The SIRT1 activators isonicotinamide (IsoNAM), resveratrol, fisetin, and butein repressed transcription of the gene for the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (PEPCK-C). An evolutionarily conserved binding site for hepatic nuclear factor (HNF) 4α (-272/ -252) was identified, which was required for transcriptional repression of the PEPCK-C gene promoter caused by these compounds. (elsevierpure.com)
Methods: To address this question, transgenic Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice which express insulin in the liver were made using the Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK) promoter to drive the mouse insulin I gene (Ins). (deepdyve.com)
The pckA gene, encoding the gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), was cloned by PCR amplification from the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris No. 7. (asm.org)
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) catalyzes the decarboxylation and phosphorylation of oxaloacetate (OAA) to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in most organisms. (asm.org)
In Escherichia coli , besides the PEPCK reaction, there is another pathway to form PEP from C 4 -dicarboxylic acid which involves the NAD- and NADP-dependent malic enzymes (MAEA and MAEB) and phosphoenolpyruvate synthase (PPS). (asm.org)
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is the metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in gluconeogenesis and glyceroneogensis. (uwaterloo.ca)
These two results furthermore show that the adjacent binding cleft can be utilized for future, more selective, inhibition of GTP-dependent PEPCK. (uwaterloo.ca)
Oxaloacetate4
This reaction is a rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis: GTP + oxaloacetate → GDP + phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2 Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. (wikipedia.org)
Since both pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP) are three-carbon compounds, pyruvate must be carboxylated to a four-carbon compound, oxaloacetate (OAA), before such a decarboxylation can happen. (ufp.pt)
Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase2
However, our recent study indicated that glycogen metabolism, directed by cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase Pck1, controls the formation and maintenance of CD8+ memory T (Tmem) cells by regulating redox homeostasis1. (mcmaster.ca)
Here we show that activated AKT in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells phosphorylates cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1), the rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis, at Ser90. (cmu.edu.tw)
PCK11
Phosphorylated PCK1 translocates to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it uses GTP as a phosphate donor to phosphorylate INSIG1 at Ser207 and INSIG2 at Ser151. (cmu.edu.tw)
Phosphate donor1
Purified PfkA shows preference for GTP as the phosphate donor as opposed to ATP with a 12.5-fold difference in K m values while phosphorylating F6P. (biomedcentral.com)
Synthase1
The first step is when Phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate react to form 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP), in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme DAHP synthase. (wikipedia.org)
Pathway1
Fermentation of cellulosic biomass goes through an atypical glycolytic pathway in this thermophilic bacterium, with various glycolytic enzymes capable of utilizing different phosphate donors, including GTP and inorganic pyrophosphate (PP i ), in addition to or in place of the usual ATP. (biomedcentral.com)
Enzymes1
Phosphoenolpyruvate and PP i were the only inhibitors for PfkA determined from the study, which corroborates what is known about enzymes from this subfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
Activity1
PfkB, showed no activity with F6P, but had significant activity with fructose, while utilizing either ATP or GTP, making it a fructokinase. (biomedcentral.com)
Binding energy1
Johnson, T.A., Matthew J. Mcleod, and Holyoak, T. Utilization of substrate intrinsic binding energy for conformational change and catalytic function in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. (uwaterloo.ca)
Messenger1
Investigation of the mechanism leading to the triglyceride accumulation showed that both a diminution of apolipoprotein B secretion and an increase in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase messenger RNA may be involved. (unige.ch)
14. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms are expressed and active during hypoxia in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. (nih.gov)
16. Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase as a cataplerotic pathway in the small intestine. (nih.gov)
The cytosolic enzyme encoded by this gene, along with GTP, catalyzes the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate from oxaloacetate, with the release of carbon dioxide and GDP. (nih.gov)
The first step is when Phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate react to form 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP), in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme DAHP synthase. (wikipedia.org)
Gluconeogenesis5
1. Hypoxia increases the rate of renal gluconeogenesis via hypoxia-inducible factor-1-dependent activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression. (nih.gov)
In both gluconeogenesis and the TCA cycle, there is a point in each that GTP is produced instead of the usual ATP. (stackexchange.com)
Protein1
Among 13 fungus-induced microRNAs throughout termite bodies, miR-7885-5p and miR-252b upregulation significantly downregulated several mRNAs in response to toxic substances to increase the fungal virulence [e.g., phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) and heat shock protein homologue SSE1]. (bvsalud.org)
Pyruvate1
Phosphoenolpyruvate (2-phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP) is the ester derived from the enol of pyruvate and phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
Enzyme2
In mammals a GTP-forming enzyme, succinate-CoA ligase (GDP-forming) (EC 6.2.1.4 ) also operates. (stackexchange.com)
This enzyme can also work with both ATP and GTP, depending on the sepcific type of enzyme. (stackexchange.com)
Rats1
2. Expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α and its correlation with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase after portal vein ligation in rats. (nih.gov)
Reaction3
It may be that at the beginning, both GTP and ATP were equally available for energy and that the succinyl CoA synthetase reaction happened to choose GTP and that reaction is still with us today, billions of years later, even though we run the TCA cycle clockwise (forward) instead of backwards. (stackexchange.com)
Thus, there is no strict protocol for using specific energy carrier in the process, both ATP and GTP can be used in the reaction. (stackexchange.com)
Its just because GTP is more frequently used that it is mentioned instead of GTP/ATP in the reaction. (stackexchange.com)
Expression1
19. Cis-9, Trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Expression and Hepatic Glucose Production in HepG2 Cells. (nih.gov)
Biochemistry1
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. (hmdb.ca)
Step1
So, there is no strict rule that only GTP will be produced instead of ATP at that step. (stackexchange.com)
Important1
begingroup$ I would say it is not known if the GTP/ATP distinction is important -- maybe it really doesn't matter, since the two can be interconverted -- but maybe it does.The kinetics is probably different since the GTP concentration is typically an order of magnitude smaller than ATP. (stackexchange.com)