• Today in this short video we are going to show you the basic steps that you need to follow to do a plasmid purification using our Monarch Plasmid Miniprep Kit. (neb.com)
  • QIAfilter Plasmid Kits provide anion-exchange-based plasmid purification with bacterial lysate clearing by filtration. (qiagen.com)
  • The QIAfilter Plasmid Kits combines QIAfilter Cartridges for rapid clearing of bacterial lysates by filtration instead of centrifugation, with proven QIAGEN-tips containing anion-exchange resin for efficient plasmid purification. (qiagen.com)
  • QIAfilter Cartridges completely remove SDS precipitates and clear bacterial lysates in a fraction of the time needed for centrifugation, reducing plasmid-purification time by up to 1 hour. (qiagen.com)
  • The entire QIAGEN plasmid purification system avoids the use of toxic substances such as phenol, chloroform, ethidium bromide, and CsCl, minimizing hazard both to the user and the environment. (qiagen.com)
  • Endotoxins, also known as lipopolysaccharides or LPS, are cell-membrane components of Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli and are released during the lysis step of plasmid purification. (qiagen.com)
  • Our platform is uniquely designed to process plasmids with low shear lysis and purification steps to produce high-quality, high-yield pDNA," Mr. Delaney added. (biospace.com)
  • Sometimes, plasmid purification just doesn't go according to plan. (zymoresearch.com)
  • Whether a vector is kept at low copy number, low culture density, or culture overgrowth, this guide will help you navigate your purification woes and determine the best way to boost your plasmid yields from E. coli cultures. (zymoresearch.com)
  • The efficacy of column-based plasmid purification doesn't just depend on how much plasmid is loaded onto the column, but also the total amount of biomass being loaded as well. (zymoresearch.com)
  • If you want to scale up your plasmid purification, try using a kit designed for high inputs of culture, such the ZymoPURE II Midipreps and Maxipreps , which can process more culture. (zymoresearch.com)
  • Purification from cultures grown in highly enriched media such as Terrific Broth (TB) yield higher amounts of plasmid DNA per ml of culture than standard Luria-Bertani Broth (LB). (zymoresearch.com)
  • Chloramphenicol treatment can stop protein production but allow the E. coli to continue to "amplify" the plasmids, resulting in increased yields during plasmid purification 1 . (zymoresearch.com)
  • One method for plasmid amplification uses an inhibitory amount of chloramphenicol (170 µg/ml) added to a culture, which is then incubated further until plasmid purification (typically the next day) 2 . (zymoresearch.com)
  • A variation of this method that reports higher plasmid yield uses lower amounts of chloramphenicol (10-20 µg/ml) added to exponentially growing cells that are subsequently incubated overnight prior to plasmid purification 3 . (zymoresearch.com)
  • This host-to-host transfer of genetic material is one mechanism of horizontal gene transfer, and plasmids are considered part of the mobilome. (wikipedia.org)
  • A typical bacterial replicon may consist of a number of elements, such as the gene for plasmid-specific replication initiation protein (Rep), repeating units called iterons, DnaA boxes, and an adjacent AT-rich region. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plasmids almost always carry at least one gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • NEB offers a selection of common and specialized DNA plasmids for use in cloning experiments and applications such as protein expression, gene expression, and cellular analysis. (neb.com)
  • Luciferase-containing plasmids are commonly used to investigate the effect of regulatory elements, such as promoters, enhancers and untranslated regions, or the effect of mutations of these regulatory elements on gene expression. (addgene.org)
  • One of the main vehicles for gene transfer among bacteria are small circular pieces of DNA, or plasmids. (asm.org)
  • Plasmids containing this gene, or a homologous gene. (addgene.org)
  • OKLAHOMA CITY, March 08, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Cytovance® Biologics , a leading biopharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) of mammalian, microbial biologics and gene therapy plasmid DNA (pDNA), announces a licensing opportunity for pDNA manufacturing. (biospace.com)
  • In both cases, the responsible gene was pifC , known also to be involved in FI of IncP plasmids and Agrobacterium T-DNA transfer to plant cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • It was also discovered that the R388 gene osa , which affects T-DNA transfer, also prevented conjugation of IncP-1/MOB P11 plasmids represented by plasmids RP4 and R751. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the context of plasmid bioproduction, however, it is also common to include cell lysis and clarification as part of the upstream process, according to Nuria Gomez Santos, head of process and analytical development for pDNA with Catalent Cell & Gene Therapy. (biopharminternational.com)
  • For initially testing a new therapeutic gene candidate or gene delivery strategy, a research-grade plasmid would be sufficient. (biopharminternational.com)
  • The E. coli was found to contain the mcr-1 gene on a transmissible plasmid as well as genes conferring other types of antibiotic resistance. (genomeweb.com)
  • But if the mcr-1 gene is transferred and ends up on a resistance plasmid that contained genes encoding carbapenemases or 16s methylation , for example, it could be dire. (genomeweb.com)
  • The patch is called \"Ryan Industries Plasmids and Gene Tonics\" and is free for all Silver and Gold members. (gamesfirst.com)
  • If CRISPR-Cas plasmids were to be used in humans, these plasmids could pose hazards by integrating a Cas gene into the genome. (idtdna.com)
  • The plasmid contains a constitutive promoter (OXB20) derived from the region upstream of the E. coli RecA gene. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The drug substance anakinra is a recombinant protein (Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) produced in E. coli bacteria containing an expression plasmid in which a synthetic gene coding for human IL-1Ra has been inserted.According to the Guideline on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Medicinal Products for Human Use (EMEA 2006), proteins are exempted from environmental risk assessment because they are unlikely to result in significant risk to the environment. (janusinfo.se)
  • The GenElute Endotoxin-free Plasmid Kit offers a simple, rapid, cost effective method for purifying plasmid DNA with ≤0.1 EU/μg DNA for high efficiency transfection. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • however, some classes of plasmids encode the conjugative "sex" pilus necessary for their own transfer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some of the most clinically relevant resistance genes, such those encoding carbapenemases (ß-lactamase enzymes able to degrade carbapenem antibiotics), are carried on conjugative plasmids that spread across high-risk bacterial clones 5 , 6 . (nature.com)
  • Analysis of the mechanisms of inhibition between conjugative plasmids could provide new alternatives to fight antibiotic resistance dissemination. (frontiersin.org)
  • Conjugation experiments of different mobilizable plasmids, helped by either FI-susceptible or FI-resistant transfer systems, demonstrated that the conjugative component affected by both PifC and Osa was the type IV conjugative coupling protein. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, in silico analysis of FI proteins suggests that they represent recent acquisitions of conjugative plasmids, i.e., are not shared by members of the same plasmid species. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mechanisms to control conjugative transfer are also present in plasmids themselves. (frontiersin.org)
  • For example, all conjugative plasmids code for exclusion systems that act in recipient bacteria to prevent competition between identical plasmid backbones, block uneconomical excess of conjugative transfer, and protect recipients from lethal zygosis ( Garcillan-Barcia and de la Cruz, 2008 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • AMR, through acquired genes located on transposons or conjugative plasmids, is the horizontal transmission of genes required for a given bacteria to withstand antibiotics. (mdpi.com)
  • QIAfilter Cartridges , provided in QIAfilter, HiSpeed, and EndoFree Plasmid Kits, are special filter units designed to replace centrifugation following alkaline lysis of bacterial cells. (qiagen.com)
  • In nature, plasmids often carry genes that benefit the survival of the organism and confer selective advantage such as antibiotic resistance. (wikipedia.org)
  • While chromosomes are large and contain all the essential genetic information for living under normal conditions, plasmids are usually very small and contain only additional genes that may be useful in certain situations or conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Smaller plasmids make use of the host replicative enzymes to make copies of themselves, while larger plasmids may carry genes specific for the replication of those plasmids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many of the genes carried by a plasmid are beneficial for the host cells, for example: enabling the host cell to survive in an environment that would otherwise be lethal or restrictive for growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plasmids can be transferred through direct physical contact between bacteria in a process known as conjugation, which helps bacteria share their antibiotic resistance genes with their neighbors. (asm.org)
  • As S. Typhimurium frequently encounters gut bacteria, plasmid sharing, and the spread of resistance genes, is a real concern. (asm.org)
  • The study, led by researchers at ETH Zurich in Switzerland, focused on a plasmid that encodes resistance genes for streptomycin and sulfonamides, called P3 for short. (asm.org)
  • However, the researchers did not expect the plasmid to be transferred if there was no antibiotic pressure, as it would not directly benefit the bacteria to harbor resistance genes. (asm.org)
  • This implies that FI are rapidly-moving accessory genes, possibly acting on evolutionary fights between plasmids for the colonization of specific hosts. (frontiersin.org)
  • Among them, different plasmids (IncI1, IncFI, CloDF13-like, and IncX) inhibit the transfer of IncF plasmids, although the responsible genes were not characterized ( Gasson and Willetts, 1975 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Two genes of IncP-1α plasmids, fiwA and fiwB , block conjugation of IncW plasmids ( Fong and Stanisich, 1989 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Understanding the interaction network between transmissible plasmids is essential to know how the main carriers of antibiotic resistance genes disseminate in the environment. (frontiersin.org)
  • Plasmids confer genes encoding clinically relevant antibiotic resistance. (bham.ac.uk)
  • RNAsequencing showed both plasmids affected a different set of genes related to metabolism. (bham.ac.uk)
  • The E. coli in question wound up having two plasmids with different complements of other antibiotic resistance genes, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes, but Snesrud emphasized that it was not a pan-resistant strain. (genomeweb.com)
  • Further, we associate these clades, most of them previously but incompletely described, with the acquisition of a family of fish virulence plasmids containing genes essential for resistance to the immune system of certain teleosts of interest in aquaculture . (bvsalud.org)
  • Plasmids can also provide bacteria with the ability to fix nitrogen. (wikipedia.org)
  • A study recently published in ASM's Journal of Bacteriology discovered that a particular strain of S. Typhimurium, known as SL1344, shares its plasmids with other bacteria using the assistance of another plasmid. (asm.org)
  • For me, the most striking thing was that…the plasmid was taken up by other bacteria even without the selective pressure [of antibiotics]," explains Marla Gaissmaier, first author of the study and now a doctoral student at LMU Munich in Germany. (asm.org)
  • I didn't even challenge the bacteria with streptomycin, so there was no directly visible fitness advantage in taking up the plasmid. (asm.org)
  • Plasmids are extra-chromosomal mobile genetic elements able to transfer between bacteria through conjugation 1 . (nature.com)
  • Bacteria display a variety of mechanisms to control plasmid conjugation. (frontiersin.org)
  • FI systems are best known as regulators of plasmid transfer in donor bacteria. (frontiersin.org)
  • Plasmids are transmitted from one bacterium to another (even of another species) mostly through conjugation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transfer of a plasmid (green loop) between two bacterial cells through the process of conjugation. (asm.org)
  • Incorporating our fitness results into a simple population dynamics model revealed a new set of conditions for plasmid stability in bacterial communities, with plasmid persistence increasing with bacterial diversity and becoming less dependent on conjugation. (nature.com)
  • Among them, fertility inhibition (FI) systems prevent conjugation of co-resident plasmids within donor cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this work, inhibition of conjugation of broad host range IncW plasmids was analyzed in the presence of a set of co-resident plasmids. (frontiersin.org)
  • Strong FI systems against plasmid R388 conjugation were found in IncF/MOB F12 as well as in IncI/MOB P12 plasmids, represented by plasmids F and R64, respectively. (frontiersin.org)
  • Since the relevant products act in trans , the FinOP system collaterally inhibits conjugation of related plasmids ( Frost and Koraimann, 2010 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Beyond FinOP, there exist "unusual" FI systems that affect conjugation of unrelated co-resident plasmids. (frontiersin.org)
  • Fitness studies measuring growth rates, ability to form biofilm, conjugation frequency and plasmid persistence showed that both plasmids affected the host bacterium but in different ways. (bham.ac.uk)
  • Yields of up to 10 mg (giga), 2.5 mg (mega), 500 µg (maxi), and 100 µg (midi) transfection-grade, high-copy plasmid DNA are achieved from culture (culture volumes depend on plasmid copy number, size of insert, host strain, and culture medium). (qiagen.com)
  • The upstream manufacturing process is an important part of bringing plasmid DNA (pDNA) materials to market, as achieving the highest yields possible at large scale is essential to meeting future demand. (biopharminternational.com)
  • Sometimes the simplest way for how to increase plasmid yields is to just input more raw material. (zymoresearch.com)
  • If you are experiencing low yields for your plasmid prep, double check that the strain you're using is best for plasmid propagation. (zymoresearch.com)
  • Cytovance® Biologics is a leading biopharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Organization (CDMO) that excels in the rapid and cost-effective development and manufacture of large molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from both mammalian cell culture and microbial fermentation such as monoclonal antibodies, fragment antibodies, bispecifics, enzymes, fusion proteins, vaccines and other biological products including plasmid DNA and cell-based therapeutics. (biospace.com)
  • When CRISPR genome editing was introduced in 2009, plasmids were generously made available by the labs where they were developed so that other researchers around the world could use them to express Cas proteins in CRISPR experiments. (idtdna.com)
  • This plasmid is designed to express tagged proteins in E. coli. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • This plasmid contains an Outer Membrane Protein T (OmpT) secretory signal peptide (SP) to allow proteins to be exported from the cytosol. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • To lyse the cells you will add 200 μl of Plasmid Lysis Buffer [B2] to the cell suspension. (neb.com)
  • Given the importance of lysis, neutralization, and clarification in pDNA production, John Bowen, senior director for Nucleic Acids and Plasmid Operations at The Center for Breakthrough Medicines, agrees that these steps should be thought of separately, as mid-stream unit operations. (biopharminternational.com)
  • Thermo Scientific GeneJET Plasmid Maxiprep Kit, sufficient for 25 preps, utilizes silica-based membrane technology in the form of convenient spin column. (thermofisher.com)
  • We have an active policy of sharing our protein building blocks by contributing depositing our plasmids to AddGene and promote their use by writing dedicated protocols and tutorial reviews. (tue.nl)
  • If you are interested in plasmids currently not distributed via Addgene please send your request to Prof. Dr Maarten Merkx . (tue.nl)
  • Addgene is a nonprofit plasmid repository. (addgene.org)
  • Second, studies tend to analyse the fitness effects of a single plasmid in a single bacterium. (nature.com)
  • Therefore, it was hypothesised that a region of pKpQIL-D2 either conferred a broader plasmid host range and/or a fitness benefit to the host bacterium. (bham.ac.uk)
  • Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term plasmid was introduced in 1952 by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg to refer to "any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. (wikipedia.org)
  • QIAfilter Plasmid Kits are intended for molecular biology applications. (qiagen.com)
  • Each prep recovers up to 750 µg of high copy plasmid DNA that can be used in a wide variety of molecular biology procedures, such as restriction endonuclease digestion, PCR, cloning, transformation, automated sequencing, in vitro transcription, and transfection of robust cell lines. (thermofisher.com)
  • The dual-plasmid system can serve as a universal platform for DNA-based information rewriting in vivo, thus offering a new strategy for information processing and target-specific rewriting of large and complicated data on a molecular level. (phys.org)
  • Thus, these modified E. coli strains are used as workhorses for molecular cloning and plasmid production. (zymoresearch.com)
  • Sometimes particular E. coli strains are sub-optimal for plasmid extraction. (zymoresearch.com)
  • When possible, stick to tried and tested strains like E. coli DH5α which contain mutations to lack certain endonucleases and increase plasmid stability. (zymoresearch.com)
  • There are a couple ways to ensure high yield plasmid preparations from E. coli cultures by using antibiotics for selective pressure. (zymoresearch.com)
  • Title : Changing plasmid types responsible for extended spectrum cephalosporin resistance in Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the United States, 1996-2009 Personal Author(s) : Folster, J. P.;Pecic, G.;Stroika, S.;Rickert, R.;Whichard, J. (cdc.gov)
  • Later in 1968, it was decided that the term plasmid should be adopted as the term for extrachromosomal genetic element, and to distinguish it from viruses, the definition was narrowed to genetic elements that exist exclusively or predominantly outside of the chromosome and can replicate autonomously. (wikipedia.org)
  • A few types of plasmids can also insert into the host chromosome, and these integrative plasmids are sometimes referred to as episomes in prokaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • I know that there are very large plasmids but it is possible to exist a plasmid bigger than the chromosome? (bio.net)
  • CRISPR plasmids expressing Cas enzymes and guide RNAs have been used for several years, but these plasmids have several limitations, including cytotoxicity and unpredictability of expression. (idtdna.com)
  • Indeed, a recent study using another broad host range resistance plasmid showed that it can have a wide range of effects across different recipient strains, with some gaining a fitness benefit by maintaining the plasmid. (asm.org)
  • The mcr-1 on transferrable plasmids can instead be passed on to "other strains and other species that they come in contact with in the environment," he said. (genomeweb.com)
  • The second method uses chloramphenicol, an antibiotic that halts protein synthesis and decouples it from plasmid replication, when culturing strains containing a plasmid with a relaxed origin of replication. (zymoresearch.com)
  • Empty backbones for inserting regulatory elements before or after the luciferase ORF can be found in a table below, as well as plasmids that already contain a region of interest before or after luciferase . (addgene.org)
  • The cleared lysate is then loaded onto the anion-exchange tip where plasmid DNA selectively binds under appropriate low-salt and pH conditions. (qiagen.com)
  • QIAGEN Plasmid Plus technology delivers the same performance and quality as anion-exchange technology. (qiagen.com)
  • Plasmids are considered replicons, units of DNA capable of replicating autonomously within a suitable host. (wikipedia.org)
  • The plasmid DNA obtained is highly suitable for a multitude of applications, including transfection into sensitive cell lines. (qiagen.com)
  • This dual-plasmid system is suitable for storing, reading and rewriting various types of information, including text, codebooks and images. (phys.org)
  • To neutralize the lysate add 400 μl of Plasmid Neutralization Buffer [B3], and again gently invert the tube until the color is uniformly yellow and a precipitate forms. (neb.com)
  • The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time to comprise genetic elements that reproduce autonomously. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order for plasmids to replicate independently within a cell, they must possess a stretch of DNA that can act as an origin of replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • The normal number of copies of plasmid that may be found in a single cell is called the plasmid copy number, and is determined by how the replication initiation is regulated and the size of the molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • The widespread presence of a family of fish virulence plasmids in Vibrio vulnificus stresses its relevance as a zoonotic pathogen linked to fish farms. (bvsalud.org)
  • While this is simple enough in theory, there are a few considerations to observe before you start adding more culture to your plasmid preps. (zymoresearch.com)
  • A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. (wikipedia.org)
  • These linear plasmids require specialized mechanisms to replicate their ends. (wikipedia.org)
  • On a sequence level, P3 very closely resembles another plasmid known as pRSF1010, which has a broad host range, meaning it can replicate in a wide variety of bacterial species. (asm.org)
  • These examples do not necessarily replicate plasmid fitness effects in natural bacterial hosts, which remain largely unexplored. (nature.com)
  • Moreover, genomic results showed a link between pOXA-48_K8 fitness effects and bacterial phylogeny, helping to explain plasmid epidemiology. (nature.com)
  • The particular plasmid type that contains the resistance elements is important to the epidemiology. (genomeweb.com)
  • Some plasmids, however, have no observable effect on the phenotype of the host cell or its benefit to the host cells cannot be determined, and these plasmids are called cryptic plasmids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another timing issue caused by plasmids is that Cas enzyme and gRNA can remain active in the cells for prolonged periods. (idtdna.com)
  • You will need to add 4 volumes of ethanol to one volume of Plasmid Wash Buffer 2 according to the instructions on the bottle's label. (neb.com)
  • Re-insert the column into the collection tube, and add 200 μl of Plasmid Wash Buffer 1. (neb.com)
  • Add 400 μl of Plasmid Wash Buffer 2, and centrifuge for 1 minute. (neb.com)
  • The QIAGEN Plasmid Plus Kits also feature a dedicated wash buffer for endotoxin reduction. (qiagen.com)
  • Plasmid persistence in bacterial populations is strongly influenced by the fitness effects associated with plasmid carriage. (nature.com)
  • To fully understand plasmid persistence in natural bacterial populations, it will be necessary to address these limitations. (nature.com)
  • The understanding of the factor(s) contributing to the persistence and dissemination of successful plasmids may help to control antibiotic resistance. (bham.ac.uk)
  • For the record Levine said those systems include weapons, plasmids, gear and enemy types, though the plasmids aren't necessarily ones you'll recall from the original BioShock. (pcgamer.com)
  • These results help to explain the high prevalence of plasmids in the greatly diverse natural microbial communities. (nature.com)
  • To solve the rewriting problem, Prof. Liu Kai from the Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Prof. LI Jingjing from the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Prof. Chen Dong from Zhejiang University led a research team that recently developed a dual-plasmid editing system for accurately processing digital information in a microbial vector. (phys.org)
  • The QIAfilter Plasmid Mega Kit (cat. (qiagen.com)
  • no. 19781) with the QIAGEN Plasmid Mega Kit (cat. (qiagen.com)
  • Importantly, it has also been shown that plasmid transfections, specifically in CRISPR experiments, can cause cytotoxicity in embryonic stem cells [ 3 ], which could be of concern to many researchers using this cell type. (idtdna.com)
  • Even with cells that can tolerate plasmid transfections, there are other problems associated with the use of plasmids for CRISPR editing, such as complications in the timing of CRISPR experiments. (idtdna.com)
  • Ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-mediated CRISPR genome editing is more effective and avoids the problems associated with using plasmids. (idtdna.com)
  • Low elution volumes yield highly concentrated plasmid DNA for direct use without ethanol precipitation. (qiagen.com)
  • High-yield protocols and extra buffer volumes are provided with the QIAGEN Plasmid Plus Kits. (qiagen.com)
  • For example, the plasmid may carry unknown fitness benefits besides antibiotic resistance. (asm.org)
  • In this study, we determined the fitness effects of the major antibiotic resistance plasmid pOXA-48_K8 in wild-type, ecologically compatible enterobacterial isolates from the human gut microbiota. (nature.com)
  • Synthetic plasmids are available for procurement over the internet. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is known as the 'plasmid paradox,' to which several solutions have been proposed. (asm.org)
  • These fitness costs make it difficult to explain how plasmids are maintained in bacterial populations over the long-term in the absence of selection for plasmid-encoded traits, a puzzle known as "the plasmid-paradox" 10 . (nature.com)
  • Indeed, research shows that transfecting some cell types with any plasmid may cause cell death [ 1 ], while some transfection reagents (e.g., lipids) used for plasmid transfection are themselves toxic to cells [ 2 ]. (idtdna.com)
  • However, understanding of plasmid population biology is held in check by limitations of the model systems used for its study. (nature.com)
  • Most plasmid prep kits have limitations on the amount of culture they can process, and these limitations will vary based on the copy number of your plasmid as well. (zymoresearch.com)
  • Plasmids vary in size from 1 to over 400 kbp, and the number of identical plasmids in a single cell can range anywhere from one to thousands under some circumstances. (wikipedia.org)
  • The researchers established a dual-plasmid system in vivo using a rationally designed coding algorithm and an information editing tool. (phys.org)
  • Naturally occurring plasmids vary greatly in their physical properties. (wikipedia.org)
  • A plasmid that occurs naturally. (mcw.edu)
  • The firm offers three plasmid grades: research, transfection, and low endotoxin. (genomeweb.com)
  • Endotoxins (also known as lipopolysaccharides or LPS) are often co-purified with plasmid DNA and significantly reduce transfection efficiencies in endotoxin-sensitive cell lines. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • After a simple spin-wash step, the bound plasmid DNA is eluted in endotoxin-free water. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Up to 250 μg of endotoxin-free plasmid DNA may be prepared from 5 to 40 mL of culture. (sigmaaldrich.com)