SerinePhosphorylationInhibitorMAPKAMPKSubstrateReceptor kinasesApoptosisGenesPhosphoprotein PhosphatasesInhibitorsPathwayPlatelet ActivaSubunitsPhosphorylatesSubstratesCellularPathwaysCytoplasmicAbstractMAPKsSubunitLineageNucleotideTyrosineDownstreamAdenosineHistidineDegradationAutophagySignal TransductionMetabolismInhibitsSynthesisEnzymePhosphorylateHumanFamilySpecificityMeSHIntracellularActivityExpressionMutationsCellsReceptorsRegulationSCOPeSmall moleculesSequenceEffectorSkeletal muscle
Serine9
- This gene encodes a member of the protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (nih.gov)
- This gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that is involved in many different processes, including, cell signaling, microtubule organization and stability, and apoptosis. (antibodies-online.com)
- A group of enzymes that are dependent on cyclic GMP and catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues of proteins. (harvard.edu)
- Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase A Raf (Proto Oncogene A Raf or Proto Oncogene Pks or ARAF or EC 2.7.11.1) pipeline Target constitutes close to 7 molecules. (researchandmarkets.com)
- The latest report SerineThreonine Protein Kinase A Raf - Pipeline Review, H1 2020, outlays comprehensive information on the Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase A Raf (Proto Oncogene A Raf or Proto Oncogene Pks or ARAF or EC 2.7.11.1) targeted therapeutics, complete with analysis by indications, stage of development, mechanism of action (MoA), route of administration (RoA) and molecule type. (researchandmarkets.com)
- Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase A Raf (Proto Oncogene A Raf or Proto Oncogene Pks or ARAF or EC 2.7.11.1) - Serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ARAF gene. (researchandmarkets.com)
- Furthermore, this report also reviews key players involved in Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase A Raf (Proto Oncogene A Raf or Proto Oncogene Pks or ARAF or EC 2.7.11.1) targeted therapeutics development with respective active and dormant or discontinued projects. (researchandmarkets.com)
- Here, we report that during intestinal inflammation, multiple inflammatory cytokines promote the activity of a master regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis, serine/threonine kinase CK2. (diva-portal.org)
- DAPK1, located in human chromosomal locus 9q34.1, is a member of the DAPK family that belongs to the serine/threonine kinase (STK) superfamily. (frontiersin.org)
Phosphorylation7
- MKK3 and SEK activate p38 MAP kinase by phosphorylation at Thr-180 and Tyr-182. (wikipedia.org)
- Regulating protein breakdown through proteasome phosphorylation. (harvard.edu)
- Levels of phosphorylation and protein expression were determined using western blotting. (hindawi.com)
- Displacement of DVL from the centrosome and its release into the cytoplasm on NEK2 phosphorylation is coupled to the removal of linker proteins, an event necessary for centrosomal separation and proper formation of the mitotic spindle. (muni.cz)
- Expression levels of PER2, a clock protein, were elevated in Sik3 -knockdown cells but down-regulated in Sik3 -overexpressing cells, which could be attributed to a phosphorylation-dependent decrease in PER2 protein stability. (elifesciences.org)
- M2.2 protein interferes with MAVS and inhibits IRF7 phosphorylation. (cdc.gov)
- Downstream of SHP1 and SYK-dependent counterregulation of MyD88 tyrosine phosphorylation , we have demonstrated that the scaffolding function of receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and tumor growth factor -ß activated kinase 1 (TAK1)- mediating signaling were required to spur inflammatory disease . (bvsalud.org)
Inhibitor7
- To date, all of the kinase inhibitor drugs on the market are for use in an oncology setting. (soci.org)
- UCN-01, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, induces growth arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells and was recently introduced in a phase I clinical trial. (karger.com)
- 3: Both PD98059 (MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) attenuated FCS-induced LIF protein production and gene expression. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The human trabecular meshwork cells were treated with t BHP for 1 or 2 h with or without pretreatment of SB203580, an inhibitor of MAP kinase homologs. (molvis.org)
- The binding site for allosteric inhibitor (amino acid) is highly conserved between human liver pyruvate kinase (hL-PYK) and the rabbit muscle isozyme (rM 1 -PYK). (figshare.com)
- Embryonic mouse models have demonstrated that ROCK protein inhibitor decreases the number of terminal lung buds. (medscape.com)
- This shape change disrupts the binding of the inhibitor protein FKBP12. (medlineplus.gov)
MAPK6
- p38 MAP Kinase (MAPK), also called RK or CSBP (Cytokinin Specific Binding Protein), is the mammalian orthologue of the yeast Hog1p MAP kinase, which participates in a signaling cascade controlling cellular responses to cytokines and stress. (wikipedia.org)
- The opioid receptor activation regulates a variety of intracellular signaling, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. (iasp-pain.org)
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family in serum-induced secretion of LIF and IL-6 by bone marrow stromal cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
- FCS also induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK). (unboundmedicine.com)
- Here we report a role for the phylogenetically ancient mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in mouse sex determination. (plos.org)
- This mutant, which we called boygirl ( byg ), was shown to contain an early stop codon that disrupts the autosomal gene encoding MAP3K4, a component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. (plos.org)
AMPK5
- The data showed that adenine activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling contributing to autophagic cell death through mTOR in both colon cancer cell lines. (hindawi.com)
- Involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in anticancer property of adenine was also investigated. (hindawi.com)
- Glutamate excitation induced a rapid alteration in the AMP:ATP ratio that was associated with the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). (jneurosci.org)
- Notably, inhibition of the CaMKK (calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase) had little affect on GLUT translocation, whereas the inhibition or knockdown of AMPK (compound C, siRNA) activity prevented GLUT3 translocation to the cell surface after glutamate excitation. (jneurosci.org)
- AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has become the focus of a great deal of attention as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic syndromes, because AMPK has been demonstrated to mediate, at least in part, the effects of a number of physiological and pharmacological factors that exert beneficial effects on these disorders. (aspetjournals.org)
Substrate2
- By phosphorylating substrate proteins, kinases modify the activity, location and affinities of up to 30% of all cellular proteins, and direct most cellular processes, particularly in signal transduction and co-ordination of complex pathways. (wormbook.org)
- This peptide is a potential substrate for EGFR protein tyrosine kinases. (anaspec.com)
Receptor kinases1
- Key molecular determinants of this process are G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) and arrestins (Chuang, 1996a). (open.ac.uk)
Apoptosis6
- p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases are a class of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that are responsive to stress stimuli, such as cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock, and osmotic shock, and are involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy. (wikipedia.org)
- This kinase is found to be necessary for BCL-ABL-mediated resistance to drug-induced apoptosis and therefore protects leukemia cells against drug-induced apoptosis. (nih.gov)
- This study is to investigate the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) in tert -butyl hydroperoxide ( t BHP)-induced apoptosis of human trabecular meshwork (iHTM) cells. (molvis.org)
- Exposure to cerium oxide nanoparticle s is associated with activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling and apoptosis in rat lungs. (cdc.gov)
- No investigation has yet been performed to assess whether respiratory tract exposure to cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticle s is associated with alterations in protein signaling, inflammation, and apoptosis in rat lungs. (cdc.gov)
- Lung tissues were collected and evaluated for the expression of proteins associated with inflammation and cellular apoptosis. (cdc.gov)
Genes5
- Such radiations include genes involved in spermatogenesis, chemosensation, Wnt signaling and FGF receptor-like kinases. (wormbook.org)
- Protein kinases constitute one of the largest and most important of protein families, accounting for ~2% of genes in a variety of eukaryotic genomes. (wormbook.org)
- We identified 438 protein kinase genes, including 20 atypical kinases, and an additional 25 kinase fragments or pseudogenes. (wormbook.org)
- This abrogated expression of the decidual marker genes, insulin like growth factor binding protein 1 ( IGFBP1 ) and prolactin ( PRL ), and prevented adoption of decidual cell morphology. (bioone.org)
- The Y-linked sex determining gene SRY regulates this process by initiating a pathway of gene and protein expression, including the expression of critical autosomal genes such as SOX9 . (plos.org)
Phosphoprotein Phosphatases1
- This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (bvsalud.org)
Inhibitors3
- In a keynote lecture, Professor Malcolm Ranson (University of Manchester / Christie Hospital) provided an insight into the clinical aspects of developing kinase inhibitors as effective medicines. (soci.org)
- Additional presentations detailed kinase inhibitors, which have potential for the treatment of diseases in therapeutic areas other than cancer. (soci.org)
- Given the critical role of PKC isozymes and G proteins in modulating intracellular cross-talk between neurotransmitter systems and thereby the integrative functions of the CNS, future studies using other inhibitors of inositol monophosphatases are warranted, and offer the hope for the development of more potent and more rapidly acting mood-stabilizing drugs. (unboundmedicine.com)
Pathway6
- Similar to the SAPK/JNK pathway, p38 MAP kinase is activated by a variety of cellular stresses including osmotic shock, inflammatory cytokines, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), ultraviolet light, and growth factors. (wikipedia.org)
- This kinase can be recruited to vesicle tubular clusters (VTCs) by direct interaction with the small GTPase RAB2, where this kinase phosphorylates glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD/GAPDH) and plays a role in microtubule dynamics in the early secretory pathway. (nih.gov)
- To investigate the effect of losartan on vascular remodeling and transforming growth factor-beta and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. (ijpsonline.com)
- Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to measure the thickness and diameter ratio of the aortic media of mice in each group, Masson staining was used to observe the content of collagen fibers in the aorta of mice in each group, elastic fibers in the aorta of mice in each group were stained, and transforming growth factor-beta and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway protein expression. (ijpsonline.com)
- Losartan has protective effect on aortic wall of rats with aortic dissection, and the mechanism may be through inhibiting transforming growth factor-beta 1 pathway, which activates downstream phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway related proteins, and then inhibits the expansion and progression of aortic dissection. (ijpsonline.com)
- In the developing male (XY) gonad, sex-determining region of the Y (SRY) protein acts to up-regulate expression of the related gene, SOX9 , a transcriptional regulator that in turn initiates a downstream pathway of testis development, whilst also suppressing ovary development. (plos.org)
Platelet Activa1
- The expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes and the effects of PKC activation on myocardial phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, platelet-activating factor (PAF) generation and eicosanoid release were studied in spontaneously beating cultured rat cardiomyocytes. (unige.ch)
Subunits3
- This diagram displays the protein subunits (blue) of the complex and how they interact with each other. (yeastgenome.org)
- A multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. (curehunter.com)
- The IKB is phosphorylated by a multiprotein complex with two kinases subunits. (medscape.com)
Phosphorylates1
- We further identified SYK as a critical kinase that phosphorylates MyD88, promoted MyD88-dependent signaling and mediates dermatosis in Ptpn6spin mice . (bvsalud.org)
Substrates1
- TY - JOUR T1 - Modulation of protein kinase C isozymes and substrates by lithium: the role of myo-inositol. (unboundmedicine.com)
Cellular4
- Since kinases perform such a variety of distinct basic cellular functions, it is not surprising to see that 53 subfamilies and functions are present in all four kinomes ( Figure 1 ). (wormbook.org)
- These proteins have an effect on cellular replication and cellular death in inflammatory, ischemic, and malignant diseases. (lupusresearch.org)
- Adenine forms several biological compounds involved in a variety of cellular physiological processes such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cellular respiration and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in protein synthesis. (hindawi.com)
- Pathogenesis and sporulation are complex processes that are governed by cellular signalling networks including G-protein and phospholipid signalling. (wur.nl)
Pathways7
- Protein kinases are one of the largest and most influential of gene families: constituting some 2% of the proteome, they regulate almost all biochemical pathways and may phosphorylate up to 30% of the proteome. (wormbook.org)
- Many of these pathways are highly conserved, and 53 distinct kinase functions and subfamilies appear to have been conserved between yeasts, nematodes, insects and vertebrates, with a further 91 subfamilies of kinases being seen throughout metazoan genomes. (wormbook.org)
- Vascular smooth muscle cell contractile protein expression is increased through protein kinase G-dependent and -independent pathways by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibition and deficiency. (harvard.edu)
- Dishevelled (DVL) is a key scaffolding protein and a branching point in Wnt signaling pathways. (muni.cz)
- Ca 2+ /CaM binds to the death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) to regulate intracellular signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
- Upon Ca 2+ binding, CaM is capable of interacting with hundreds of protein targets to regulate the wealth of intracellular signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
- This finding is inconsistent with the idea that allosteric pathways are conserved between homologues of a protein family. (figshare.com)
Cytoplasmic1
- Essential for recruitment of Atg proteins to the pre-autophagosomal structure, the putative site for autophagosome formation, under starvation condition, resulting in the sequestration of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles for bulk degradation. (yeastgenome.org)
Abstract1
- ABSTRACT In order to define the protein expressional changes related to the process of meglumine antimoniate resistance in anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), we performed a comparative proteomics analysis on sensitive and resistant strains of Leishmania tropica isolated from Iranian CL patients. (who.int)
MAPKs2
- Using primary cultures of sensory neurons, it was demonstrated that crotalphine increases the level of activated ERK1/2 and JNK-MAPKs and this increase is dependent on the activation of protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ). (iasp-pain.org)
- Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) comprise a large family of proteins activated by a wide range of proinflammatory cytokines and environmental stress. (molvis.org)
Subunit1
Lineage1
- The gain and loss of kinase functions and subfamilies in each evolutionary lineage is also seen. (wormbook.org)
Nucleotide1
- Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat domain-containing (NLR) proteins are sentinels of plant immunity that monitor host proteins for perturbations induced by pathogenic effector proteins. (nature.com)
Tyrosine1
- A further 91 subfamilies were found in all three metazoan kinomes, including the tyrosine kinase (TK) group and the TKL group, which mediate much of the complexity of intercellular signal transduction. (wormbook.org)
Downstream1
- The mitogen-activated protein kinase homolog, WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1 (WNK1), is activated downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor during decidualization. (bioone.org)
Adenosine1
- Adenosine is metabolized by adenosine deaminase and adenosine kinase. (dissertations.se)
Histidine1
- The most common variant, which occurs in all individuals with the classic features of the condition, substitutes the protein building block (amino acid) histidine for the amino acid arginine at position 206 of the ACVR1 protein (written as Arg206His or R206H). (medlineplus.gov)
Degradation3
- Mechanisms That Activate 26S Proteasomes and Enhance Protein Degradation. (harvard.edu)
- cGMP via PKG activates 26S proteasomes and enhances degradation of proteins, including ones that cause neurodegenerative diseases. (harvard.edu)
- PDE1 inhibition facilitates proteasomal degradation of misfolded proteins and protects against cardiac proteinopathy. (harvard.edu)
Autophagy2
- The Atg1-kinase complex tethers Atg9-vesicles to initiate autophagy. (yeastgenome.org)
- Noda NN and Fujioka Y (2015) Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation. (yeastgenome.org)
Signal Transduction1
- Mathematical modeling of signal transduction networks has previously been used to map out thermodynamical using rate equations is increasingly attracting attention as a properties of protein-folding models (6,7). (lu.se)
Metabolism1
- Salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3) plays a crucial role in various aspects of metabolism. (elifesciences.org)
Inhibits1
- IFN signaling: 3C protease inhibits activation of antiviral protein complexes. (cdc.gov)
Synthesis2
- A signaling protein, i.e., a protein that circulates extracellularly influencing other cells to turn on the process of protein synthesis. (lupusresearch.org)
- Contraction is a multifactorial stimulus with short-term metabolic effects and long-term responses due to changes in protein synthesis. (dissertations.se)
Enzyme2
- It differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE. (curehunter.com)
- This study investigated the effects of insulin therapy, inhibition of advanced glycation end-product formation with aminoguanidine and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with ramipril on diabetes-related increases in protein kinase C (PKC) activity in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. (portlandpress.com)
Phosphorylate2
- Activated p38 MAP kinase has been shown to phosphorylate and activate MAPKAP kinase 2 and to phosphorylate the transcription factors ATF2, Mac, MEF2, and p53. (wikipedia.org)
- DVL accumulates during the cell cycle and associates with NIMA-related kinase 2 (NEK2), which is able to phosphorylate DVL at amultitude of residues, as detected by a set of novel phospho-specific antibodies. (muni.cz)
Human7
- There are over 500 protein kinases in the human kinome. (soci.org)
- Orthologous to human MAPK1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 1). (nih.gov)
- Kinases are deeply conserved in evolution, and the worm has family homologs for over 80% of the human kinome. (wormbook.org)
- To put worm kinases into an evolutionary and functional context, we compared them with the distant kinomes of human, fly, and yeast. (wormbook.org)
- Distribution of 212 kinase subfamilies throughout four kinomes: the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans , the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and human. (wormbook.org)
- Nematodes share 153 subfamilies with human, providing close homologs for 81% (419/518) of all human kinases. (wormbook.org)
- Find TAO Kinase 2 Proteins for a variety of species such as anti-Human TAO Kinase 2, anti-Mouse TAO Kinase 2. (antibodies-online.com)
Family5
- These results support the hypothesis that ZAR1 associates with an expanded ZRK protein family to broaden its effector recognition spectrum. (nature.com)
- Oomycetes possess a family of novel proteins called GPCR-PIPKs (GKs) that are composed of a seven-transmembrane spanning (7-TM) domain fused to a phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase (PIPK) domain. (wur.nl)
- TY - JOUR T1 - Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase family in serum-induced leukaemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-6 secretion by bone marrow stromal cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Transforming growth factor family proteins like TGFß1 can oppose these effects. (medscape.com)
- The ACVR1 gene provides instructions for making the activin receptor type-1 (ACVR1) protein, which is a member of a protein family called bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptors. (medlineplus.gov)
Specificity1
- To achieve high biological specificity, protein kinases and phosphatases often recognize their targets through interactions that occur outside of the active site. (nih.gov)
MeSH1
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
Intracellular1
- We showed that in a heterologous expression system recombinant hPAFR stimulated inositol phosphates production and intracellular cAMP accumulation, through the coupling with Gq/ 11 and Gs proteins, respectively. (open.ac.uk)
Activity8
- The protein product of proto-oncogene RAS can increase activity of p38, and thereby cause excessively high activity of transcription factor NF-κB. (wikipedia.org)
- and protein kinase activity. (nih.gov)
- This makes kinase signaling particularly amenable to comparative studies, and kinase activity a particularly good readout of the physiological state of any cell. (wormbook.org)
- Find TAO Kinase 2 Proteins with a specific Biological Activity. (antibodies-online.com)
- The increase in immunodetectable PKC protein correlated with a 40% elevation in the activity of PKC at the membrane. (jci.org)
- Normalization of circulating glucose in the rat model by either insulin or phlorizin treatment did not result in a reduction in membrane PKC isozyme protein or kinase activity. (jci.org)
- Enhanced mucosal CK2 protein expression and activity were observed in animal models of chronic colitis, particularly within intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). (diva-portal.org)
- 4: Expression of a dominant-negative mutant form of JNK1 that blocked FCS-induced JNK activity had no effect on protein production and gene expression of these cytokines. (unboundmedicine.com)
Expression1
- Expression analysis of mutant XY gonads at the same stage also reveals a dramatic reduction in Sox9 and, crucially, Sry at the transcript and protein levels. (plos.org)
Mutations2
- NEMO consists of 10 exons, and most mutations cause deletions of exons 4-10, resulting in a truncated protein. (medscape.com)
- Hypomorphic mutations may impair but not abolish NEMO protein function. (medscape.com)
Cells2
- Gram-negative bacterial phytopathogens can suppress plant immunity using the type III secretion system (T3SS), a needle-like structure capable of injecting type III secreted effector proteins (T3Es) directly into plant cells 1 . (nature.com)
- Transient activation of AMP-activated protein kinase at G1/S phase transition is required for control of S phase in NIH3T3 cells. (nih.gov)
Receptors2
- In addition to PKCs, it is evident that novel diacyglycerol-activated non-kinase receptors could also play a role in the development of diabetic complications. (nih.gov)
- BMP receptors span the cell membrane, so that one end of the protein remains inside the cell and the other end projects from the outer surface of the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Regulation3
- Consequently, the regulation/ misregulation of kinases has linked them to a number of diseases and they provide a wealth of opportunity as targets for drug discovery. (soci.org)
- Previous reports have suggested that protein kinases play important roles in the regulation of circadian clocks ( Reischl and Kramer, 2011 ). (elifesciences.org)
- Role of mitogen-activated protein kinases in endothelin ETB receptor up-regulation after organ culture of rat mesenteric artery. (lu.se)
SCOPe1
- SCOPe: Structural Classification of Proteins - extended. (berkeley.edu)
Small molecules1
- This table lists all participants of the complex (proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids, etc.) and their respective stoichiometry. (yeastgenome.org)
Sequence3
- Most protein kinases share a common ePK (eukaryotic protein kinase) catalytic domain, and can be identified by sequence similarity with Blast or profile hidden Markov models (HMMs). (wormbook.org)
- The remaining atypical protein kinases (aPK) belong to several families, some of which have structural, but not sequence similarity to ePKs. (wormbook.org)
- The classification is based on sequence similarity within the kinase domain, the presence of additional domains, known biological functions, and conservation across divergent genomes. (wormbook.org)
Effector4
- Here we show that the Arabidopsis ZAR1 NLR protein requires the ZRK3 kinase to recognize the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector (T3E) HopF2a. (nature.com)
- In response, NLR proteins have evolved to recognize T3Es and induce a resistance response referred to as effector-triggered immunity (ETI), which is typically associated with a programmed cell death response called the hypersensitive response (HR) 2 . (nature.com)
- Ca 2+ -binding protein calmodulin (CaM) serves as a primary effector of calcium function. (frontiersin.org)
- The small and highly expressed Ca 2+ -binding protein calmodulin (CaM) acts as a primary effector of calcium function ( Soderling and Stull, 2001 ). (frontiersin.org)
Skeletal muscle1
- The ACVR1 protein is found in many tissues of the body including skeletal muscle and cartilage. (medlineplus.gov)