomes in 1963. (biologyexams4u.com)
  • We have previously shown that replication of fission yeast chromosomes is initiated in distinct regions. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Tens of thousands of ORCs assemble simultaneously along the chromosomes and after assembly, they are sequentially employed to start replication. (cshl.edu)
  • Not only are ORC proteins involved in DNA replication, but they also help divide the chromosomes equally into the two new cells. (cshl.edu)
  • Telomeres and DNA Replication Telomeres: Theendsof eukaryoticchromosomes (chromosomes arelinear) Neededfor chromosomal integrity andstability. (slideshare.net)
  • The ORC-Cdc6 complex (product 1) assembles in step 1 around origin DNA and with the help of another replication initiator protein, Cdt1, it recruits the Mcm2-7 hexamer to the origin in step 2. (nature.com)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • We therefore screened the NIH Clinical Collection (NCC), a library of drug-like small molecules, for inhibitors of DENV replication using a cell line that contains a stably replicating DENV serotype 2 (DENV2) subgenomic replicon. (bris.ac.uk)
  • This tool enables researchers to define potential targets for inhibitors of replication. (leica-microsystems.com)
  • Follow-up research on these inhibitors can eliminate UNBS5162 IC50 nonspecific toxicity, set up pharmacokinetic/powerful properties, and determine focus on proteins in the Mtb organism. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
  • The involvement of viral DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of virulence genes, transcription, DNA replication, and repair make them significant targets. (mdpi.com)
  • Using cell-based assays, we show that co-expression of L1 and E2 results in enhanced transcription and virus origin-dependent DNA replication. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The Mpro protein is vital for SARS-CoV-2 replication and transcription. (scitechdaily.com)
  • As for SARS-CoV-2, the Mpro protein plays an important role in the replication and transcription of the virus. (scitechdaily.com)
  • This interaction triggers protein-primed reverse transcription and pgRNA packaging and is therefore an attractive therapeutic target. (nist.gov)
  • The non-structural protein NSP2 of rotavirus, which exhibits nucleoside triphosphatase, single-stranded RNA binding, and nucleic-acid helix-destabilizing activities, is a major component of viral replicase complexes. (nih.gov)
  • SCOPe: Structural Classification of Proteins - extended. (berkeley.edu)
  • SCOP: Structural Classification of Proteins and ASTRAL. (berkeley.edu)
  • We investigate and characterise the tightly orchestrated sequence of events during different stages of the infection cycle by visualising the spatiotemporal dynamics of the four structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 at high resolution. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Based on the crystal structure in this research, we propose that a rotary mechanism drives the transformation to initiate DNA replication," said Eric Enemark, Ph.D., an associate member of the St. Jude Department of Structural Biology. (sciencedaily.com)
  • An international collaboration between the UCL School of Pharmacy, the Lund Protein Production Platform (LP3) and ESS, through its DEMAX platform, have performed biophysical and structural studies of three non-structural proteins from the novel coronavirus, SARS CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. (lu.se)
  • In contrast, the minichromosome maintenance (Mcm) proteins, SpMcm2p and SpMcm6p, encoded by the nda1 + /cdc19 + and mis5 + genes, respectively, were associated with chromatin DNA only during the G 1 and S phases. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In contrast, the minichromosome maintenance (Mcm) proteins, SpMcm2p and SpMcm6p, encoded by the nda1+/cdc19+ and mis5+ genes, respectively, were associated with chromatin DNA only during the G1 and S phases. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Mutations in the genes that encode these proteins can result in disease. (cshl.edu)
  • Cloned genes frequently fail to communicate protein that are soluble or crystallizable, and even though crystals are acquired they sometimes usually do not create high res x-ray diffraction data, leading to low gene-to-structure achievement prices (typically 10%) for large-scale attempts. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
  • Like all viruses, they require utilization of host molecular machinery to facilitate their replication through physical interactions. (escholarship.org)
  • Based on the newly determined structure of the replication machinery, the researchers proposed that the MCM complexes begin to move in different directions, leading to separation of double-stranded DNA into single strands. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In this review, we focus on recent findings on the filovirus replication machinery and how they could be used for the identification of new therapeutic targets and the development of new antiviral compounds. (hal.science)
  • Enemark and his colleagues have produced the first atomic resolution image of the MCM complex bound to single-strand DNA and the molecules that fuel replication. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Tightly-controlled feedback loops between ORC1, CDC6, and a number of other molecules regulate the timing of replication. (cshl.edu)
  • DNA replication involves producing new copies of DNA molecules. (answers.com)
  • In the 1980s, researchers who wanted to understand DNA replication in animals used viruses as a simplified model system. (cshl.edu)
  • In humans, the immune system-a complex network of organs, proteins, and cells-works collectively to mount a protective response against outside invaders such as viruses and bacteria. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Some viruses have an outer envelope consisting of protein and lipid, surrounding a protein capsid complex with genomic RNA or DNA and sometimes enzymes needed for the first steps of viral replication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Certain single-strand, (+) sense RNA viruses termed retroviruses use a very different method of replication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A lot of vaccine applicants are under advancement, based either overall pathogen (inactivated or attenuated infections), nonreplicating viral vectors expressing SARS-CoV-2 antigens, nucleic acidity (mRNA or DNA), and subunits (proteins or virus-like contaminants) (7, 8). (spierarchitecturalarts.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have remarkable stability and are key regulators of mRNA transcripts for several essential proteins required for the survival of cells and replication of the virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus, dissecting the physical interactions between viral proteins and their host protein targets is essential in our comprehension of how flaviviruses replicate and how they alter host cell behavior. (escholarship.org)
  • In particular, they looked for proteins crucial for the virus to replicate once it infected someone. (kpbs.org)
  • Serra-Garcia and Gneezy analyzed data from three influential replication projects which tried to systematically replicate the findings in top psychology, economic and general science journals (Nature and Science). (scitechdaily.com)
  • With the findings from these three replication projects, the authors used Google Scholar to test whether papers that failed to replicate are cited significantly more often than those that were successfully replicated, both before and after the replication projects were published. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The ORC complex proteins are kept near each other in liquid compartments in the nucleus and recruit proteins such as CDC6 and other proteins that control when to commit the cell to divide. (cshl.edu)
  • In E. coli, the direction for orisome assembly are built into a short stretch of nucleotide sequence called as origin of replication (oriC) which contains multiple binding sites for the initiator protein DnaA (a highly homologous protein amongst bacterial kingdom). (wikipedia.org)
  • 1. Unwindingof DNADuplex:  Helicase enzyme  Topoisomerase  Single Stranded Binding Proteins 1. (slideshare.net)
  • Differential requirement of Srs2 helicase and Rad51 displacement activities in replication of hairpin-forming CAG/CTG repeats. (tufts.edu)
  • The Srs2 helicase unwinds DNA hairpins, facilitates replication, and prevents repeat instability and fragility. (tufts.edu)
  • Unexpectedly, matched or even mixed combinations of E1 and E2 proteins from HPV-11 or BPV-1 replicated either ori in human, monkey, and rodent cell lines of epithelial or fibroblastic lineage, albeit with varied efficiencies. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Their RNA genomes are translated using host ribosomes, synthesizing viral proteins that cooperate with each other and host proteins to reshape the host cell into a factory for virus replication. (escholarship.org)
  • Here, we review protein interactions between flavivirus and host proteins that contribute to virus replication, immune evasion, and disease. (escholarship.org)
  • We characterized an H9N2 virus from a pet market in Bangladesh and demonstrated replication in samples from pet birds, swine tissues, human airway and ocular cells, and ferrets. (cdc.gov)
  • Identification of a new dengue virus inhibitor that targets the viral NS4B protein and restricts genomic RNA replication. (bris.ac.uk)
  • Research has shed light on the SARS-CoV-2 virus replication kinetics, adaption capabilities, and cytopathology. (leica-microsystems.com)
  • Ogando and co-workers [1] investigated virus replication in infected Vero E6 cells with immunofluorescence microscopy. (leica-microsystems.com)
  • E2 is expressed throughout the differentiation-dependent virus life cycle and is functionally regulated by association with multiple viral and cellular proteins. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The SV40 T-antigen, the first protein the virus makes inside a host cell, is needed for the very first step of replication of the virus DNA. (cshl.edu)
  • Despite its safety record, OPV can lead to rare emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) when there is prolonged circulation or replication of the vaccine virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Knockdown of OSBP inhibits virus replication , whereas overexpression of OSBP or ORP4 counteracts the antiviral effects of ITZ and OSW-1. (bvsalud.org)
  • Together, these data implicate OSBP/ORP4 as molecular targets of ITZ and point to an essential role of OSBP/ORP4-mediated lipid exchange in virus replication that can be targeted by antiviral drugs . (bvsalud.org)
  • The research team discovered that cells that line our lungs and other tissues express a protein, phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1), that can halt SARS-CoV-2 replication in its tracks before the virus spreads to nearby cells. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Evidence suggests that miRNAs are involved in the regulation of influenza virus replication in many cell types. (cdc.gov)
  • However, DnaA proteins from two Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces lividans , while capable of specifically interacting with the DnaA box sequences at oriV , do not bind stably and fail to induce open complex formation. (sri.com)
  • Analyses of autonomous replicating sequences have suggested that regions required for replication are very different from those in budding yeast. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The encoded protein plays a role in many cellular processes including cell cycle progression, DNA repair and apoptosis by regulating the activity of protein phosphatase 1. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we show for the first time to our knowledge that HPV16 E2 directly associates with the major capsid protein L1, independently of other viral or cellular proteins. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Once the provirus is integrated into the host cell DNA, it is transcribed using typical cellular mechanisms to produce viral proteins and genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Because Pfizer's pill isn't affected by changes in the spike protein, Dolsten says he expects the new drug will work equally well against any variant of the coronavirus, including omicron. (kpbs.org)
  • In conclusion, we have identified a new DENV inhibitor, SDM25N, which restricts genomic RNA replication by - directly or indirectly - targeting the viral NS4B protein. (bris.ac.uk)
  • Replication is bi-directional and originates at a single origin of replication (OriC). (wikipedia.org)
  • There are 11 DnaA binding sites/boxes on the E. coli origin of replication out of which three boxes R1, R2 and R4 (which have a highly conserved 9 bp consensus sequence 5' - TTATC/ACACA ) are high affinity DnaA boxes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The origin recognition complex (too small to be seen in this picture) is responsible for coordinating many parts of this DNA replication process. (cshl.edu)
  • The origin recognition complex (ORC) is a group of proteins involved with every cell division event in our cells. (cshl.edu)
  • We have shown that E1 and E2 proteins of human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) were essential to support the replication of the homologous viral origin (ori) in a transient replication assay, similar to reports on bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1). (elsevierpure.com)
  • [1] is a useful tool for the characterization of the replication cycle of SARS-CoV-2. (leica-microsystems.com)
  • Characterization of the human papillomavirus E2 protein: evidence of trans-activation and trans-repression in cervical keratinocytes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • We then describe how these insights into filovirus replication mechanisms and the structure/function characterization of the involved proteins have led to the development of new and innovative antiviral strategies that may help reduce the filovirus disease case fatality rate through post-exposure or prophylactic treatments. (hal.science)
  • The papers cover recent results on the topology and geometry of DNA and protein knotting using techniques from knot theory, spatial graph theory, differential geometry, molecular simulations, and laboratory experimentation. (ams.org)
  • The same mechanism may also explain how DNA replication begins, Enemark said. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The associated conformational change and partial occlusion of the DBD-A-DBA-B protein-protein interaction site establish a mechanism for the allosteric coupling of RPA-DNA and RPA-protein interactions. (anl.gov)
  • Stopping the replication of SARS-CoV-2 is likely possible thanks to a compound called EBSELEN: a group of researchers from the Politecnico di Milano has communicated aspects relevant to the blocking of replication mechanism in the New Journal of Chemistry . (scitechdaily.com)
  • These results suggest that the inability of the DnaA protein of a host bacterium to form a stable and functional complex with the DnaA boxes at oriV is a limiting step for plasmid host range. (sri.com)
  • This protein is an initiator of plasmid replication. (nih.gov)
  • This family also includes RepA which is an E.coli protein involved in plasmid replication. (nih.gov)
  • Protein p56 encoded by the Bacillus subtilis phage phi29 inhibits host uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) activity. (nih.gov)
  • Relocation of the lysosome marker LAMP1 towards the assembly compartment and its detection in transport vesicles of viral proteins confirm an important role of lysosomes in SARS-CoV-2 egress. (cam.ac.uk)
  • These data provide new insights into the spatiotemporal regulation of SARS-CoV-2 assembly, and refine current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 replication. (cam.ac.uk)
  • During DNA replication, the MCM complex is positioned at the fork where double-stranded DNA separates into single strands. (sciencedaily.com)
  • These results clarify the many roles of Srs2 in facilitating replication through fork-blocking hairpin lesions. (tufts.edu)
  • Antiviral Research, 2016), we reviewed the role of the filovirus surface glycoprotein in replication and as a target for drugs and vaccines. (hal.science)
  • Which of the following replication proteins is used to unwind the DNA double helix? (varsitytutors.com)