AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation Science
ThyrotropinReceptors, ThyrotropinThyroid GlandThyrotropin-Releasing HormoneThyroid HormonesThyroxineHypothyroidismHormonesTriiodothyronineHyperthyroidismFollicle Stimulating HormoneThyrotropin AlfaLuteinizing HormoneImmunoglobulins, Thyroid-StimulatingThyroid Function TestsGraves DiseaseCongenital HypothyroidismThyrotropin, beta SubunitParathyroid HormoneThyroglobulinGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneRadioimmunoassayGonadal Steroid HormonesPituitary Hormones, AnteriorReceptors, Thyroid HormonePituitary GlandThyroid DiseasesAdrenocorticotropic HormoneHuman Growth HormoneProlactinPituitary HormonesTriiodothyronine, ReverseIodide PeroxidasePituitary Gland, AnteriorIodineCyclic AMPGlycoprotein Hormones, alpha SubunitReceptors, Thyrotropin-Releasing HormoneIodidesHormone Replacement TherapyGoiterGrowth Hormone-Releasing HormonePropylthiouracilExophthalmosPituitary NeoplasmsJuvenile HormonesImmunoassayThyrotoxicosisReagent Kits, DiagnosticAntithyroid AgentsThyroxine-Binding ProteinsGraves OphthalmopathyCattleThyroidectomyIodine RadioisotopesEstradiolChorionic GonadotropinThyroid NeoplasmsHarderian GlandCorticotropin-Releasing HormoneMethimazolePituitary Hormone-Releasing HormonesHypopituitarismRNA, MessengerThyroiditis, AutoimmuneHypothalamic HormonesCarbimazoleMolecular Sequence DataPeptide HormonesReceptors, Cell SurfaceAutoantibodiesMyxedemaTestosteroneTranscription Factor Pit-1Anti-Mullerian HormoneGonadal HormonesHypophysectomyHydrocortisoneThyroid Hormone Receptors betaAdenylate CyclasePyrrolidonecarboxylic AcidKineticsGoiter, NodularEuthyroid Sick SyndromesThyroid Hormone Resistance SyndromePotassium IodidePituitary Function TestsProgesteroneThyroiditisGastrointestinal HormonesAmino Acid SequenceHypothalamusCell LinePregnancyTime FactorsCells, CulturedIopanoic AcidBucladesineGrowth HormoneReference Values
TRHRProtein-coupled receptorSecretion of thyroidBindsStimulatesNeuronsActions of thyroid hormones are producedActivatesHypothalamusHypothalamicGenesSynthesisProlactinAnterior pituitaryDopamineHypothyroidismPituitary hormoneNuclearMetabolicMolecularGlutamateLigandsInositolRegulate geneNeuropeptideSerumPeptide hormoneThyroid hormone levelsIodineHypothyroidAgonistsSelectivelyResistanceGrowth hormoneExertActivationModulateAdenomasCellsPeripheralInteractProteinsSystemicCellularGoiterRegulationDistinct
TRHR3
Protein-coupled receptor3
  • We use a number of model systems (pituitary cells, cell lines, transgenic animals) to study signal pathways for a hypothalamic peptide hormone, TRH, which acts via a G protein coupled receptor to increase cytoplasmic calcium and protein kinase C activity. (rochester.edu)
  • Paroxetine is a direct inhibitor of g protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and increases myocardial contractility. (rochester.edu)
  • This gene encodes a G protein-coupled receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). (utsouthwestern.edu)
Secretion of thyroid3
  • Central hypothyroidism (CeH) can be defined as a lower than desirable secretion of thyroid hormone by a normal thyroid gland resulting from (quantitative or qualitative) insufficient TSH secretion. (eurospe.org)
  • TSH, in turn, is the physiologic stimulus for the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones, L-thyroxine (T4) and L-triiodothyronine (T3), by the thyroid gland. (nih.gov)
  • by the parathyroid glands, primarily in response to blood calcium levels), whereas many (eg, secretion of thyroid or gonadal hormones) are controlled to a great extent. (msdmanuals.com)
Binds3
  • the phospho-receptor binds to beta-arrestin. (rochester.edu)
  • TSH binds to G-protein-coupled receptors in the surface membranes of thyroid follicular cells (Goodman 2003), which leads to increases in both the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and diacylglycerol/inositol trisphosphate second messenger pathways (Goodman 2003). (nationalacademies.org)
  • T3 enters the nucleus of the target cells and binds to specific receptors, which activate specific genes. (nationalacademies.org)
Stimulates4
  • This leads to an increase in cytoplasmic calcium ion concentrations which stimulates the exocytosis of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) into the blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) released from the hypothalamus stimulates secretion of thyrotropin-stimulating hormone, TSH, from the anterior pituitary. (nih.gov)
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates rapid breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate in GH3 pituitary tumor cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 19.Which of the following hormone stimulates the production of prolactin (PRL)? (pqj2023.com)
Neurons8
  • These neurons are the first-order neurons on which peripheral metabolic hormones, including leptin, insulin, ghrelin and nutrients, primarily act. (nature.com)
  • 5 The anorexigenic effect of monoamine serotonin is also mediated by the 5HT-2C receptor in POMC neurons. (nature.com)
  • The anorexigenic neuropeptide α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is produced by posttranscriptional processing of POMC and is released from the presynaptic terminals of POMC neurons. (nature.com)
  • Researcher Ronald Duman further dissected these effects, showing that ketamine and its active metabolite norketamine reduce the steady firing rate of GABA interneurons by blocking NMDA receptors, while the partial agonist rapastinel acts on the glutamate neurons directly, and both increase the effects of a type of glutamate receptors known as AMPA. (bipolarnews.org)
  • These effects were demonstrated using a virus to selectively knock out GluN2B glutamate receptor subunits in either GABA interneurons or glutamate neurons. (bipolarnews.org)
  • Researcher Hailan Hu reported that NMDA glutamate receptors drive the burst firing of lateral habenula (LHb) neurons, which make up the depressogenic or "anti-reward center" of the brain and appear to mediate anhedonic behavior (loss of interest or enjoyment) in animal models of depression. (bipolarnews.org)
  • The diffusible second messenger, nitric oxide, is synthesised in central neurons in response to activation of glutamate receptors or other stimuli that increase cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations. (shengsci.com)
  • Wu W , Elde R, Wessendorf MW and Hokfelt T. (1992 ) Identification of neurons expressing thyrotropin releasing-hormone receptor mRNA in spinal cord and lower brainstem of rat. (umn.edu)
Actions of thyroid hormones are produced1
  • The physiological actions of thyroid hormones are produced predominantly by T3, the majority of which (approximately 80%) is derived from T4 by deiodination in peripheral tissues. (nih.gov)
Activates4
  • The supplement acetyl-L-carnitine (ACL) activates the DNA promoter for mGluR-2, increasing its production and thus decreasing excess glutamate release. (bipolarnews.org)
  • Upon binding to TRH, this receptor activates the inositol phospholipid-calcium-protein kinase C transduction pathway. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • This hormone nuclear receptor complex activates gene transcription and synthesis of messenger RNA and cytoplasmic proteins. (nih.gov)
  • This medicine activates neural cells by binding with TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) receptors and through promotion of the release/metabolic turnover of neurotransmitters, as well as through neurotrophic factor-like activity. (intermedtour.net)
Hypothalamus5
Hypothalamic3
  • The principal regulator of thyroid function is the pituitary hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which in turn is controlled by positive input from the hypothalamic hormone thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and by negative input from T4 and T3. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Central hypothyroidism is a rare cause of hypothyroidism [ 4 ] and refers to defects in the production of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) due either to hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction. (rroij.com)
  • Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. (nih.gov)
Genes2
  • The predominant actions of thyroid hormone are mediated via nuclear TRs that modulate the transcription of specific genes. (mhmedical.com)
  • Rare genetic causes result from mutations in the genes for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), the TRH receptor [ 5 ] or TSH [ 6 , 7 ]. (rroij.com)
Synthesis5
  • Treatments for hyperthyroidism include antithyroid drugs to decrease hormone synthesis and secretion, destruction of the gland by the administration of radioactive iodine, and surgical removal ( Brent, 2008 ). (mhmedical.com)
  • On one hand, this relation can be concentrated in verifying the changes induced by epileptic condition on neurotransmitter synthesis, released content and receptor activity. (scielo.br)
  • The mechanisms by which thyroid hormones exert their physiologic actions are not completely understood, but it is thought that their principal effects are exerted through control of DNA transcription and protein synthesis. (nih.gov)
  • A deficiency in thyroid hormone synthesis or intake leads to increased TSH production. (medscape.com)
  • Causes of thyroid hormone deficiency include inborn errors of thyroid hormone synthesis, iodine deficiency,[2] and goitrogens. (medscape.com)
Prolactin2
Anterior pituitary1
Dopamine1
  • Stimulating medial prefrontal cortex cells that contained dopamine D1 receptors, but not D2 receptors, produced rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. (bipolarnews.org)
Hypothyroidism2
Pituitary hormone1
Nuclear4
  • Animal steroid hormones initiate signaling by passive diffusion into cells and binding to their nuclear receptors to regulate gene expression. (biologists.com)
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the interaction of avoparcin with model receptors of bacterial cell walls. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The U.S. population has been exposed to radioiodine in the general environment as a result of atmospheric fallout of radioiodine released from uncontained and/or uncontrolled nuclear reactions. (cdc.gov)
  • Historically, this has resulted from surface or atmospheric detonation of nuclear bombs, from routine and accidental releases from nuclear power plants and nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities, and from hospitals and medical research facilities. (cdc.gov)
Metabolic5
  • The brain integrates multiple metabolic inputs from the periphery through nutrients, gut-derived satiety signals and adiposity-related hormones. (nature.com)
  • 1 The brain monitors changes in the body energy state by sensing alterations in the plasma levels of key metabolic hormones and nutrients. (nature.com)
  • In the adult, thyroid hormone maintains metabolic homeostasis and influences the functions of virtually all organ systems. (mhmedical.com)
  • Thyroid hormones regulate multiple metabolic processes and play an essential role in normal growth and development, and normal maturation of the central nervous system and bone. (nih.gov)
  • The metabolic actions of thyroid hormones include augmentation of cellular respiration and thermogenesis, as well as metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. (nih.gov)
Molecular1
  • Therefore, the identification and integration of further biomarkers such as PD\1 expression in T cells 44, T\cell receptor repertoire 45, 46, 47, and gene expression profiling of the tumor microenvironment 48 (reviewed in 49, 50) will be key to further increasing the predictive power of multivariate molecular profiling. (insulin-receptor.info)
Glutamate2
  • This may occur because inhibitory metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR-2) are activated, decreasing the release of glutamate. (bipolarnews.org)
  • Phylogenetic analysis classified 49 as class A (Rhodopsin-like receptor), 35 as class B (Secretin receptor), and 9 as class C (metabotropic glutamate). (biomedcentral.com)
Ligands2
  • G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are ancient, ubiquitous, constitute the largest family of transducing cell surface proteins, and are integral to cell communication via an array of ligands/neuropeptides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These receptors, a subset of the Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like) family, all bind peptide ligands which include the chemokines, opioids and somatostatins. (reactome.org)
Inositol1
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated [3H]inositol metabolism in GH3 pituitary tumor cells. (aspetjournals.org)
Regulate gene1
  • Receptors inside cells interact with hormones that regulate gene function (eg, corticosteroids, vitamin D, thyroid hormone). (msdmanuals.com)
Neuropeptide1
  • Molt inhibiting hormone (MIH) is a key neuropeptide that controls growth and reproduction in crustaceans by regulating the molt cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
Serum2
Peptide hormone1
  • In this paper, the potential role of gut hormones as potential treatments or predictors of response in depression is examined, with specific reference to the peptide hormone motilin. (mdpi.com)
Thyroid hormone levels2
  • When thyroid hormone levels decrease, TRH and TSH secretion increase. (nih.gov)
  • Increased TSH causes increased cellularity and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland in an attempt to normalize thyroid hormone levels. (medscape.com)
Iodine3
  • Thyroid hormone contains iodine, which must be supplied by nutritional intake. (mhmedical.com)
  • These stores maintain adequate systemic concentrations of thyroid hormone despite significant variations in iodine availability and nutritional intake. (mhmedical.com)
  • An adequate intake of iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones. (cdc.gov)
Hypothyroid1
  • Treatment of the hypothyroid patient consists of thyroid hormone replacement ( Biondi and Wartofsky, 2014 ). (mhmedical.com)
Agonists3
Selectively1
  • Hormones bind selectively to receptors located inside or on the surface of target cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Resistance1
Growth hormone1
Exert1
  • Some hormones exert an effect on cells of the organ from which they were released (paracrine effect), some even on the same cell type (autocrine effect). (msdmanuals.com)
Activation2
  • Local activation of T 4 also occurs in target tissues (e.g., brain and pituitary) and is increasingly recognized as an important regulatory step in thyroid hormone action. (mhmedical.com)
  • Three putative CHH receptors were identified and could include an MIH receptor whose activation negatively regulates molting. (biomedcentral.com)
Modulate1
  • these hormones modulate a variety of physiological processes, including but not limited to normal growth and development (Larsen et al. (nationalacademies.org)
Adenomas1
  • Expression of TRH Receptor Gene in GH-Secreting Piruitary Adenomas. (e-enm.org)
Cells6
  • We use an adenovirus vector, AdCMVmTRHR, to express thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptors (TRH-Rs) to determine whether the size of the hormone-responsive phosphoinositide pool in mammalian cells is directly related to receptor number. (cornell.edu)
  • Background: Immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 (IGSF1) was originally proposed to function as an inhibin co-receptor in pituitary gonadotroph cells. (eurospe.org)
  • Agonist-induced changes in the properties of beta-adrenergic receptors on intact S49 lymphoma cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Distinct mechanisms of forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation and forskolin-potentiated hormone responses in C6-2B cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Purification and characterization of a bungarotoxin polypeptide which blocks nicotinic receptor function in primary culture of adrenal chromaffin cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The endocrine system coordinates functioning between different organs through hormones, which are chemicals released into the bloodstream from specific types of cells within endocrine (ductless) glands. (msdmanuals.com)
Peripheral2
  • 2001). Some T3, the active form of thyroid hormone, is secreted directly by the thyroid along with T4, but most T3 is produced from T4 by one of two deiodinases (Types I and II 1 ) in the peripheral tissue (Schneider et al. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Peripheral endocrine organ functions are controlled to varying degrees by pituitary hormones. (msdmanuals.com)
Interact1
  • In addition, we use biochemical and genetic approaches to identify proteins that interact with the receptor during biosynthesis, signaling and desensitization. (rochester.edu)
Proteins2
  • T3 and T4 diffuse into the cell nucleus and bind to thyroid receptor proteins attached to DNA. (nih.gov)
  • Distribution - Circulating thyroid hormones are greater than 99% bound to plasma proteins, including thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA), and albumin (TBA), whose capacities and affinities vary for each hormone. (nih.gov)
Systemic1
  • Thus, hormones and nutrients in the systemic circulation and the cerebrospinal fluid can easily access the ARC. (nature.com)
Cellular3
  • J. 271, 331-336) that there are hormone-responsive and -unresponsive pools of cellular phosphoinositides and that the maximal size of the TRH-responsive pool is directly related to the number of TRH-Rs. (cornell.edu)
  • We are interested in the broad question of how a hormone triggers a characteristic set of cellular responses. (rochester.edu)
  • TSH permits growth, cellular differentiation, and thyroid hormone production and secretion by the thyroid gland. (medscape.com)
Goiter1
  • Levothyroxine is also effective in the suppression of pituitary TSH secretion in the treatment or prevention of various types of euthyroid goiters, including thyroid nodules, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multinodular goiter and, as adjunctive therapy in the management of thyrotropin-dependent well-differentiated thyroid cancer (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE, PRECAUTIONS, DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). (nih.gov)
Regulation3
  • Three GPCRs clustered with recently identified putative CHH receptors (CHHRs), and differential expression over the molt cycle suggests that they are associated with ecdysteroidogenesis regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two putative Corazonin receptors showed much higher expression in the YOs compared with all other GPCRs, suggesting an important role in molt regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Orthologs of receptors that were found to be involved in molt regulation in insects were also identified, including LGR3 and Corazonin receptor, the latter of which was expressed at much higher level than all other receptors, suggesting a key role in YO regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Distinct1
  • Three structurally distinct groups of antagonists were used to test the hypothesis that integrin adhesion receptors play an essential role in consolidating (stabilizing) long term potentiation of the Schaffer collaterals in rat hippocampus. (shengsci.com)