• Stolburul tomatelor ( Phytoplasma solani ) este o fitoplasmoza ce afecteaza grav atat plantele cat si productia de rosii . (horticultorul.ro)
  • MH085227, MH085228, and MH085229) and C. arvensis (MH085225 and MH085226) in Jordan had identity of 99% to the deposited sequence of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' from of Vitis vinifera L. in Jordan (KC835139) and the 'Ca. P. solani' strain sequence from Capsicum annuum L. from Serbia (AF248959). (ilvo.be)
  • It is associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', but molecular interactions between the causal pathogen and its host plant are not well understood. (uni-lj.si)
  • Grapevine Bois noir (BN) is associated with infection by "Candidatus Phytoplasma solani" (CaPsol). (univr.it)
  • Spatiotemporal and Quantitative Monitoring of the Fate of " Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani" in Tomato Plants Infected by Grafting. (nih.gov)
  • Little cherry is a symptom of little cherry disease, caused by little cherry virus -1 and -2 and X-disease (caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni). (oregonstate.edu)
  • Candidatus (Ca.) Phytoplasma asteris) is an obligate bacterial pathogen that is the causative agent of multiple diseases in herbaceous plants. (biorxiv.org)
  • 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' is causing commercial potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) crops in New Zealand to exhibit symptoms similar to those of zebra chip. (pestalerts.org)
  • 2004. "Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense" in Coprosma robusta in New Zealand. (pestalerts.org)
  • 2005. An isolate of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' group associated with Nivun-Haamir-Die Back disease of papaya in Israel. (pestalerts.org)
  • 2006. First detection of Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense in Liquidambar styraciflua in Australia. (pestalerts.org)
  • 2005. First report of an isolate of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' associated with a yellow leaf roll disease of peach (Prunus persicae) in Bolivia. (pestalerts.org)
  • 2006. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' is associated with diseases of red clover and paddy melon in south-west Australia. (pestalerts.org)
  • Resulting sequences had close to 100% nucleotide identity to pigeon pea little leaf phytoplasma, Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia (16Sr-II group), which has been previously reported in Australia from pigeon pea (Canjanus cajan) and stylosanthes. (qld.gov.au)
  • The genus ' Candidatus ( Ca. ) Phytoplasma' comprises a diverse group of bacteria that cause economically important insect-transmitted diseases around the world (Hogenhout et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sequence identity results from BLAST and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed that the phytoplasma identified in C. macrophylla in Oman is a 'Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia'-related strain. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Al-Subhi, AM , Al-Yahyai, RA & Al-Sadi, AM 2019, ' First report of a 'candidatus phytoplasma aurantifolia'-related strain in citrus macrophylla in Oman ', Phytopathogenic Mollicutes , vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 7-8. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Although phytoplasmas are associated with habitats and ecology different from acholepalsmas, the two genera Acholeplasma and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' are phylogenetically related and form a distinct clade within the Mollicutes. (usda.gov)
  • Until supplemental phenotypic traits become available, the genus 'Candidatus Phytoplasma', is designated, on the basis of phylogeny, as a tentative member in the family Acholeplasmataceae. (usda.gov)
  • A phytoplasma infection often triggers leaf yellowing, probably due to the presence of phytoplasma cells in phloem, which can affect phloem function and carbohydrate transport, inhibit chlorophyll biosynthesis, and trigger chlorophyll breakdown. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aster leafhopper is a migratory insect pest that overwinters in the southern United States, and historical data suggest these insects migrate from southern overwintering locations to northern latitudes annually, transmitting and driving phytoplasma infection rates as they migrate. (biorxiv.org)
  • Overall, the recent advances concerning the knowledge on microbial symbioses in phytoplasma plant and insect hosts can consistently support future research regarding the phytoplasma infection process, and eventually drive new control strategies against phytoplasma-associated diseases. (agri.gov.il)
  • To our knowledge, this is the first report of phytoplasma infection of grapevine in Montenegro. (ac.rs)
  • References to diseases now known to be caused by phytoplasmas can be found as far back as 1603 (mulberry dwarf disease in Japan). (wikipedia.org)
  • Such diseases were originally thought to be caused by viruses, which, like phytoplasmas, require insect vectors, and cannot be cultured. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent inquiries about yellowing or odd-looking milkweeds inspired us to dig into plant diseases, specifically milkweed yellows phytoplasma. (monarchjointventure.org)
  • These phloem-feeding insect vectors can transfer diseases, such as milkweed yellows phytoplasma, by feeding on an infected plant and spreading it to healthy plants. (monarchjointventure.org)
  • The knowledge on traits of microbial relations involving phytoplasmas in insects and plants is regarded as a valuable tool for designing new control methods against the diseases associated with these pathogens, by displaying direct antagonistic activities, altering the vector fitness or competence for transmission, or promoting plant immune response or growth. (agri.gov.il)
  • These novel actors may present a new reference framework for research and diagnostics of phytoplasma diseases of grapevine. (uni-lj.si)
  • Phytoplasmas are uncultivable insect-transmitted plant pathogens associated with more than a thousand diseases including many economically important ones. (usda.gov)
  • In this book chapter we described 36 proposed phytoplasma species and 14 acholeplasma species and the diseases they cause. (usda.gov)
  • The information will be used by scientific communities, quarantine regulators, and plant diagnosticians to identify the phytoplasmas and to determine how to combat the diseases they cause. (usda.gov)
  • The research on phytoplasmas presents spectacular examples of how single genes can turn parasites into excellent puppeteers of other organisms and take control of the surrounding environments: this cauldron of curious science may contain a cure for major diseases of plants and humans. (jic.ac.uk)
  • Plant diseases caused by PHYTOPLASMA bacteria. (bvsalud.org)
  • Phytoplasmas are obligate intracellular parasites of plant phloem tissue and of the insect vectors that are involved in their plant-to-plant transmission. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phytoplasmas are bacteria transmitted by insect vectors that infect plants causing their deformation and affecting the services they offer to people. (treefund.org)
  • Insect vectors feed on infected plants and carry phytoplasmas to healthy plants. (treefund.org)
  • Finally, potential insect vectors, will be tested to determine its ability to transmit phytoplasmas by feeding from artificial feeders. (treefund.org)
  • Leafhoppers aren't the only insect that can spread phytoplasma, but most known vectors are in the insect order Hemiptera. (monarchjointventure.org)
  • After feeding on a diseased plant, the phytoplasma cells replicate in the insect and are injected into a healthy plant's phytoplasma cells via the insect's saliva during feeding. (monarchjointventure.org)
  • Since insect vectors spread the disease, one way to get phytoplasma under control is to quickly and effectively eliminate any milkweeds suspected of phytoplasma at the first sign of the disease. (monarchjointventure.org)
  • Phytoplasmas are transmitted by hemipteran insect vectors such as leaf hoppers, in which the bacteria are also able to survive and replicate. (blogspot.com)
  • The hosts of phytoplasmas, i.e. plants and insect vectors, are inhabited by diverse microorganisms having interactions spanning from mutualism to parasitism. (agri.gov.il)
  • In insect vectors, which mainly host bacterial associates, with few yeast-like symbionts, direct interactions with phytoplasmas were described for bacteria of the genera Frauteria in Hyalesthes obsoletus and Asaia in Euscelidius variegatus. (agri.gov.il)
  • Phytoplasmas are restricted to the plant host's phloem tissue and are transmitted by phloem-feeding insect vectors. (thebeatsheet.com.au)
  • We are continuing further studies to determine: the diversity of phytoplasma across crop and weed hosts and geographical range, which insect species are vectors, and possible management options. (qld.gov.au)
  • Phytoplasmas are small bacterial parasites that lack cell walls and are transmitted in a persistent-propagative manner by insect vectors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, detailed multiplication patterns and movements of phytoplasmas within host plant and insect vector remain elusive. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many studies have described the interactions of phytoplasma extracellular membrane proteins, such as antigenic membrane protein (Amp), immunodominant membrane protein (Imp), and variable membrane protein A (VmpA), with insect proteins such as actin microfilaments, ATP synthase, and surface glycoprotein (Galetto et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2019 ). These interactions may enable the adhesion, entry, or movement of phytoplasmas in insect vectors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, at the ultrastructural level, how phytoplasmas overcome membrane and tissue barriers of midgut and salivary glands during their acquisition and transmission by insect vectors remains unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A more general unanswered question is how phytoplasmas propagate in plant hosts and insect vectors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The inability to culture phloem-inhabiting phytoplasmas is likely attributed to their reduced genomes, making them rely on host phloem or insect vector for survival and multiplication (Firrao et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The lack of cell wall and inability to culture in vitro contribute to the difficulty in understanding the propagation modes of phytoplasmas in host plants and insect vectors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plant parasites such as phytoplasma bacteria, and also other bacteria and plant viruses, are spread by insect vectors such as aphids, plant lice and leafhoppers. (jic.ac.uk)
  • Professor Saskia Hogenhout, explains: "Our work on the phytoplasma has revealed how a parasite modulates plant defences and turn plants into better hosts for insect vectors. (jic.ac.uk)
  • It's important that we understand the plant defence and immune system so that we can engineer durable resistance of crops to phytoplasmas and their insect vectors. (jic.ac.uk)
  • The wine industry in France, Italy, and Croatia regularly experiences losses, because it is challenging to reduce phytoplasma outbreaks in grape vines without using chemical pesticides to control the phytoplasma insect vectors. (jic.ac.uk)
  • As such, our work on the phytoplasma parasites is relevant to other parasites, such as the insect-vectored malaria and virus parasites that jeopardise human and animal health. (jic.ac.uk)
  • The growth and biochemical and biological characterization of these bacteria is therefore the most important recent step in the study of phytoplasmas that will allow to improve their knowledge and to carry out focused management in the field in order to reduce their impact on cultivated and wild crops worldwide. (unibo.it)
  • Here, many bacteria, mainly of the genera Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Paenibacillus, as well as the fungal endophyte Epicoccum nigrum, were shown to inhibit phytoplasma growth and related symptoms in the plant hosts. (agri.gov.il)
  • Phytoplasmas are small bacteria that lack cell walls and have been classified into 44 ' Ca. Phytoplasma' species to date (Firrao et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phytoplasmas and its close relatives, acholeplasmas are cell wall-less bacteria. (usda.gov)
  • Research from the Hogenhout group at the John Innes Centre and collaborators has identified a manipulation molecule produced by phytoplasma bacteria to hijack plant development. (jic.ac.uk)
  • Phytoplasma bacteria are often responsible for the witches' brooms seen in trees where an excessive number of branches grow close together. (jic.ac.uk)
  • Researchers have uncovered the intricate molecular mechanism used by parasitic phytoplasma bacteria, known for inducing 'zombie-like' effects in plants. (jic.ac.uk)
  • Aster yellows and 'stolbur' phytoplasmas, group 16SrI and 16SrXII, respectively, were consistently grown from diverse host plants such as grapevine and coconut palms. (unibo.it)
  • PCR with stolbur specific primers confirmed the presence of stolbur phytoplasma in grapevine samples from Montenegro. (ac.rs)
  • Sequence and RFLP analysis of the tuf gene indicated the presence of the tufAY-a and tufAY-b types of stolbur phytoplasma. (ac.rs)
  • 2010) and by "stolbur" phytoplasma specific quantitative PCR (16S rDNA, Hren et al. (ilvo.be)
  • Symptomatic carrots were sampled and assayed for the presence of the Aster Yellows phytoplasma. (biorxiv.org)
  • Aster Yellows disease progression was determined to be significantly associated with calendar date, crop density, location within the field, and phytoplasma subgroup. (biorxiv.org)
  • Seed transmission in corn of aster yellows phytoplasmas was also confirmed by isolation from seedlings of viable cells. (unibo.it)
  • These insects will also be tested to determine the presence of phytoplasmas in them. (treefund.org)
  • From the 42 plants sampled, 36 were positive for the presence of phytoplasmas. (ac.rs)
  • Isolation and cultivation together with the first biochemical and biological characterization of some phytoplasmas were consistently obtained. (unibo.it)
  • Phytoplasmas are pathogens of agriculturally important plants, including coconut, sugarcane, sandalwood, and cannabis as well as horticultural crops like sweet cherry, peaches, and nectarines in which they cause a wide variety of symptoms ranging from mild yellowing, small fruit, and reduced sugar content to death. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phytoplasmas are bacterial plant pathogens that cause significant losses in agricultural production worldwide. (blogspot.com)
  • Phytoplasmas in a phloem cell of a plant Phytoplasmas are bacterial plant pathogens that cause significant losses in agricultural prod. (blogspot.com)
  • These relations are still poorly recognized for phytoplasmas, even though many beneficial or harmful interactions have been described for other plant pathogens. (agri.gov.il)
  • Conversely, the genus 'Ca. Phytoplasma' includes plant pathogens of major economic relevance worldwide. (usda.gov)
  • The phytoplasmas that the Hogenhout group are studying are related to the human and animal mycoplasma pathogens, which may use similar mechanisms to modulate cells. (jic.ac.uk)
  • citation needed] Phytoplasmas can infect and cause various symptoms in more than 700 plant species. (wikipedia.org)
  • To spot problems and develop a plan of action, focus on enations, rosetting and little cherries - symptoms of the most serious viruses and phytoplasmas in Oregon. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Since many symptoms indicate several viruses or phytoplasmas, consider sending samples to a lab to confirm the diagnosis. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Phytoplasmas were constantly detected by the DAPI technique and by PCR amplification of DNA from European plums (Prunus domestica) cv 'Susina di Dro' with symptoms similar to those reported for Japanese plum leptonecrosis. (fmach.it)
  • Etiological studies determined that phytoplasmas were associated with ash trees showing ash decline symptoms. (isa-arbor.com)
  • Puffy pod symptoms in phytoplasma-infected mungbeans with netted pattern on pods and shrivelled, brown seeds. (thebeatsheet.com.au)
  • In September 2017, 30 trees from a 2-ha orchard of cultivar 'Early Queen' showing possible phytoplasma symptoms of leaf yellowing and reddening, stunted growth, and witches' broom were observed. (ilvo.be)
  • citation needed] Many phytoplasma-infected plants develop a bushy or "witches' broom" appearance due to changes in their normal growth patterns. (wikipedia.org)
  • Quercus humboldtii' phytoplasma is a species of in the family Acholeplasmataceae . (eol.org)
  • RFLP analysis, revealed that the phytoplasma isolated from the affected plum trees is closely related to the other phytoplasmas present in Prunus species in Europe and can be included in the apple proliferation cluster. (fmach.it)
  • To date, 36 'Ca. Phytoplasma species' have been described. (usda.gov)
  • Infected plant samples should be sent to Murray Sharman for molecular (PCR) testing to determine the strain of phytoplasma in affected crops, distribution and host range. (thebeatsheet.com.au)
  • Phytoplasmas are obligate parasites with a dual-host life cycle that alternates between plants and insects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A known leaf hopper vector of phytoplasma, Orosius orientalis, was collected from some affected mung bean crops but it is not certain it was associated with these disease outbreaks. (qld.gov.au)
  • In this study, a specific antibody against the immunodominant membrane protein (Imp) of rice orange leaf phytoplasma (ROLP) was generated and subjected to the frozen section immune gold labeling assay, immune gold labeling microscopy, and immune fluorescence labeling assay to investigate how ROLP enters, propagates, and spreads in rice and its leafhopper vector Recilia dorsalis at the ultrastructural level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While plantings of spring mungbeans have been limited by dry weather in many regions, phytoplasma has been observed in spring 2017 Burdekin crops, but at lower levels than in the spring of 2016. (thebeatsheet.com.au)
  • Phytoplasma has also been observed in mostly low levels in many chickpea crops in Queensland and NSW. (thebeatsheet.com.au)
  • Seed transmission is highly unlikely to be responsible for last season's outbreaks, as the incidence of phytoplasma in pigeon pea crops in different paddocks (planted with the same seed) varied from very low to extremely high. (thebeatsheet.com.au)
  • Phytoplasma disease outbreaks were common and widespread in grain legume crops including mung bean (Vigna radiata), soybean (Glycine max) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in late 2016 and early 2017. (qld.gov.au)
  • Several soybean crops from Cecil Plains were also affected by phytoplasma in late autumn 2016. (qld.gov.au)
  • Capsicum and eggplant crops also had phytoplasma at higher than normal levels. (qld.gov.au)
  • To our knowledge, this is the most significant, widespread outbreak of phytoplasma in broad acre crops to occur in this region of Australia. (qld.gov.au)
  • In 1967, phytoplasmas were discovered in ultrathin sections of plant phloem tissue and were termed mycoplasma-like organisms due to their physiological resemblance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although phytoplasmas are restricted to phloem, TENGU is transported from phloem to other cells, including those of the apical and axillary meristems. (wikipedia.org)
  • The phytoplasma is found in plant's phloem and is vectored by leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera), including the aster leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes. (biorxiv.org)
  • Their piercing/sucking mouthparts allow them to feed on the phloem of plants, where phytoplasmas live. (monarchjointventure.org)
  • Phytoplasmas were detected in the phloem sieve tube elements of plants using the DAPI microscopic test, and phytoplasma DNA was detected in ash tissue using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. (isa-arbor.com)
  • leafhoppers have been documented as transmitting phytoplasma in Australia and overseas, and feed on the plant's phloem tissue, In contrast, other bugs such as the green vegetable jassid ( Austroasca viridigrisea ) and Rutherglen bugs ( Nysius vinitor) are not phloem feeders and are therefore most unlikely to have been responsible for the current outbreaks. (thebeatsheet.com.au)
  • In plants, phytoplasmas colonize the cytoplasm of vascular phloem cells that transport nutrients to growing plant tissues (Pagliari et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Grape yellows caused by phytoplasmas afflict several important wine-producing areas of Europe. (edu.sa)
  • Indeed, major previous outbreaks of vegetable jassids and Rutherglen bug have not coincided with phytoplasma outbreaks of the magnitude experienced in recent years. (thebeatsheet.com.au)
  • Phytoplasmas were successfully grown from grapevine, cassava and coconut palm tissues severely infected and in some cases also from asymptomatic tissues from trees or plants growing in severely infected areas. (unibo.it)
  • A survey of the grape growing area of Montenegro was conducted to identify and determine the distribution of phytoplasmas associated with grapevine. (ac.rs)
  • Bois noir is the most widespread phytoplasma grapevine disease in Europe. (uni-lj.si)
  • Cherry viruses and virus-like problems such as phytoplasmas are common in orchards throughout Oregon. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Controlling these viruses and phytoplasmas is vital to the state's cherry industry. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Phytoplasmas are Mollicutes, which are bound by a triple-layered membrane, rather than a cell wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was later shown that the phytoplasmas, a large group of uncultivable, wall less, non helical mollicutes that are associated with plants and insects, shared taxonomically relevant properties with members of the genus Acholeplasma. (usda.gov)
  • Phytoplasmas were detected in symptomatic vine plants using PCR with universal primers for amplification of the phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene. (ac.rs)
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the 16S ribosomal gene of phytoplasmas with the universal primers P1/P7 as a direct PCR and R16F2n / R16R2 primers for the nested PCR. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Phytoplasmas from diverse ribosomal groups were isolated in particular from cassava with frog skin the detected prokaryotes in culture were molecularly identified as belonging to the 16SrIII group as in the original plants. (unibo.it)
  • RFLP profiles of the 16S rDNA of all phytoplasma positive isolates tested indicated that they belong to 16SrXII-A phylogenetic group. (ac.rs)
  • Labs use molecular methods to identify the virus or phytoplasma causing the symptom. (oregonstate.edu)
  • The organisms were renamed phytoplasmas in 1994, at the 10th Congress of the International Organization for Mycoplasmology. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phytoplasma-harboring flowering plants may nevertheless be sterile. (wikipedia.org)
  • The expression of genes involved in maintaining the apical meristem or in the development of floral organs is altered in the morphologically affected floral organs of phytoplasma-infected plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • A BLASTn similarity analysis of the assembled consensus sequences derived from the plum and the bindweed host plants revealed that the sequences of phytoplasmas infecting P. domestica (accession nos. (ilvo.be)
  • Interestingly, no phytoplasma was detected in 10 samples from symptomatic plum trees as well as from all the asymptomatic trees. (ilvo.be)
  • The phytoplasma cell membranes studied to date usually contain a single immunodominant protein of unknown function that constitutes most of the protein in the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The persisting inability to grow the phytoplasmas in vitro hinders the identification of their distinctive phenotypic traits, important criteria for mollicute classification. (usda.gov)
  • 2020 ) previously investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of onion yellows phytoplasma in the leafhopper vector Macrosteles striifrons using immunofluorescence microscopy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is the most likely vector and has been widely observed in summer and winter pulses infected with phytoplasma. (thebeatsheet.com.au)