Epidermal growth fHER2EGFRPathwayProteinsOverexpressionGeneLigandsOncogeneKinaseEstrogen receptorUbiquitylation and degradationImmunohistochemistryInhibitorIntracellularTumorPhosphorylation siteAntibodiesActivationHer3PathwaysTumoursMoleculesFamilyTumors2022TargetsNeoplasmsMonoclonalHumanInhibitorsNode-positive breast cancerCarcinomasBreast cancer
Epidermal growth f24
- ERBB2 is a protein that is also known as HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2). (antibodyguide.com)
- It is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases. (antibodyguide.com)
- Trastuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/neu, a receptor overexpressed in 30% of uterine serous carcinoma. (nih.gov)
- The ErbB family of proteins contains four receptor tyrosine kinases, structurally related to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), its first discovered member. (wikipedia.org)
- The ErbB protein family consists of 4 members ErbB-1, also named epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ErbB-2, also named HER2 in humans and neu in rodents ErbB-3, also named HER3 ErbB-4, also named HER4 v-ErbBs are homologous to EGFR, but lack sequences within the ligand binding ectodomain. (wikipedia.org)
- Expression analyses of epidermal growth factor receptor and HER-2/neu: no advantage of prediction of recurrence or survival in breast cancer patients. (thieme-connect.de)
- The ErbB/HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) consists of four family members: the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB1), HER2 (ErbB2/Neu), HER3 (ErbB3), and HER4 (ErbB4). (plos.org)
- The objective of this study was to determine the conversion rate of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) between primary tumors and metastatic lesions in advanced breast cancer. (springer.com)
- The status of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and the hormone receptors (HR), including estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), are the most relevant biomarkers for clinical practice, predicting response to anti-HER2 and endocrine therapies, respectively. (springer.com)
- c- erb B-2 (HER-2/ neu ) is a 185 kDa receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the epidermal growth factor receptor family, which also includes EGFR (HER-1), c- erb B-3 (HER-3), and c- erb B-4 (HER-4). (ihcworld.com)
- MA5-14485 targets Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in IHC (P) applications and shows reactivity with Human samples. (thermofisher.com)
- EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor, HER1, ErbB1) is encoded by the EGFR gene located on chromosome 7 in humans. (thermofisher.com)
- GW572016 (Lapatinib) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor in clinical development for cancer that is a potent dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, ErbB-1) and ErbB-2. (rcsb.org)
- The status of the erbB-2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu) proto-oncogene in canine osteosarcoma (OSA) has not been reported previously. (cdc.gov)
- Ligand binding to the four closely related members of this RTK family -epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, also known as ErbB-1 or HER1), ErbB-2 (HER2), ErbB-3 (HER3), and ErbB-4 (HER4)-induces the formation of receptor homo- and heterodimers and the activation of the intrinsic kinase domain, resulting in phosphorylation on specific tyrosine residues (pY) within the cytoplasmic tail. (genome.jp)
- Importance of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in establishment of adenomas and maintenance of carcinomas during intestinal tumorigenesis. (nature.com)
- It selectively inhibits erbB1 (epidermal growth factor receptor), erbB2, erbB3, and erbB4 without blocking tyrosine kinase activity of many other receptors such as platelet-derived growth factor receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor, and insulin receptor. (lclabs.com)
- With the addition of trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), improvements in overall survival have been observed among patients with advanced HER2-positive disease. (carcinogenesis.com)
- One type of breast cancer is identified by the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene amplification. (carcinogenesis.com)
- The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase (TK) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NSCLC. (bmj.com)
- Alterations in receptor tyrosine kinases (TKs), such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin-like growth factor receptor 1, include overexpression, amplification or mutations. (bmj.com)
- Novel therapeutic agents, in particular those that specifically target members of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER (ErbB1)) pathway, have shown encouraging therapeutic efficacy. (bmj.com)
- Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2, also known as HER2/Neu (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), is a member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor family. (meridianbioscience.com)
- Patients with breast cancer positive for human epidermal growth-factor receptor type 2 (HER2) are an important subgroup for consideration in the Asian context. (mcmaster.ca)
HER26
- The HER2 receptor does not bind to any known ligands, however, its dimerization arm is innately positioned in an open conformation. (plos.org)
- Being aware of the benefits that the correct systemic therapy provides to patients with advanced breast cancer, the Spanish Breast Cancer Research Group (GEICAM) performed a prospective, observational study to determine the conversion rate of receptor status (ER, PR and HER2) between the primary tumor and the recurrent lesion. (springer.com)
- Analizar las diferencias en la presentación de variables clínico-patológicas, de acuerdo con la expresión proteica de GRB7, en tumores HER2 positivos en mujeres colombianas con cáncer de mama invasivo, diagnosticado entre los años 2013 y 2015 en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología E.S.E (INC). Métodos. (bvsalud.org)
- Se evaluó la expresión de los receptores hormonales (receptor de estrógeno (RE) y de progesterona (RP)), HER2, Ki67 y GRB7, mediante inmunohistoquímica (IHQ), y a partir de estos, se clasificaron los tumores en subtipos intrínsecos. (bvsalud.org)
- A single pathologist evaluated the protein expression of hormone receptors (estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR)), HER2, Ki67, and GRB7 by immunohistochemistry (IHC). (bvsalud.org)
- HER2 is a member of the cErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases, and is responsible for HER2-mediated signal transduction in the cytoplasm. (carcinogenesis.com)
EGFR6
- EGFR belongs to the HER/ERbB family of proteins that includes three other receptor tyrosine kinases, ERbB2, ERbB3, ERbB4. (thermofisher.com)
- EGFR is a transmembrane receptor and binding of its cognate ligands such as EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) and TGF alpha (Transforming Growth Factor alpha) to the extracellular domain leads to EGFR dimerization followed by autophosphorylation of the tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain. (thermofisher.com)
- Phosphorylation of EGFR at certain residues is also mediated by Src-non-receptor kinase. (thermofisher.com)
- Upon receptor activation and signaling, EGFR is endocytosed and targeted for degradation or recycling. (thermofisher.com)
- Surprisingly, we found that GW572016 has a very slow off-rate from the purified intracellular domains of EGFR and ErbB-2 compared with OSI-774 and another EGFR selective inhibitor, ZD-1839 (Iressa). (rcsb.org)
- The ErbB-2 proto-oncogene, also called Neu, EGFR-2 or HER-2, is a member of the transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase family, which also includes EGF receptor and EGFR-3 (HER-3 or ErbB-3). (activemotif.com)
Pathway5
- Here, we show that the dual inhibitor of ErbB receptors, lapatinib, enhances cytostatic and induces cytotoxic effects of GTC in two bladder cancer cell lines which differ with regard to expression levels of proteins taking part in the ErbB pathway. (edu.kz)
- The Shc- and/or Grb2-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a common target downstream of all ErbB receptors. (genome.jp)
- As ErbB-family ligands and receptors are highly expressed within the stem-cell niche 7 , we hypothesize that strong endogenous regulators must control the pathway in the stem-cell compartment. (nature.com)
- Figure 4: Lrig1 controls endogenous signalling through the ErbB pathway. (nature.com)
- The degradative pathway of ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases stimulated by tyrosine kinase inhibitors appears to be chaperone mediated, and thus is similar to the pathways activated by the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) antagonist geldanamycin and by stress-induced mechanisms. (lclabs.com)
Proteins7
- In addition to plexins, various other proteins have been implicated either as receptors for semaphorins or as components of the semaphorin receptor complex ( Pasterkamp and Kolodkin, 2003 ). (rupress.org)
- This gene encodes a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family of proteins and the product of the proto-oncogene MET. (creativebiolabs.net)
- The intracellular/cytoplasmic region of the ErbB receptor consists mainly of three subdomains: A juxtamembrane with approximately 40 residues, a kinase domain containing approximately 260 residues and a C-terminal domain of 220-350 amino acid residues that become activated via phosphorylation of its tyrosine residues that mediates interactions of other ErbB proteins and downstream signaling molecules. (wikipedia.org)
- The figure below shows the tridimensional structure of the ErbB family proteins, using the pdb files 1NQL (ErbB-1), 1S78 (ErbB-2), 1M6B (ErbB-3) and 2AHX (ErbB-4): The four members of the ErbB protein family are capable of forming homodimers, heterodimers, and possibly higher-order oligomers upon activation by a subset of potential growth factor ligands. (wikipedia.org)
- Notably, the ErbB1 and ErbB4 are the two most studied and intact among the family of ErbB proteins, Which forms functional intracellular tyrosine kinases. (wikipedia.org)
- SARS-CoV-2 has a single-stranded RNA genome encoding both structural and non-structural proteins. (news-medical.net)
- Several cytoplasmic docking proteins appear to be recruited by specific ErbB receptors and less exploited by others. (genome.jp)
Overexpression10
- 32 % of patients exhibited overexpression of HER-2/neu. (thieme-connect.de)
- Prospective studies correlating HER-2/neu overexpression with prognosis might provide additional data. (thieme-connect.de)
- c-erbB-2 protein overexpression in breast cancer is a risk factor in patients with involved and uninvolved lymph nodes. (thieme-connect.de)
- This family of RTKs has been highly implicated in the formation and progression of various cancers via aberrant overexpression, kinase activation, and mutation [1] , [2] . (plos.org)
- Amplification of the HER-2 gene with overexpression of the protein occurs in 20-30% of breast cancers, and tumor progression in mammary cancer is associated with elevated levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated neu and erbB-3. (ihcworld.com)
- Overexpression of the erbB-2 proto-oncogene in canine osteosarcoma cell lines and tumors. (cdc.gov)
- Given the importance of erbB-2 in human breast cancer, the finding of erbB-2 overexpression in canine OSA may be important in further understanding the pathogenesis and possible therapies of OSA. (cdc.gov)
- Although, ErbB-2 does not have any known high-affinity ligands, its kinase activity can be activated without ligand by either overexpression or heteroassociation with other members of the ErbB family. (activemotif.com)
- Amplification of the ErbB-2 gene and overexpression of its product has been detected in almost 40% of primary human breast tumors, which correlates with poor prognosis in node positive breast cancer. (activemotif.com)
- ErbB-2 overexpression is also observed in ovarian, gastric, salivary and non-small cell lung carcinomas. (activemotif.com)
Gene7
- Her-2/neu is an oncogene, which is a type of gene that can contribute to certain types of cancer. (medic8.com)
- Normal cells have two copies of the Her-2/neu gene and low levels of Her-2 protein are produced on the surface of the cells. (medic8.com)
- tumours that are associated with the Her-2/neu gene tend to be more aggressive and the outlook is generally not as positive. (medic8.com)
- The gene symbol, ErbB, is derived from the name of a viral oncogene to which these receptors are homologous: erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene. (wikipedia.org)
- 5 Beckmann M W, Niederacher D, Schnurch H G, Bender H G. The erbB gene family: significance for tumor development, prognosis and new therapeutic modalities. (thieme-connect.de)
- 14 King C R, Kraus M H, Aaronson S A. Amplification of a novel v-erbB-related gene in a human mammary carcinoma. (thieme-connect.de)
- Gene expression profiling of ErbB receptor and ligand-dependent transcription. (rochester.edu)
Ligands2
- Classically, HER family members function from the cell surface, where binding to cognate ligands can induce receptor homo- or hetero-dimerization with other HER family receptors [3] . (plos.org)
- The ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) couples binding of extracellular growth factor ligands to intracellular signaling pathways regulating diverse biologic responses, including proliferation, differentiation, cell motility, and survival. (genome.jp)
Oncogene1
- Over-expression of the c-erbB-2 oncogene occurs in a proportion of human adenocarcinomas and in breast carcinoma is associated with poorer prognosis. (nih.gov)
Kinase9
- Here, we show that plexin-B family members stably associate with the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB-2. (rupress.org)
- Binding of Sema4D to plexin-B1 stimulates the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of ErbB-2, resulting in the phosphorylation of both plexin-B1 and ErbB-2. (rupress.org)
- The ability ('+') or inability ('-') of each growth factor to activate each of the ErbB receptors is shown in the table below: The dimerization occurs after ligand bind to the extracellular domain of the ErbB monomers and monomer-monomer interaction establishes activating the activation loop in a kinase domain, that activates the further process of transphosphorylation of the specific tyrosine kinases in the kinase domain of ErbB's intracellular part. (wikipedia.org)
- For the activation of kinase domain in the ErbB dimer, asymmetric kinase domain dimer of the two monomers is required with the intact asymmetric (N-C lobe) interface at the site of adjoining monomers. (wikipedia.org)
- Activation of the tyrosine kinase domain leads to the activation of the whole range of downstream signaling pathways like PLCγ, ERK 1/2, p38 MAPK, PI3-K/Akt and more with the cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Brand TM, Iida M, Luthar N, Wleklinski MJ, Starr MM, Wheeler DL (2013) Mapping C-Terminal Transactivation Domains of the Nuclear HER Family Receptor Tyrosine Kinase HER3. (plos.org)
- This process leads to the activation of each receptors' tyrosine kinase and the subsequent phosphorylation of tyrosine residues located on their C-terminal tails. (plos.org)
- Canertinib (CI-1033, PD 183805) is a pan-erbB tyrosine kinase inhibitor. (lclabs.com)
- A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. (bvsalud.org)
Estrogen receptor6
- Nodal positivity correlated with histological grade and tumour size, but not with estrogen receptor or c-erbB-2 status. (ispub.com)
- Results of estrogen receptor and c-erbB-2 status using immunohistochemistry were documented. (ispub.com)
- Chi square was used to test the association between ethnic group, tumour size (categorized as ≤2 cm, >2 cm and ≤5 cm, and >5 cm), histological grade, estrogen receptor (ER) status, c-erbB-2 status and lymph node metastases. (ispub.com)
- Cancer cells that have estrogen receptors are referred to as estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive) cancers. (texasoncology.com)
- Furthermore, a new of drugs called estrogen-receptor antagonists work in a similar way as tamoxifen and have been shown to benefit some patients with breast cancer. (texasoncology.com)
- Like SERMs, estrogen receptor antagonists work by preventing estrogen from stimulating the growth of estrogen receptor-positive cells. (texasoncology.com)
Ubiquitylation and degradation2
- LRIG1 restricts growth factor signaling by enhancing receptor ubiquitylation and degradation. (nature.com)
- Drug-induced ubiquitylation and degradation of ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases: implications for cancer therapy. (lclabs.com)
Immunohistochemistry1
- Blinded determinations of receptor status on paired samples were performed by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization at a central laboratory and compared with those performed locally. (springer.com)
Inhibitor3
- We evaluated the duration of the drug effect after washing away free compound and found that the rate of recovery of receptor phosphorylation in the tumor cells reflected the inhibitor off-rate from the purified intracellular domain. (rcsb.org)
- The differences in the off-rates of these drugs and the ability of GW572016 to inhibit ErbB-2 can be explained by the enzyme-inhibitor structures. (rcsb.org)
- Radiosensitization by pan ErbB inhibitor CI-1033 in vitro and in vivo. (lclabs.com)
Intracellular2
- Phosphorylated tyrosine residues recruit various intracellular adaptor and effector molecules that result in the propagation of growth promoting signal transduction cascades [1] , [2] . (plos.org)
- It not only inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation but also enhances ubiquitinylation and accelerates endocytosis and subsequent intracellular destruction of ErbB-2 molecules. (lclabs.com)
Tumor7
- Insufficient ErbB signaling in humans is associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, while excessive ErbB signaling is associated with the development of a wide variety of types of solid tumor. (wikipedia.org)
- Excessive ErbB signaling is associated with the development of a wide variety of types of solid tumor. (wikipedia.org)
- Nuclear localized HER family receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been observed in primary tumor specimens and cancer cell lines for nearly two decades. (plos.org)
- Membrane-bound HER receptors activate numerous tumor promoting signaling cascades via this mechanism, including the PI3K/AKT, Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk, PLCγ/PKC, and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways [1] , [2] . (plos.org)
- In spite of the relevance of receptor status, the choice of systemic treatment for advanced disease is more often based on the biological characteristics of the primary tumor at the time of initial diagnosis than of the recurrent lesion at the time of relapse. (springer.com)
- Treatment of tumor cells with these inhibitors results in down-regulation of receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. (rcsb.org)
- The slow off-rate of GW572016 correlates with a prolonged down-regulation of receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in tumor cells. (rcsb.org)
Phosphorylation site1
- The total-ErbB-2 antibody supplied in the FACE ErbB-2 Kits recognizes ErbB-2 protein regardless of its phosphorylation site. (activemotif.com)
Antibodies2
- Sensitivity of HER-2/neu antibodies in archival tissue samples of invasive breast carcinomas. (thieme-connect.de)
- Each FACE ErbB-2 Kit provides 96 rxns each of 2 antibodies that enable you to monitor and compare the levels of both phosphorylated and total ErbB-2. (activemotif.com)
Activation7
- A dominant-negative form of ErbB-2 blocks Sema4D-induced RhoA activation as well as axonal growth cone collapse in primary hippocampal neurons. (rupress.org)
- Our data indicate that ErbB-2 is an important component of the plexin-B receptor system and that ErbB-2-mediated phosphorylation of plexin-B1 is critically involved in Sema4D-induced RhoA activation, which underlies cellular phenomena downstream of plexin-B1, including axonal growth cone collapse. (rupress.org)
- Binding of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor, induces dimerization and activation of the receptor, which plays a role in cellular survival, embryogenesis, and cellular migration and invasion. (creativebiolabs.net)
- Activation of HER-2 is frequent in ductal carcinoma in situ suggesting that HER-2 signaling plays a critical role in the early stages of breast tumorigenesis. (ihcworld.com)
- Our findings reveal ErbB activation as a strong inductive signal for stem-cell proliferation. (nature.com)
- Figure 5: Lrig1 controls ErbB activation in vivo . (nature.com)
- Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family member. (bvsalud.org)
Her32
- The current study aimed to map the putative transactivation domains (TADs) of the HER3 receptor. (plos.org)
- To understand how the B 1 and B 2 regions influenced the transcriptional functions of nuclear HER3, we performed cyclin D1 promoter-luciferase assays in which HER3 deleted of the B 1 and B 2 regions was severely hindered in regulating this promoter. (plos.org)
Pathways1
- Signaling effectors containing binding pockets for pY-containing peptides are recruited to activated receptors and induce the various signaling pathways. (genome.jp)
Tumours3
- all nine tumours were c-erbB-2 positive and in eight the in situ component was of comedo or solid type. (nih.gov)
- Given that receptor tyrosine kinases of the ErbB family are overexpressed in a high proportion of metastatic bladder tumours, approaches involving small-molecule inhibitors of ErbB receptors in combination with conventional cytostatic drugs are of potential interest. (edu.kz)
- The size of infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) tumours at presentation is tabulated in table 1 and the histological grade of IDC, in table 2. (ispub.com)
Molecules1
- The specific tyrosine molecules mainly trans or auto-phosphorylated are at the site Y992, Y1045, Y1068, Y1148, Y1173 in the tail region of the ErbB monomer. (wikipedia.org)
Family6
- ErbB protein family signaling is important for development. (wikipedia.org)
- All four ErbB receptor family members are nearly same in the structure having single-chain of modular glycoproteins. (wikipedia.org)
- It is a complex process due to the domain specificity and nature of the members of ErbB family. (wikipedia.org)
- While the classical membrane-bound functions of HER family RTKs have been extensively studied, accumulating data suggest that these receptors can be found in the cell's nucleus where they can function as co-transcriptional activators [4] , [5] . (plos.org)
- The leucine-rich repeat protein LRIG1 is a negative regulator of ErbB family receptor tyrosine kinases. (nature.com)
- Essential erbB family phosphorylation in osteosarcoma as a target for CI-1033 inhibition. (lclabs.com)
Tumors1
- ErbB-1 and ErbB-2 are found in many human cancers, and their excessive signaling may be critical factors in the development and malignancy of these tumors. (wikipedia.org)
20221
- 32(2): 194-207, 2 de Agosto del 2022. (bvsalud.org)
Targets1
- Because of this, ErbB-2 is one of the major drug targets for breast cancer and other cancer treatments. (activemotif.com)
Neoplasms1
- This is a unique case due to the low frequency 2 , the atypical clinical history, but mainly the difficult histopathological differential diagnosis and immunohistochemical evaluation among these neoplasms. (bvsalud.org)
Monoclonal1
- Sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumour tissue from 22 patients with mammary and extramammary Paget's disease have been stained immunohistochemically using a monoclonal antibody (NCL-CB11) raised against a synthetic peptide from the C-terminal end of the predicted sequence of the c-erbB-2 protein product. (nih.gov)
Human2
- 2 Barnes D M, Lammie G A, Millis R R, Gullick W L, Allen D S, Altman D G. An immunohistochemical evaluation of c-erbB-2 expression in human breast carcinoma. (thieme-connect.de)
- The FACE ErbB-2 (Y877) Kit contains a phospho-ErbB-2 antibody that was raised in rabbit against a synthetic phospho-peptide corresponding to residues surrounding phosphorylated Tyr877 of human ErbB-2 and recognizes ErbB-2 only when phosphorylated at Tyr877. (activemotif.com)
Inhibitors1
- 2 , 3 , 4 Femara and Arimidex are nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors that bind reversibly to aromatase. (texasoncology.com)
Node-positive breast cancer1
- HER-2/neu amplification predicts poor survival in node-positive breast cancer. (thieme-connect.de)
Carcinomas2
- About 5% of breast carcinomas are positive for phospho-c- erb B-2/HER-2/ neu oncoprotein. (ihcworld.com)
- 1, 2 Most studies of MUC1 expression in breast carcinomas have shown that increased membrane MUC1 mucin expression on the apical cell surface is associated with a better prognosis (reviewed in Rahn and colleagues 2 ), whereas circumferential staining in tumour cell cytoplasm is associated with a worse prognosis. (bmj.com)
Breast cancer4
- The disease is associated with high morbidity and mortality especially as we tend to see more advanced stages of breast cancer in our part of the world ( 2 , 3 ). (ispub.com)
- The histological type of breast cancer comprised 137 infiltrating ductal carcinoma (not otherwise specified), 4 invasive lobular carcinoma, 3 papillary, 2 mucinous, one each of medullary, tubular and inflammatory carcinoma, 27 ductal carcinoma in situ and 1 Non Hodgkin lymphoma. (ispub.com)
- The HER-2/neu onkogene may play a role in the prognosis and management of patients with breast cancer. (thieme-connect.de)
- With the technological advances, we are able to characterize molecular subtypes [2] , [3] of breast cancer which has facilitated the development of molecularly targeted therapeutics. (carcinogenesis.com)