• A molecular dynamic (MD) modeling approach was applied to evaluate the effect of external electric field on gliadin protein structure and surface properties. (mdpi.com)
  • Delineation of the effects of pathogenic mutations linked with familial prion diseases, on the structure and misfolding of prion protein (PrP), will be useful in understanding the molecular mechanism of PrP misfolding. (ncbs.res.in)
  • Knowledge of the three-dimensional structures of the carbo-hydrate molecules is indispensable for a full understanding of the molecular processes in which carbohydrates are involved, such as protein glycosylation or protein-carbohydrate interactions. (iucr.org)
  • Free energy perturbation (FEP) calculations are attractive for predicting ligand-protein binding affinities via molecular simulations as well as for reducing the duration of the lead optimization phase of pharmaceutical development, which is as an individual stage the most expensive part of drug discovery 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • Stereoelectronic effects dictate molecular conformation and biological function of heterocyclic amides. (cipps.org.au)
  • At the heart of any fluorescent signal transduction mechanism is the phenomenon of conformational coupling which Jacques Monod referred to as the "secret of life", because it constitutes the molecular basis of most biological processes such as enzyme control, ligand transport across membrane, motor proteins, or cellular signal transduction 3 . (nature.com)
  • Comparison of the major outer membrane protein variant sequence regions of B/Ba isolates: a molecular epidemiologic approach to Chlamydia trachomatis infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Predicting and designing the structures of proteins with biologically useful accuracy has been a key challenge in computational structural biology and molecular engineering. (ucsf.edu)
  • One example is a study describing the control of precise shape transitions of a large protein assembly with optical inputs, where we successfully exchanged the 'engine' of a protein-based ATP-driven molecular machine to be powered by light (Hoersch et al. (ucsf.edu)
  • Most recently, we have focused on application of computational protein design to endow cells with the ability to sense and respond to new molecular signals and orchestrate desired biological responses, one of the most fundamental capabilities of living systems (Glasgow*, Huang*, Mandell* et al. (ucsf.edu)
  • Proteins represent the functional end-product within the central dogma of molecular biology [ 1 ]. (biorxiv.org)
  • Next month, he'll have a paper published in Biophysical Journal that describes predictive molecular simulation studies revealing some fundamental properties of the tropocollagen molecule, the most abundant protein structure found on Earth. (mit.edu)
  • Proteins, and their little sisters the peptides, are among the most difficult compounds to purify. (the-scientist.com)
  • Due to their large surface area and ability to interact with proteins and peptides, graphene oxides offer valuable physiochemical and biological features for biomedical applications and have been successfully employed for optimizing scaffold architectures for a wide range of organs, from the skin to cardiac tissue. (mdpi.com)
  • AD is characterized diagnostically by two histologic findings: (1) extracellular amorphus eosinophilic deposits of amyloid consisting of Aβ peptides (a cleavage product of amyloid precursor protein [APP]), which are referred to as amyloid plaques, and (2) intraneuronal aggregates of abnormally modified microtubule-associated protein tau (neurofibrillary tangles) (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • For a set of model proteins, we show that site selectivity of labelling can indeed be rationalised in terms of known structural information, and that conformational changes induced by ligand binding are reflected in the modification pattern. (tu-darmstadt.de)
  • Hydrogen-deuterium exchange studies in conjunction with mass spectrometry indicate that the T182A mutation disrupts the core of the protein, thereby increasing overall structural dynamics. (ncbs.res.in)
  • The structural integrity of meningococcal native, micro-fluidized and activated capsular polysaccharides and their glycoconjugates - in the form most relevant to their potential use as vaccines (dilute solution) - have been investigated with respect to their homogeneity, conformation and flexibility. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a valuable resource for three-dimensional structural information on glycoproteins and protein-carbohydrate complexes. (iucr.org)
  • A new preprint research paper, posted to the bioRxiv* server, uncovered more information on the different structural conformations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). (news-medical.net)
  • [13] [14] Because proteins share a common structural feature known as the polypeptide backbone, all proteins have the potential to misfold under some circumstances. (wikipedia.org)
  • [15] However, only a relatively small number of proteins are linked to proteopathic disorders, possibly due to structural idiosyncrasies of the vulnerable proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Comparing our results to the output of mTM, SSM, and the CATHEDRAL structural scan, it is clear that RUPEE has set a new bar for purely geometric big data approaches to protein structure searches. (biorxiv.org)
  • As such, understanding protein structure is a central goal within structural bioinformatics. (biorxiv.org)
  • Data Availability: Coordinates and structural data have been submitted to the Protein Data Bank under the accession code 6H5F. (elifesciences.org)
  • This review critically focuses on opportunities to employ protein-graphene oxide structures either as nanocomposites or as biocomplexes and highlights the effects of carbonaceous nanostructures on protein conformation and structural stability for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. (mdpi.com)
  • Allergenicity of food proteins has been correlated to their structural conformation and their resistance to proteolysis. (cea.fr)
  • This extensive imaging methodology simultaneously reveals structural, chemical and morphological details of individual nanowires and the adsorbed proteins. (lu.se)
  • Inheritance of some variant alleles causes a change in conformation of the alpha-1 antitrypsin molecule, leading to polymerization and retention within hepatocytes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Thus, in neither conformer are the critical helices positioned to favor the proposed triplex interaction suggesting the obligation for other components, spliceosomal proteins, to facilitate and stabilize the catalytically active conformation. (cuny.edu)
  • In contrast, variants in the active conformation accumulated in the ER and caused RD even in the absence of light. (jneurosci.org)
  • Despite its deleterious impact on fitness, protein aggregation is a generic property of polypeptide chains, indissociable from protein structure and function. (uab.cat)
  • Basic knowledge of protein structure: polypeptide conformation. (lu.se)
  • PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). (bvsalud.org)
  • Binding of a small molecule to the sensor (e.g. glucose or neurotransmitters), interactions of a sensor with another protein (e.g. cellular signal transduction networks), or changes in the physical environment of the sensor such as a strong electrical field (e.g. detection of electrochemical pulses along a neuron) are typical chemical events. (nature.com)
  • Our predictions generate hypotheses on protein conformations controlling biological processes - such as protein recognition, signal transduction, and enzyme active site gating - and are laying the foundation for our work reengineering and "reshaping" protein interfaces and active sites for new functions. (ucsf.edu)
  • Changes in emission spectra of tryptophan are due to the protein conformational transitions, subunit association, ligand binding or denaturation, which affect the local environment surrounding the indole ring. (cgiar.org)
  • [10] Furthermore, evidence has emerged that small, non-fibrillar protein aggregates known as oligomers are toxic to the cells of an affected organ, and that amyloidogenic proteins in their fibrillar form may be relatively benign. (wikipedia.org)
  • These amyloid plaques are immunoreactive with antibodies to the prion protein and do not immunoreact with antibodies to other amyloidogenic proteins, such as the amyloid-beta (which is deposited in Alzheimer disease). (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, this assay can be readily adapted for studying protein-ligand interactions in intact mitochondria and in other cell organelles extending its implications for pesticide and pharma industry and in drug discovery. (cgiar.org)
  • X-ray structures revealed that in protein conjugates, the carbonyl can be twisted by specific interactions with two or three amino acid side-chains. (nature.com)
  • Over the past several years, we have engineered a range of proteins with new functions, including protein-protein interactions that are specific enough to control complex biological processes in mammalian cells (Kapp*, Liu* et al. (ucsf.edu)
  • Stability, dynamics and interactions of proteins: packing and electrostatics. (lu.se)
  • Protein folding, going from sequence to structure by mini- a quadratic Hamiltonian requires additional spin variables and mizing an energy function, represents a difficult optimization implementing interactions such as self-avoidance becomes problem. (lu.se)
  • Prion diseases are caused by the accumulation of proteins called prions of altered conformation in the brain cells, thereby damaging the cells. (medindia.net)
  • The replication of prions involves the recruitment of the normally expressed prion protein, which has mainly an alpha-helical structure, into a disease-specific conformation that is rich in beta-sheet. (medscape.com)
  • Highly divergent hypotheses have been put forward regarding the makeup of the prions, including that they consist of nucleic acid only or protein only, are lacking both protein and nucleic acid, or are a polysaccharide. (medscape.com)
  • Stan Prusiner gave a talk on prions here at Cal back in September, and he gave pretty convincing evidence that at least one prion disease (mouse scrapie) is truly caused by an infectious protein. (bio.net)
  • AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master metabolic regulator for controlling cellular energy homeostasis. (rcsb.org)
  • Varying pH and temperature may irreversibly alter the protein's conformation. (the-scientist.com)
  • Upon co-incubation of GSH-MDI reaction products with human albumin, MDI was rapidly transferred to specific lysines of albumin, and the protein's native conformation/charge was altered, based on electrophoretic mobility. (cdc.gov)
  • Reduction in the intensity of tryptophan emission spectra of mitochondrial membrane proteins in presence of an increasing concentration of a ligand can be used to study the interaction of insecticides/drugs with the intact mitochondria. (cgiar.org)
  • Helix conformations in 7TM membrane proteins determined using oriented-sample solid-state NMR with multiple residue-specific 15N labeling. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Oriented solid-state NMR in combination with multiple-residue-specific (15)N labeling and extensive numerical spectral analysis is proposed to determine helix conformations of large membrane proteins in native membranes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Since the method does not depend on specific resonance assignments and proves robust toward nonidealities in the sample alignment, it may be generally feasible for the study of conformational arrangement and function-induced conformation changes of large integral membrane proteins. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Dean D , Oudens E , Bolan G , Padian N , Schachter J . Major outer membrane protein variants of Chlamydia trachomatis are associated with severe upper genital tract infections and histopathology in San Francisco. (cdc.gov)
  • The ability to directly visualize proteins on nanostructures in situ holds great promise for assessing the conformation and thickness of the protein corona, which is key to understanding and predicting the properties of engineered nanomaterials in a biological environment. (lu.se)
  • Here, we apply well-established chemistry to conformation-sensitive oxidative protein labelling on a timescale of a few seconds, followed by analysis through a routine protein analysis workflow. (tu-darmstadt.de)
  • Fluorescent protein biosensors have unlocked major advances in cell biology, neurobiology, clinical chemistry, environmental monitoring, and agricultural technologies 1 . (nature.com)
  • His central hypothesis is that including the scale of chemistry is the key to arrive at quantitative and predictive models of materials, in particular during fracture, and of those materials that feature nanoscale designs-for example protein-based biological materials," said Patrick Jaillet, the Edmund K. Turner Professor and head of the MIT Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. (mit.edu)
  • The peptide unit is modeled by trans-N -methylacetamide (NMA) which is allowed to interact with various hydrogen bonding species that are similar to those typically found in the environment of a peptide within a protein molecule. (usu.edu)
  • All species are found to have a restricting influence on the conformation of a peptide bond. (usu.edu)
  • Theoretical Studies of Environmental Effects on Protein Conformation: Flexibility of the Peptide Bond S. Scheiner and C. W. Kern J. Am. Chem. (usu.edu)
  • The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. (bvsalud.org)
  • Protein backbone. (iucr.org)
  • Detection of the most likely ligand binding mode, the presence of multiple stable binding conformations, insufficient equilibration, and determining an adequate sampling time (especially when significant protein side chain and backbone residue flexibility is possible) are the most critical aspects of FEP, and have been recently reviewed in detail 8 . (nature.com)
  • dblp: Protein Geometry Database: a flexible engine to explore backbone conformations and their relationships to covalent geometry. (uni-trier.de)
  • The course aims to provide a deeper understanding of some of the most important experimental methods used to determine the three-dimensional structures of proteins, as a basis for understanding their biological functions. (lu.se)
  • We also aim at an understanding of the forces that underpin the structures of proteins, as well as a basic understanding of the methods used in structure-based drug design. (lu.se)
  • This m(6)A-dependent regulation of protein binding through a change in RNA structure, termed "m(6)A-switch", affects transcriptome-wide mRNA abundance and alternative splicing. (nih.gov)
  • A new inhibited conformation of the KD is observed in a DFG-out conformation and with the glycine-rich loop adopting a structure that blocks ATP binding to the active site. (rcsb.org)
  • In order to understand protein structure to a sufficient extent for, e.g., drug discovery, no single technique can provide satisfactory information on both the lowest-energy conformation and on dynamic changes over time (the 'four-dimensional' protein structure). (tu-darmstadt.de)
  • We believe that this method will provide a valuable and robust addition to the 'toolbox' of mass spectrometry researchers studying higher-order protein structure. (tu-darmstadt.de)
  • From these frequencies a set of probability parameters were derived for the appearance of each amino acid in each secondary structure type, and these parameters are used to predict the probability that a given sequence of amino acids would form a helix, a beta strand, or a turn in a protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • List of protein structure prediction software Chou PY, Fasman GD (1974). (wikipedia.org)
  • How good are predictions of protein secondary structure? (wikipedia.org)
  • Accurate in silico predictions of ligand-protein binding affinities continues to be a primary objective of structure-based pharmaceutical design because of its putative value for drug discovery. (nature.com)
  • Fluorescent labeling of proteins by fluorophore Prodan is a useful tool to measure protein conformational changes via color switching, however, structure-based rules that predict where to emplace fluorophores that elicit robust fluorescent responses are challenging to establish. (nature.com)
  • Accordingly, fluorescent biosensors are created by coupling distinct protein conformations to changes in the electronic structure of a fluorophore, or pairs of fluorophores that have been engineered into the protein. (nature.com)
  • Brush AH (1980a) Chemical heterogeneity in keratin proteins of avian epidermal structures: Possible relations to structure and function. (springer.com)
  • Given the close relationship between protein structure and function, protein structure searches have long played an established role in bioinformatics. (biorxiv.org)
  • Despite their maturity, existing protein structure searches either use simplifying assumptions or compromise between fast response times and quality of results. (biorxiv.org)
  • RUPEE in top-aligned mode produces equal or better results than the best available protein structure searches, and RUPEE in fast mode demonstrates the fastest response times coupled with high quality results. (biorxiv.org)
  • The RUPEE protein structure search is available at http://www.ayoubresearch.com . (biorxiv.org)
  • Below, we present our approach to a fast, scalable, and purely geometric protein structure search we refer to with the acronym of RUn Position Encoded Encodings of residue descriptors (RUPEE). (biorxiv.org)
  • Fast mode is significantly faster than all other protein structure searches discussed below but at the expensive of accuracy. (biorxiv.org)
  • On the other hand, the accuracy and response times of RUPEE in top-aligned mode are comparable to currently available protein structure searches that are commonly considered fast. (biorxiv.org)
  • RUPEE stands out as not just another protein structure search, of which there are many. (biorxiv.org)
  • RUPEE is the first, to our knowledge, purely geometric protein structure search to achieve results as good as the best available protein structure searches. (biorxiv.org)
  • In this regard, RUPEE makes a fundamental contribution to protein structure research that lends itself to being leveraged in existing systems. (biorxiv.org)
  • Besides our approach to protein structure search, we introduce a polar plot for torsion angles that may have wider applicability in the study of protein structure. (biorxiv.org)
  • The typical use case of aligning one protein structure to another does not impose tight response time requirements. (biorxiv.org)
  • In this regard, while glycosylation is a major post-translational modification (PTM) that alters the structure of most human proteins, relatively little is known about the functional diversity imparted by this modification. (buffalo.edu)
  • In particular, we are interested in understanding how fluid shear and surface immobilization alters the three-dimensional structure of VWF thus promoting both protein conformation change and VWF self-association. (buffalo.edu)
  • assimilate and critically evaluate the scientific literature dealing with protein structure and function, particularly in terms of the experimental methods. (lu.se)
  • Protein secondary and three-dimensional structure. (lu.se)
  • Training in the relevant theoretical and experimental methods described for the study of protein structure and dynamics. (lu.se)
  • Includes protein crystallization, data collection at MAX IV, data processing, structure determination and modelling, as well as a simple exercise in ligand docking. (lu.se)
  • Folding a protein sequence into its minimum-energy structure represents such a problem. (lu.se)
  • To test this hypothesis, an occupationally relevant dose of MDI (0.1%w/v) was reacted with varying concentrations of GSH (10µM-10mM), and the reaction products were characterized with regard to mass/structure, and ability to carbamoylate human albumin, a major carrier protein for MDI in vivo. (cdc.gov)
  • proteinopathic adj ), or proteopathy , protein conformational disorder , or protein misfolding disease , is a class of diseases in which certain proteins become structurally abnormal, and thereby disrupt the function of cells , tissues and organs of the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, proteins that are normally unfolded or relatively unstable as monomers (that is, as single, unbound protein molecules) are more likely to misfold into an abnormal conformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The infectious agent in the prion disease is composed mainly or entirely of an abnormal conformation of a host-encoded glycoprotein called the prion protein. (medscape.com)
  • the remaining patients are probably able to degrade the abnormal protein, although the exact protective mechanism is unclear. (msdmanuals.com)
  • While the latter rely on nucleic acid for survival and replication, the prion is made of a protein and lacks nucleic acid. (jrank.org)
  • A film detection method for tritium-labeled proteins and nucleic acids in polyacrylamide gels. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • We have made methodological advances that address one of the main bottlenecks: sampling the vast number of conformations accessible to proteins. (ucsf.edu)
  • This study demonstrated that it is necessary to gain insight into protein dynamics under external electric field stress, in order to develop the novel food processing techniques that can be potentially used to reduce or eradicate food allergens. (mdpi.com)
  • Mass spectrometry methods have shown promise in addressing protein dynamics, but often rely on the use of high-end commercial or custom instruments. (tu-darmstadt.de)
  • The findings suggest the spike protein turns into a locked state to stabilize the spike protein during virus egress. (news-medical.net)
  • The Chou-Fasman method is an empirical technique for the prediction of secondary structures in proteins, originally developed in the 1970s by Peter Y. Chou and Gerald D. Fasman. (wikipedia.org)
  • The development of computational tools opened a new avenue to rationalize this phenomenon, enabling prediction of the aggregation propensity of individual proteins as well as proteome-wide analysis. (uab.cat)
  • Prediction of protein antigenic determinants from amino acid sequences. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • A new study by researchers at Mahidol University in Bangkok, Thailand, reports a COVID-19 vaccine candidate called HexaPro in producing neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in an animal model. (news-medical.net)
  • The spike protein of SARS-CoV--a target for vaccine and therapeutic development. (who.int)
  • This RNA molecule, known as messenger RNA (mRNA), then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm where it is translated into protein by ribosomes. (proprofs.com)
  • Frenkel MJ, Gillespie JM (1979) Proteins of beaks: Possible use in taxonomy of birds. (springer.com)
  • It really is a hybrid problem of purification and formulation in order to keep the protein functional. (the-scientist.com)
  • Without the activity of enzymes and proteins, the genetic information in the genome would not be able to be expressed and translated into functional proteins. (proprofs.com)
  • To analyze the role of the central junction in positioning elements forming the active site, we derived three-dimensional models of the two conformations from distances measured between fluorophores at selected locations in constructs representing the protein-free human U2-U6 snRNA complex by time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer. (cuny.edu)
  • Intrinsic protein fluorescence is due to aromatic amino acids, mainly tryptophan, which can be selectively measured by exciting at 295 nm. (cgiar.org)
  • Many fluorescent biosensors exploit conformation-dependent changes in the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between two engineered fluorophores that emit at two different colors (wavelength ranges). (nature.com)
  • In most, if not all proteinopathies, a change in the 3-dimensional folding conformation increases the tendency of a specific protein to bind to itself. (wikipedia.org)
  • Implementing REST to the entire ligand as opposed to solely the perturbed region, and also some important flexible protein residues (pREST region) in the ligand binding domain (LBD) has considerably improved the FEP+ results in most of the studied cases. (nature.com)
  • In conformational coupling, ligand binding or perturbations of the physical environment are associated with changes in the distribution of protein conformational states. (nature.com)
  • Rhodopsin consists of a protein (rod opsin) and a chromophore ligand (11- cis -retinal) and initiates phototransduction in a specialized organelle called the rod outer segment (OS). (jneurosci.org)
  • It's computationally generated to mimic bioactive conformation (which can be found in a protein-ligand co-complex). (nih.gov)
  • The four-helix conformer is strongly favored in the in vitro protein-free state, but the three-helix conformer predominates in spliceosomes. (cuny.edu)
  • We showed that incubation with the NineTeen Complex (NTC)-related protein RBM22, which has been implicated in the remodeling of the U2-U6 snRNA complex to render it catalytically active, favors the formation of the three-helix conformer as seen in cryo-EM images of spliceosome. (cuny.edu)
  • Actual algorithms work on both protein sequences and structures, some of them accounting also for conformational fluctuations around the native state and the protein microenvironment. (uab.cat)
  • Different proteins were known to have unique sequences, whereas it was thought that all DNA molecules have the same sequence. (proprofs.com)
  • This toolbox allows to delineate conformation-specific routines to assist in the identification of aggregation-prone regions and to guide the optimization of more soluble and stable biotherapeutics. (uab.cat)
  • Micrograph of a section of the cerebral cortex from a person with Alzheimer's disease , immunostained with an antibody to amyloid beta (brown), a protein fragment that accumulates in amyloid plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy . (wikipedia.org)
  • Most recently, we developed an approach to engineer a vast universe of new proteins with tunable shapes (Pan et al. (ucsf.edu)
  • Coating nanoparticles with tunable surfactants facilitates control over the protein corona. (mpg.de)
  • For example, cystic fibrosis is caused by a defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, [3] and in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis / frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), certain gene-regulating proteins inappropriately aggregate in the cytoplasm, and thus are unable to perform their normal tasks within the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The defective protein forms clumps which destroy the neurons or the nerve cells. (medindia.net)
  • Binding analysis of interaction between yU2-U6 snRNA and a partial homologue of RBM22 in yeast, Cwc2, reveals a specific interaction between them, indicating a specific conformation of the active site stabilized by the protein. (cuny.edu)
  • We demonstrated this effect in glucose-binding proteins that adopt distinct conformations in response to glucose. (nature.com)
  • Upon photon capture, 11- cis -retinal isomerizes to all-trans resulting in a shift in rhodopsin's conformation and binding to the G-protein transducin ( Ridge and Palczewski, 2007 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Our study revealed that Ape 1 requires LtgA for optimal function, demonstrating that LTs can modulate the activity of their protein-binding partner. (elifesciences.org)
  • E. D. Hedeg ård, J. Kongsted and Ulf Ryde, Multiscale Modeling of the Active Site of [Fe]-hydrogenase: The H2 Binding Site in Open and Closed Protein Conformations, Ange-wandte Chemie International Edition, 54, (2015), 6246. (lu.se)
  • A particular focus of Buehler's research has been on collagen and other proteins. (mit.edu)
  • As with the recently published finding for Hib-TT complexes, it is the carbohydrate component that dictates the solution behaviour of these glycoconjugates, although the lower intrinsic viscosities suggest some degree of compaction of the carbohydrate chains around the protein. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Enzyme degradation and chemical decomposition conspire to ruin protein samples throughout the steps of purification. (the-scientist.com)
  • The method is based on analyses of the relative frequencies of each amino acid in alpha helices, beta sheets, and turns based on known protein structures solved with X-ray crystallography. (wikipedia.org)
  • Brush AH (1980b) Patterns in the amino acid compositions of avian epidermal proteins. (springer.com)
  • We propose that these particles likely had a crucial role in the preservation of the proteins, and may be remnants partially contributed from haemoglobin and other iron-rich proteins from the original blood. (nature.com)
  • I. Develop computational methods for modeling & design of proteins, in the program Rosetta ( www.rosettacommons.org ). (ucsf.edu)
  • [9] Subsequent research has shown that many different proteins can form amyloid, and that all amyloids show birefringence in cross- polarized light after staining with the dye Congo red , as well as a fibrillar ultrastructure when viewed with an electron microscope . (wikipedia.org)
  • protein machines that can be controlled by specific external inputs such as light or fueled by electron transfers. (ucsf.edu)