melanin
- Many biological structures, such as skin, eyes, feathers, fur and hair contain pigments such as melanin in specialized cells called chromatophores. (wikipedia.org)
- Melanin is the most widespread colour-producing pigment in animals and creates a broad range of black, brown and grey colours ( figure 1 a , figure 2 II) through broadband light absorption across the visible spectrum [ 10 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- For instance, carotenoids cause the colorful yellow or red feathers of many songbirds ( 5 ), and the ubiquitous, broad-band absorbing pigment melanin causes feathers to be black ( 6 ). (pnas.org)
- Whilst they are clear and precise for humans and other mammals, this is because the majority of mammals have only one pigment, melanin. (wikipedia.org)
- Many animals have pigments other than melanin, and some also have structural colours. (wikipedia.org)
- L-Phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-DOPA are all precursors to the biological pigment melanin. (wikipedia.org)
rhodopsin
- The bR is similar to the light-sensitive pigment rhodopsin in the rod cells of human eyes. (spie.org)
- Examples for photoreceptor pigments include retinal (for example in rhodopsin), flavin (for example in cryptochrome), and bilin (for example in phytochrome). (wikipedia.org)
- Rhodopsin, a biological pigment in the photoreceptors of the retina, immediately photobleaches in response to light. (wikipedia.org)
- Rhodopsin is a biological pigment found in the rods of the retina and is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). (wikipedia.org)
retinal
- To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the temperature dependence of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and in vitro angiogenesis in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). (biomedcentral.com)
- Visual Phototransduction starts with the isomerizing of the pigment chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans retinal. (wikipedia.org)
- Then this pigment dissociates into free opsin and all-trans retinal. (wikipedia.org)
- Dark adaptation of both rods and cones requires the regeneration of the visual pigment from opsin and 11-cis retinal. (wikipedia.org)
- Therefore, the time required for dark adaptation and pigment regeneration is largely determined by the local concentration of 11-cis retinal and the rate at which it is delivered to the opsin in the bleached rods. (wikipedia.org)
carotenoids
- Plant pigments include a variety of different kinds of molecule, including porphyrins, carotenoids, anthocyanins and betalains. (wikipedia.org)
- Of the more than five classes of pigments identified in animals, the most common are melanins and carotenoids [ 8 , 10 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- The petals of flowers get their vibrant colors from cells packed with pigments such as orange carotenoids and pink anthocyanins. (hhmi.org)
- Examples for photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobilins. (wikipedia.org)
- The primary function of pigments in plants is photosynthesis, which uses the green pigment chlorophyll along with several red and yellow pigments including porphyrins, carotenoids, anthocyanins and betalains. (wikipedia.org)
- It is a xanthophyll cycle pigment, an oil-soluble alcohol within the xanthophyll subgroup of carotenoids. (wikipedia.org)
chlorophyll
- All land plants and green algae possess two forms of this pigment: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. (wikipedia.org)
- In plants, albinism is characterised by partial or complete loss of chlorophyll pigments and incomplete differentiation of chloroplast membranes. (wikipedia.org)
carotenoid
- Lutein is a yellow pigment found in fruits and vegetables and is the most abundant carotenoid in plants. (wikipedia.org)
- In the xanthophyll cycle, specific carotenoid pigments are transformed via enzymatic reactions into either more or less photoprotective biological pigments. (wikipedia.org)
- Hematochrome is a mixture of carotenoid pigments and their derivates. (wikipedia.org)
wavelengths
- All biological pigments selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light while reflecting others. (wikipedia.org)
- Pigments selectively absorb some wavelengths of light while allowing others to be reflected, and their absorption profile depends on their underlying chemistry [ 8 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- What we perceive as "colour" are the wavelengths of light that are not absorbed by the pigment, but instead are reflected. (wikipedia.org)
- Pigments appear the colors they are because they selectively reflect and absorb certain wavelengths of visible light. (wikipedia.org)
- Pigments, unlike fluorescent or phosphorescent substances, can only subtract wavelengths from the source light, never add new ones. (wikipedia.org)
living organisms
- Biological pigments, also known simply as pigments or biochromes, are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption. (wikipedia.org)
absorb
- Randomly arranged, inhomogeneous media containing pigments are colored, because the pigments absorb the diffusely scattered light in a restricted wavelength range. (pnas.org)
- Photopigments are unstable pigments that undergo a chemical change when they absorb light. (wikipedia.org)
- The pigments in photoreceptor proteins either change their conformation or undergo photoreduction when they absorb a photon. (wikipedia.org)
- Some of the inorganic pigments such as vermilion (mercury sulfide) or cadmium yellow (cadmium sulfide) absorb light by transferring an electron from the negative ion (S2−) to the positive ion (Hg2+ or Cd2+). (wikipedia.org)
reddish pigments
- It was once thought that betalains were related to anthocyanins, the reddish pigments found in most plants. (wikipedia.org)
molecules
- See conjugated systems for electron bond chemistry that causes these molecules to have pigment. (wikipedia.org)
- In this review, we highlight our current understanding of the interactions between pigments and structural integumentary tissues and molecules. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- These colours are produced by a variety of pigment molecules, nanostructures or a combination of both [ 3 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- When this light encounters a pigment, parts of the spectrum are absorbed by the molecules or ions of the pigment. (wikipedia.org)
- Likewise, in pigment/binder mixtures, individual rays of light may not encounter pigment molecules, and may be reflected as is. (wikipedia.org)
photosynthesis
- During the process of photosynthesis, they have functions in light-harvesting (as accessory pigments), in photoprotection (energy dissipation via non-photochemical quenching as well as singlet oxygen scavenging for prevention of photooxidative damage), and also serve as protein structural elements. (wikipedia.org)
- Photosynthesis requires a large array of pigments , enzymes , and other compounds to function. (wikipedia.org)
- The term is generally applied to the non-protein chromophore moiety of photosensitive chromoproteins, such as the pigments involved in photosynthesis and photoreception. (wikipedia.org)
- Antheraxanthin (from ánthos, Greek for "flower" and xanthos, Greek for "yellow") is a bright yellow accessory pigment found in many organisms that perform photosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
chromophore
- Examples of bilins are found in animals, and phycocyanobilin, the chromophore of the photosynthetic pigment phycocyanin in algae and plants. (wikipedia.org)
water-soluble
- Anthocyanins (literally "flower blue") are water-soluble flavonoid pigments that appear red to blue, according to pH. (wikipedia.org)
- Both betalains and anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments found in the vacuoles of plant cells. (wikipedia.org)
metabolism
- In other cases, the photodynamic substances may be produced in the body itself due to inborn errors in pigment metabolism, especially those involving the heme synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
- Type II Photosensitivity is caused by inborn errors in the metabolism of certain biological pigments. (wikipedia.org)
photoprotection
- VAZ" is an abbreviation of the cycle's main pigments in order of lowest to highest photoprotection each pigment provides. (wikipedia.org)
biosynthesis
- The fossil occurrence of hypericin indicates a polyketide biosynthesis of hypericin-type pigments in Mesozoic crinoids analogous to similar polyketides, which occur in living crinoids. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
colors
- Animals can appear colored due to two mechanisms, pigments and structural colors. (wikipedia.org)
- Animals may have both biological pigments and structural colors, for example, some butterflies with white wings. (wikipedia.org)
- A pigment must have a high tinting strength relative to the materials it colors. (wikipedia.org)
- Viewed under these conditions, pigments will appear different colors. (wikipedia.org)
anthocyanins
- This class of pigments is found only in the Caryophyllales (including cactus and amaranth), and never co-occur in plants with anthocyanins. (wikipedia.org)
absorption
- Colours can be produced by selective absorption of light by skin pigments, through light scattering by structured or unstructured tissues, or by a combination of pigments and nanostructures. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. (wikipedia.org)
- Binders and fillers added to pure pigment chemicals also have their own reflection and absorption patterns, which can affect the final spectrum. (wikipedia.org)
green algae
- Hematochrome is a yellow, orange, or (most commonly) red biological pigment present in some green algae, especially when exposed to intense light. (wikipedia.org)
occur
- This can occur via light-driven pumping of ions across a biological membrane (e.g. in the case of the proton pump bacteriorhodopsin) or via excitation and transfer of electrons released by photolysis (e.g. in the photosystems of the thylakoid membranes of plant chloroplasts). (wikipedia.org)
- Betalain pigments occur only in the Caryophyllales and some Basidiomycota (mushrooms). (wikipedia.org)
- Ommochrome (or visual pigment) refers to several biological pigments that occur in the eyes of crustaceans and insects. (wikipedia.org)
Polyene
- Calostomal, a polyene pigment from the gasteromycete Calostoma cinnabarinum (Boletales)" (pdf). (wikipedia.org)
zeaxanthin
- A plant can increase its capacity for non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and excess heat dissipation by converting the orange pigment violaxanthin to antheraxanthin and then to light-yellow pigment zeaxanthin. (wikipedia.org)
organic
- The fringelite pigments, a group of phenanthroperylene quinones discovered in purple coloured specimens of the Upper Jurassic crinoid Liliocrinus , demonstrate exceptional preservation of organic compounds in macrofossils. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- In 2006, around 7.4 million tons of inorganic, organic and special pigments were marketed worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
- In organic pigments such as diazo or phthalocyanine compounds the light is absorbed by the conjugated systems of double bonds in the molecule. (wikipedia.org)
- Organic matter: Organics formed by biological processes. (wikipedia.org)
- Seasonal changes in the abundance and composition of plant pigments in particulate organic carbon in the lower Mississippi and Pearl Rivers. (wikipedia.org)
substances
- The term biological pigment is used for all colored substances independent of their solubility. (wikipedia.org)
- Other properties of a color, such as its saturation or lightness, may be determined by the other substances that accompany pigments. (wikipedia.org)
chemistry
- Chemistry: Chemical features that require biological activity. (wikipedia.org)
mammals
- Bilin (also called bilichrome) was named as a bile pigment of mammals, but can also be found in lower vertebrates, invertebrates, as well as red algae, green plants and cyanobacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Plant
- Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigments. (wikipedia.org)
- Secondly, plant physiology includes the study of biological and chemical processes of individual plant cells . (wikipedia.org)
- It is a plant pigment resposible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium . (ebi.ac.uk)
- There are four major areas of investigation in plant morphology, and each overlaps with another field of the biological sciences. (wikipedia.org)
structures
- Pigment color differs from structural color in that it is the same for all viewing angles, whereas structural color is the result of selective reflection or iridescence, usually because of multilayer structures. (wikipedia.org)
Betalains
- Betalains are red or yellow pigments. (wikipedia.org)
- Betalains are a class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments found in plants of the Caryophyllales, where they replace anthocyanin pigments. (wikipedia.org)
- There are two categories of betalains: Betacyanins include the reddish to violet betalain pigments. (wikipedia.org)
colour
- Perhaps the most straightforward mechanism of colour production is deposition of pigments. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- Structural colour differs according to the observer's position whereas pigments appear the same regardless of the angle-of-view. (wikipedia.org)
- Crustacyanin is a carotenoprotein biological pigment found in the exoskeleton of lobsters and responsible for their blue colour. (wikipedia.org)
beta-carotene
- As the predominant chlorophylls degrade, the hidden pigments of yellow xanthophylls and orange beta-carotene are revealed. (wikipedia.org)
found
- Our 'biophotosensor' is based on the purplish bacteriorhodopsin (bR) pigment found in the cell membrane of Halobacterium salinarum , 1 a bacterium that thrives in extremely high salt concentrations. (spie.org)
- A 'micromouse' robot with two biophotosensors (dotted circle) based on the bacteriorhodopsin (bR) pigment found in the microorganism Halobacterium salinarum. (spie.org)
- X-hitting was found to be a good tool in the rapid screening of crude pigment extracts. (biomedsearch.com)
- They include pigments such as those found in beets. (wikipedia.org)
- The particular shades of red to purple are distinctive and unlike that of anthocyanin pigments found in most plants. (wikipedia.org)
structural
- For example, butterfly wings typically contain structural color, although many butterflies have cells that contain pigment as well. (wikipedia.org)
species
- Computerized screening for novel producers of Monascus-like food pigments in Penicillium species. (biomedsearch.com)
- Monascus pigments were discovered in the extracts of two closely related species of Penicillium that were only distantly related to the genus Monascus. (biomedsearch.com)
- Thus, the present study brought out two novel promising sources of yellow, orange, and purple-red Monascus-like food pigments in the species of Penicillia that do not produce citrinin and opened the door to look for several more new promising sources of natural food colorants in the species of Penicillia. (biomedsearch.com)
fungi
- In the present study, we screened for novel producers of Monascus-like pigments from ascomycetous filamentous fungi belonging to Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium that are not reported to produce citrinin or any other known mycotoxins. (biomedsearch.com)
- Related biological pigments are present in other fungi, such as calostomal (from Calostoma cinnabarinum), melanocrocin (from Melanogaster broomeianus), and mycenaaruin A (from Mycena aurantiomarginata). (wikipedia.org)
morphology
- Minerals: Minerals or biomineral-phases whose composition and/or morphology indicate biological activity (e.g., biomagnetite). (wikipedia.org)
Whereas
- Whereas the biological purpose of the colorful displays is relatively well understood ( 1 , 2 ), the coloration mechanisms of the birds' displays and the connection to the visual system of the animals are poorly explored. (pnas.org)
insects
- Other functions of pigments in plants include attracting insects to flowers to encourage pollination. (wikipedia.org)
tissues
- In some cases (Type I), pigments are excreted through urine or deposited in hard tissues such as bones and teeth, causing discolouration. (wikipedia.org)
electron
- Scientists from the caesar research center, an Institute of the Max Planck Society, have explained, with the help of electron microscopy, how the pigment. (innovations-report.com)
cells
- We cultured ARPE-19 cells at 37, 35, 33 and 31°C and measured the expression of VEGF-A, VEGF-A splicing variants, and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). (biomedcentral.com)
- In spiders, ommochromes are usually deposited as pigment granules within the cells of the hypodermis, immediately beneath the cuticle. (wikipedia.org)
light
- Algal phototrophs such as dinoflagellates use peridinin as a light harvesting pigment. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Photosynthetic pigment (converting light into biochemical energy). (wikipedia.org)
- Fugitive pigments fade over time, or with exposure to light, while some eventually blacken. (wikipedia.org)
- The appearance of pigments is intimately connected to the color of the source light. (wikipedia.org)
- Pure pigment allows very little white light to escape, producing a highly saturated color. (wikipedia.org)
- A small quantity of pigment mixed with a lot of white binder, however, will appear desaturated and pale, due to the high quantity of escaping white light. (wikipedia.org)
- This is significant because all oxygenic phototrophs have a particular risk of oxidative damage initiated by singlet oxygen (1O2), which is produced when their own light-harvesting pigments act as photosensitizers. (wikipedia.org)
chemical
- These pigments enter a high-energy state upon absorbing a photon which they can release in the form of chemical energy. (wikipedia.org)
yellow
- Betaxanthins are those betalain pigments which appear yellow to orange. (wikipedia.org)
metabolic
- Bilins, bilanes or bile pigments are biological pigments formed in many organisms as a metabolic product of certain porphyrins. (wikipedia.org)
color
- Lycopene is the red pigment responsible for the color of tomatoes. (wikipedia.org)
- Flowers produce a variety of biological pigments as sources of color. (hhmi.org)
- The deep red color of beets, bougainvillea, amaranth, and many cactuses results from the presence of betalain pigments. (wikipedia.org)
present
- The algorithm searched for the most similar UV-vis spectra of the metabolites (cross hits) present in the pigment extracts to those of the selected reference metabolites viz. (biomedsearch.com)
characteristic
- The common presence of a characteristic distribution pattern of the fossil pigments and related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons further suggests that this assemblage is the result of a stepwise degradation of hypericin via a general diagenetic pathway. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- Albino animals have characteristic pink or red eyes because the lack of pigment in the iris allows the blood vessels of the retina to be visible. (wikipedia.org)
Sciences
- Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- Message Body (Your Name) thought you would like to see the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences web site. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
visual
- Most pigments used in manufacturing and the visual arts are dry colorants, usually ground into a fine powder. (wikipedia.org)
substance
- and (b) recovering the heterologous biological substance from the cultivation medium. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
processes
- Categories In general, biosignatures and habitable environment signatures can be grouped into ten broad categories: Stable isotope patterns: Isotopic evidence or patterns that require biological processes. (wikipedia.org)
cell
- 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the mutant cell produces no detectable red pigment compared to the parent Bacillus cell when cultured under identical conditions. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
white pigment
- State of the art Titanium dioxide is used as a white pigment of good covering power in particular in paint and in the production of paper and synthetic rubber. (google.com)
- The rhinophores and oral tentacles are opaque white and the outer half to one third of each ceras is covered with opaque white pigment. (wikipedia.org)
Lipids
- Lipids are usually defined as hydrophobic or amphipathic biological molecules but will dissolve in organic solvents such as benzene or chloroform. (wikipedia.org)
volatile
- 1.The Rapeseed oil refining equipment is u sed for removing the impurities of oil, such as, fatty acid, phosphatide, metal ion, pigment, oxide, solid particle and volatile gas. (europebyair.com)
sensory
- His mathematical, theoretical, and technological innovations led to key discoveries about the motion of biological cells, sensory processes in vision, animal navigation, light energy harvesting in photosynthesis, and learning in neural networks. (wikipedia.org)
- Each rhopalium is typically associated with a pair of sensory pits, a statocyst, and sometimes a pigment-cup ocellus. (wikipedia.org)
Internal
- Their main structural uses are as part of biological membranes both internal and external, such as the cell membrane, or as a source of energy. (wikipedia.org)
skin
- The adhesive shows at least as good properties as state of the art adhesives comprising gelatine with respect to resistance to biological fluids, adhesion to skin, and coherence. (google.com.au)
- If derived from embryos of pigmented and albino strains, they may have stripes of pigmented skin and patches of pigment in the eye. (thefreedictionary.com)
Cell
- Experimental chimeras have been used to study a number of biological questions, including the origin and fate of cell lineages during embryonic development, immunological self-tolerance, tumor susceptibility, and the nature of malignancy. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The production of this pigment in Haematococcus Pluvialis is enhanced due to various environmental stresses which limit the growth of the cell under light conditions. (wikipedia.org)
- and examining the possible role of the pigment in protecting the cell from oxidative stress damage. (wikipedia.org)
products
- Bile pigments are the breakdown products of heme. (wikipedia.org)
systems
- Behe coined the term irreducible complexity, by which he meant that certain biological systems cannot be produced piecemeal but all parts must be fully functional at the outset. (blogspot.fi)
- We should notice, however, that ID advocates do not claim that all biological systems are designed. (blogspot.fi)
- Schulten was particularly interested in implications of the magnetic field effect for biological systems such as electron transfer in photosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
properties
- A potential secondary metabolite with phytotoxic properties within the Sphaceloma genus is the variety of pigments called elsinochromes. (wikipedia.org)
energy
- Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecules, and fill numerous roles, such as the storage and transport of energy (starch, glycogen) and structural components (cellulose in plants, chitin in animals). (wikipedia.org)