• RNA, lipids, and proteins. (who.int)
  • The multisubunit RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the central enzyme responsible for RNA synthesis in bacteria. (nih.gov)
  • RNA polymerase IV (RNAP IV) is an enzyme that synthesizes small interfering RNA (siRNA) in plants, which silence gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Next, DICER-Like Protein 3 (DLP3), an enzyme which slices double stranded RNA substrates, cleaves the double stranded precursor into siRNAs that are each 24 nucleotides long. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1970 Temin and Japanese virologist Satoshi Mizutani, and American virologist David Baltimore , working independently, reported the discovery of an enzyme that could synthesize proviral DNA from the RNA genome of RSV. (britannica.com)
  • This enzyme was named RNA-directed DNA polymerase, commonly referred to as reverse transcriptase. (britannica.com)
  • Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) such as AZT (zidovudine)-the first drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to prolong the lives of AIDS patients-act by terminating the proviral DNA chain before the enzyme can finish transcription. (britannica.com)
  • RNA which contains an intron sequence that has an enzyme- like catalytic activity. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Pol IV works together with a different type of RNA polymerase previously implicated in gene-silencing mechanisms called RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to produce double-stranded RNA that is then processed into small RNAs by a dicer enzyme," Herr wrote in his E-mail. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Download DNA or protein sequence, view genomic context and coordinates. (yeastgenome.org)
  • sequence-specific internal cleavage of RNA. (cathdb.info)
  • 87(5): 1663-1667] Specifically, the investigators started by priming whole cerebellar RNA with a synthetic oligonucleotide containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • More specifically, antisense oligonucleotides that are useful as reagents for target validation , or as drugs, are engineered molecules that differ from natural RNA but that have a base sequence that is recognized as being complementary to a very specific mRNA sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • A complementary RNA sequence that binds to a naturally occurring (sense) mRNA molecule, thus blocking its translation. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • With a PCR-free approach, using enrichment of the viral DNA, we acquired as much as 121 kb of nucleotide sequence, almost the full genome, with coverage values of ≈100 in 5 contigs (BioProject no. (cdc.gov)
  • 1. Is electrophilic or can be metabolical y activated to electrophiles does not alter the linear sequence of nucleotides (or bases) in the DNA, 2. (who.int)
  • The dissociable sigma (σ) factor subunit directs the RNAP to different sets of genes to allow their expression in response to various cellular needs. (nih.gov)
  • Discovered via phylogenetic studies of land plants, genes of RNAP IV are thought to have resulted from multistep evolution processes that occurred in RNA Polymerase II phylogenies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Moloney murine leukemia virus enzymes prefer to cleave the RNA strand one nucleotide away from the RNA-DNA junction. (cathdb.info)
  • Via its synthesis of siRNA, RNAP IV is involved in regulation of heterochromatin formation in a process known as RNA directed DNA Methylation (RdDM). (wikipedia.org)
  • The largest subunit is encoded by NRPD1 (formerly NRPD1a), while the second largest subunit is encoded by NRPD2 and is shared with RNAP V. These subunits contain carboxyl-terminal domains (CTDs) which are necessary for the production of 20-30% of the siRNAs produced by RNA Polymerase IV, yet are not required for DNA methylation. (wikipedia.org)
  • This process is referred to as RNA-directed DNA Methylation (RdDM) or Pol IV-mediated silencing as the introduction of these methyl groups by siRNAs silence both transposons and repetitive sequences of DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conversely, DNA silencing occurs through chromatin-mediated mechanisms that can include DNA methylation and histone modifications to form transcriptionally inactive heterochromatic regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the Pol IV mutant, both siRNA formation and DNA methylation are decreased at heterochromatic regions, Herr and colleagues found. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Such an evolutionary pathway is supported by the fact that RNAP IV is composed of 12 protein subunits that are either similar or identical to RNA polymerase II, and is specific to plant genomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • RNAP IVa was specified to be RNAP IV while RNAP IVb became known as RNAP V. RNA Polymerase IV is composed of 12 protein subunits that are either similar or identical to the 12 subunits composing RNA Polymerase II. (wikipedia.org)
  • Only four subunits distinguish RNAP IV structure from RNAP II and RNAP V. RNA Polymerase V differs from RNAP II by six subunits, indicating that both RNAP IV and RNAP V evolved from RNAP II in plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Researchers at Stanford University used such a method to produce amplified heterogeneous populations of RNA from limited quantities of cDNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • IMPORTANCE RNA synthesis is the first step of gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • After second- strand cDNA synthesis, T7 RNA polymerase was used to generate aRNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • For example, RT-PCR is commonly used to quantify the amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribed from a gene. (britannica.com)
  • Because alternative RNA splicing allows different types of mRNA molecules to be created from a single gene, it generates the diversity of protein function and structure that is essential to complex organisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • RNA-like oligonucleotides that are complementary to a portion of a target mRNA molecule. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Modified competitive and multiplex competitive RNA-PCR assays for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and P4501A1 were tested in a series of mixtures containing equal concentrations, but different proportions, of RNA from untreated (essentially no P4501A1 mRNA) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated (high levels of P4501A1 mRNA) HepG2 cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Twofold differences in concentrations between two P4501A1 mRNA solutions could be detected by competitive RNA-PCR. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The canonical function of a bacterial sigma (σ) factor is to determine the gene specificity of the RNA polymerase (RNAP). (nih.gov)
  • RNAP IV belongs to a family of enzymes that catalyze the process of transcription known as RNA Polymerases, which synthesize RNA from DNA templates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Later experiments have shown that what was once thought to be two forms of RNAP IV are actually two structurally and functionally distinct polymerases. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is evidence that RNA Polymerase IV (RNAP IV) is responsible for producing heterochromatin, as dysfunction of either RNAP IV catalytic subunit (NRPD1 and NRPD2) disrupts the formation of heterochromatin. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the first step of heterochromatin formation, RNAP IV couples with an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase known as RDR2 to make a double stranded precursor to siRNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • RNA polymerase (RNAP) performs various tasks during transcription by changing its conformational states, which are gradually becoming clarified. (nih.gov)
  • The virus is pleomorphic with single-stranded and bisegmented RNA genome .3 Its primary host is Natal Multimammate Mouse ( Mastomys natalensis). (bvsalud.org)
  • ABSTRACT We evaluated the COBAS AMPLICOR polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based test for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in 866 respiratory and non-respiratory samples. (who.int)
  • These small RNAs then act as the specificity determinant for the establishment and maintenance of the silenced state. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Quantitative RNA-polymerase chain reaction (RNA-PCR) is an extremely powerful analytical tool owing to its specificity and high level of sensitivity. (elsevierpure.com)
  • RNA silencing occurs through the multiprotein RNA-induced silencing complex that cleaves double stranded RNA, producing short interfering RNAs (siRNA), which then amplify the cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This high-density, quantitative genetic interaction map focused on various aspects of chromosome function, including transcription regulation and DNA repair/replication. (thebiogrid.org)
  • RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • The product Assay kit for Canine DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC6(POLR3F) (ELISA) should be kept between two and eight degrees Celsius to ensure the retention of the stability and reactivity of the reagents included in the kit. (assaydes.com)
  • The product Assay kit for Canine DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC6(POLR3F) (ELISA)is intended to be used for research purposes only. (assaydes.com)
  • Specific molecular analysis is made by single-strand confirmation polymorphism (SSCP), direct DNA analysis, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to search for the BTK mutation. (medscape.com)
  • All samples sis , the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is were unique, each sample represented 1 the most widely used, best studied and patient, and duplicate samples were exclud- most widely published amplification tech- ed from this study. (who.int)
  • The ability of reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from RNA has been used in the laboratory. (britannica.com)
  • The polymerase domain (EC 2.7.7.49) occupies the N-terminal two- thirds of the reverse transcriptase whereas the ribonuclease H domain comprises the C-terminal remaining one-third. (cathdb.info)
  • The identifications of selected bacteria from throat swabs via RNA-seq were confirmed by culture. (asm.org)
  • They found that mutants in RNA polymerase IV (Pol IV, also called RPD1), part of a new clade of polymerases in plants, were defective in both pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phylogenetic studies of land plants have led to the discovery of RNA Polymerase IV. (wikipedia.org)
  • Catalyzes RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time. (cathdb.info)
  • aRNA is RNA that is transcribed from the coding, rather than the template, strand of DNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Requires a RNA or DNA primer. (cathdb.info)
  • 3. DNA 3'-end directed cleavage 15-20 nucleotides away from the primer terminus. (cathdb.info)
  • RNA-PCR mixtures can be analyzed either directly (without primer and protein removal) or by electrokinetic injection following desalting. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 3'-end directed exonucleolytic cleavage of viral RNA-DNA hybrid. (cathdb.info)
  • Structural basis of transcription: RNA Polymerase II substrate binding and metal coordination at 3.0 A using a free-electron laser. (stanford.edu)
  • The paradoxical involvement of RNA-mediated gene silencing in the maintenance of some DNA silencing is bridged in Arabidopsis plants by an RNA polymerase that acts as a liaison between both pathways, UK researchers report in the February 3 issue of Science . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consistently, a predicted subunit of the new polymerase IV machine, RPD2, controls silencing in Arabidopsis . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, carcinogens nogenic are polycyclic aromatic hy- to induce DNA damage, it can be may act not only by producing DNA drocarbons and benzene, which by cal ed a genotoxicant or a genotox- damage directly but also by altering themselves are relatively inert chem- in, and if it is shown that the agent the processes that control normal ical y. (who.int)
  • No analytical method currently exists that can accurately and rapidly quantitate the small quantities of DNA in RNA-PCR reaction mixtures. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The finding of a new silencing-specific RNA polymerase is a surprising twist in the evolution of RNA polymerases," Herr wrote The Scientist in an E-mail. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even though Pol IV is plant specific, the function of Pol IV may be performed by another RNA polymerase in other programs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Herr and colleagues found that Pol IV is a plant-specific polymerase that groups outside of the usual polymerases I, II, and III. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, with our clinical sample, the small amount of DNA available for sequencing led to an alternative approach. (cdc.gov)