NeuronsHypothalamusSuprachiasmatic nucleusSupraoptic nucleusOxytocinRegulatesLateralNeuroendocrineVasopressinBrainstemSerotoninAnteriorSolitary tractNeuropeptideVentromedialLesionPreopticBrainAntidiuretic hormoneSubthalamicLeptinRegulatePituitaryStimulationBehaviorReceptorsRatsSubtypesAlterationsCellsTractEvidenceBehavioralCentralAssociation
Neurons21
- Densely labeled magnocellular neurons were observed throughout the anterior and posterior magnocellular subdivisions of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. (ku.edu)
- The pre-locus coeruleus was first formally defined during the course of neuroanatomical tract-tracing and c-Fos experiments aimed at uncovering the connections and functions of aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract. (wikipedia.org)
- First, HSD2 neurons were found to innervate the pre-LC, as evidenced by (1) dense labeling with an anterograde axonal tracer in pre-LC after that tracer had been injected into the nucleus of the solitary tract and (2) the complementary finding of retrograde labeling of HSD2 neurons after injection of a retrograde tracer into the pre-LC. (wikipedia.org)
- The name "pre-LC," as coined by Geerling and colleagues to refer to a very specific and molecularly defined cluster of neurons, refers specifically to neurons that lie medial to and intermingled with the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and its tract at levels of the rostral pons that also contain the superior cerebellar peduncle. (wikipedia.org)
- Pre-LC neurons in rats are found just rostral to one of the best-known nuclei in the brainstem, the LC, hence the name "pre-LC. (wikipedia.org)
- The nuclei of pre-LC neurons are labeled in green, for FoxP2 (see above regarding FoxP2 as a marker for pre-LC neurons). (wikipedia.org)
- Based on their shared connections, gene-expression, and c-Fos activity patterns, the pre-LC is probably related functionally to neurons in the parabrachial nucleus, which is located lateral to the pre-LC (out of the plane of section in this figure). (wikipedia.org)
- LC neurons are labeled in blue, and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus or LDT neurons is labeled in green). (wikipedia.org)
- Therefore, hypothalamic Oxt neurons may represent a potential target for T2DM treatment modalities. (nin.nl)
- We identified dopamine neurons that uniquely coexpress the Onecut3 and Nmur2 genes, and placed these in the periventricular nucleus with many synaptic afferents arising from neuromedin S + neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. (nature.com)
- Figure 3: Neurotransmitter phenotypes in hypothalamic neurons. (nature.com)
- Relaxin-3 (RLN3) is a neuropeptide expressed mainly in neurons of the brainstem nucleus incertus (NI). (jneurosci.org)
- Smaller assemblies of RLN3 neurons are scattered within the pontine raphe nucleus (PnR), an area dorsal to the substantia nigra (dSN), and in the medial/ventral periaqueductal gray (PAG). (jneurosci.org)
- Methods: To express mHTT only in OXT neurons, we used a novel flex-switch adeno-associated viral vector design to selectively express either mHTT or wild-type HTT in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus using OXT-Cre-recombinase mice. (lu.se)
- Neurons common to both circuits were identified in subpopulations of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) by double labeling with markers expressed in viruses injected in both sites. (mssm.edu)
- These common populations of brainstem and hypothalamic neurons express neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin in the arcuate nucleus, melanin-concentrating hormone, and orexin in the lateral hypothalamus and in the corticotrophin-releasing hormone and oxytocin in the PVH. (mssm.edu)
- Minireview: Regulation of Prohormone Convertases in Hypothalamic Neurons: Implications for ProThyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Proopiomelanocortin Eduardo A. Nillni Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brown Medical School/Rhode Island Hospital, and Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903 Recent evidence demonstrated that posttranslational processing of neuropeptides is critical in the pathogenesis of obesity. (moam.info)
- Results: PACAP deletion from forebrain excitatory neurons, including a projection directly from medial prefrontal cortex to hypothalamus, impairs c-fos activation and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) messenger RNA elevation in the paraventricular nucleus after 2 hours of restraint, without affecting ARS-induced hypophagia, or c-fos elevation in nonhypothalamic brain. (bvsalud.org)
- PACAP projections to extended amygdala terminate at protein kinase C delta type (PKCδ) neurons in both the central amygdala and the oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. (bvsalud.org)
- Silencing of PKCδ neurons in the central amygdala, but not in the oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, attenuates ARS-induced hypophagia. (bvsalud.org)
- An ascending PACAPergic projection from the external lateral parabrachial nucleus to PKCδ neurons in the central amygdala regulates behavioral responses to stress. (bvsalud.org)
Hypothalamus7
- In situ hybridization analysis of apelin receptor mRNA expression in the adult rat brain showed intense labeling in the hypothalamus, especially in the supraoptic and the paraventricular nuclei. (nih.gov)
- Swanson, L.W. & Kuypers, H.G. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and organization of projections to the pituitary, dorsal vagal complex, and spinal cord as demonstrated by retrograde fluorescence double-labeling methods. (nature.com)
- The effects of emotional stressors on the release of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) within the rat hypothalamus and the origin and physiological significance of AVP released within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were investigated. (jneurosci.org)
- The lateral hypothalamus and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and brainstemregions (nucleus of the solitary tract and A5 region) also project to both tissues but are labeled at later times. (mssm.edu)
- In the present study, we found that forced swimming differentially influenced the expression of messenger RNA for vasopressin, oxytocin and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in the prairie vole brain. (okstate.edu)
- The activation begins in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. (bvsalud.org)
- The pathology of arginine vasopressin deficiency thus always involves the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus or a major portion of the pituitary stalk. (msdmanuals.com)
Suprachiasmatic nucleus4
- Next, we demonstrated by simultaneous microdialysis of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the PVN that AVP measured in PVN dialysates during social defeat was probably of intranuclear origin. (jneurosci.org)
- Specifically, the paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei are known to be involved in controlling energy balance, while the suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian patterns of eating. (springer.com)
- Arginine vasopressin immunoreactivity is decreased in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus of subjects with suprasellar tumors. (hersenbank.nl)
- Deviating towards the celiacganglion, they next join company with the splenic vein, and are eventually distributed to localised parts of the vein.This review article evaluates the conventional knowledge and points to new insights into neural regulation ofspleen.Key Words : Spleen, Suprachiasmatic nucleus, pineal gland, T cells, immune.INTRODUCTIONSplenic immune function is modulated by sympathetic innervation, which in turn is controlled by inputs fromsupraspinal regions. (fliphtml5.com)
Supraoptic nucleus1
- First, adult male Wistar rats with a microdialysis probe aimed at the PVN or the supraoptic nucleus were exposed to either a dominant male rat (social defeat) or a novel cage. (jneurosci.org)
Oxytocin2
- Here we demonstrate that a likely mechanism underlying the orexigenic action of RLN3 is RXFP3-mediated inhibition of oxytocin- and arginine-vasopressin-synthesizing paraventricular nucleus (PVN) magnocellular neurosecretory cells. (jneurosci.org)
- Together, these data indicate that the hypothalamic response of vasopressin, oxytocin and CRH messenger RNAs to swimming stress is regulated by distinct transcriptional factors. (okstate.edu)
Regulates2
- These data demonstrate a direct RLN3/RXFP3 action in the PVN of male and female rats, identify the associated ionic mechanisms, and reveal that hypothalamic RLN3/RXFP3 signaling regulates binge-eating behavior. (jneurosci.org)
- This study was designed to investigate whether the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) regulates IOP as the other nuclei do. (qxmd.com)
Lateral3
- Labeling was also found in extrahypothalamic structures such as the piriform cortex, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the central grey matter, the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, the dorsal raphe nucleus, the entorhinal cortex, the dentate gyrus and the Ammon's horn. (nih.gov)
- One of the most prominent and thick populations of NK3R-IR neurones apart from the ARC had been observed in the next locations (in descending purchase of overall cellular number): the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) lateral hypothalamic region (LHA) ventral premammillary nucleus (PMv) Rch and POA. (exposed-skin-care.net)
- Elimination of PACAP within projections from lateral parabrachial nucleus to extended amygdala, on the other hand, attenuates ARS-induced hypophagia, along with extended amygdala fos induction, without affecting ARS-induced CRH messenger RNA elevation in the paraventricular nucleus. (bvsalud.org)
Neuroendocrine4
- Previous studies indicated that IL-1 induces neurophysiological, neurochemical and neuroendocrine changes within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). (karger.com)
- The present study determined whether the serotonin2A (5-HT2A) receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus mediate the neuroendocrine responses to a peripheral injection of the 5-HT2A/2Creceptor agonist (−)DOI [(−)1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane]. (ku.edu)
- Thus, it is likely that 5-HT2A receptors are present on neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. (ku.edu)
- These data provide the first direct evidence that neuroendocrine responses to a peripheral injection of (−)DOI are predominantly mediated by activation of 5-HT2A receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. (ku.edu)
Vasopressin3
- Release of Vasopressin within the Rat Paraventricular Nucleus in Response to Emotional Stress: A Novel Mechanism of Regulating Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Secretion? (jneurosci.org)
- Hypothalamic adipic hypernatraemia syndrome with normal osmoregulation of vasopressin. (medscape.com)
- Arginine vasopressin deficiency (central diabetes insipidus) results from a deficiency of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone [ADH]) due to a hypothalamic-pituitary disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
Brainstem1
- Pre-locus coeruleus is a small nucleus in the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
Serotonin2
- Serotonergic stimulation of these 3 nuclei with exogenous serotonin or drugs that release endogenous serotonin, preferentially reduces carbohydrate intake in naturally feeding animals through satiety mechanisms involved in the termination of feeding. (springer.com)
- Decreased serotonin transporter immunoreactivity in the human hypothalamic infundibular nucleus of overweight subjects. (hersenbank.nl)
Anterior1
- An efferent neural pathway exists between the hypothalamic nuclei and the autonomic nerve endings in the anterior chamber of the eye. (qxmd.com)
Solitary tract1
- Ex-4 reduced water consumption when injected into the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), but not when injected into the nucleus accumbens (NAc). (listlabs.com)
Neuropeptide1
- Figure 4: Neuropeptide associations to individual hypothalamic neuronal subtypes. (nature.com)
Ventromedial1
- The rats, in Groups C, D and E, were subjected to electrolytic lesion of the arcuate nucl eus (ARC), of the ventromedial nucl eus (VMH) and of both of these hypothalamic nucl ei, respectively. (nel.edu)
Lesion2
- [ 1 ] The cause is usually a hypothalamic lesion, which can be congenital or acquired. (medscape.com)
- Hypothalamic adipsia without demonstrable structural lesion. (medscape.com)
Preoptic1
- abstract = "The sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN‐POA) is larger in male than in female rats, the male phenotype requiring the presence of circulating androgens perinatally. (korea.ac.kr)
Brain2
- However, FoxP2 expression is found in several nearby brain regions (not including the locus coeruleus, mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal, or laterodorsal tegmental nucleus), so it is not unique to the pre-LC. (wikipedia.org)
- The hypothalamic and hypophyseal distribution of the receptor suggests an involvement of apelin in the control of neuro- and adenohypophyseal hormone release, whereas its presence in the pineal gland and in discrete higher brain structures points out to possible roles in the regulation of circadian rhythms and of water and food intake behavior. (nih.gov)
Antidiuretic hormone1
- Anatomic relationships between pituitary and hypothalamic areas of interest with respect to regulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion and thirst sensation. (medscape.com)
Subthalamic2
- Immunocytochemical characterization of the human subthalamic nucleus. (hersenbank.nl)
- We report the 12-month clinical and imaging data on the effects of bilateral delivery of the glutamic acid decarboxylase gene into the subthalamic nuclei (STN) of advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. (jci.org)
Leptin2
- This study is an attempt to determine, the in vivo action of leptin on this hypophysiotropic hypothalamic area, by evaluating the concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) in the serum. (nel.edu)
- Because biosynthesis of mature peptides in response to leptin requires prohormone processing, it is hypothesized that leptin might regulate hypothalamic PC1/3 and PC2 expression, ultimately leading to coordinated processing of prohormones into mature peptides. (moam.info)
Regulate2
- In rats, areas within the caudate nucleus appear to regulate water intake through norepinephrine-sensitive alpha receptors. (medscape.com)
- Conclusions: A frontocortical descending PACAP projection controls paraventricular nucleus CRH messenger RNA production to maintain hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation and regulate the endocrine response to stress. (bvsalud.org)
Pituitary2
- These findings indicate that post-synaptic responsiveness in hypothalamic-pituitary serotonergic pathways is reduced in bulimia. (springer.com)
- The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is responsible for many body functions in mammals. (bvsalud.org)
Stimulation1
- The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of 5HT1A receptor stimulation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on food intake and microstructural analysis in adrenalectomized rats. (bvsalud.org)
Behavior1
- Using a model of binge-eating, we demonstrated that relaxin-3/RXFP3 signaling in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is necessary for the expression of binge-eating behavior in female rats. (jneurosci.org)
Receptors1
- To confirm the presence of 5-HT2A receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, 5-HT2A receptors were mapped using immunohistochemistry. (ku.edu)
Rats1
- Pal GK, Pal P, Raj SS, Mohan M. Modulation of feeding and drinking behaviour by catecholamines injected into nucleus caudatus in rats. (medscape.com)
Subtypes1
- Figure 2: Hierarchical clustering of hypothalamic neuron subtypes. (nature.com)
Alterations1
- Since this subset of astrocytes is linked to the glymphatic system, their overrepresentation might point to alterations in the hypothalamic waste clearance system in T2DM. (nin.nl)
Cells1
- In the ARC where KNDY cells reside we verified a lot of NK3R-IR cells particularly in the centre and caudal divisions of the nucleus (Fig. 1). (exposed-skin-care.net)
Tract1
- Newly synthesized hormone can still be released into the circulation as long as the hypothalamic nuclei and part of the neurohypophyseal tract are intact. (msdmanuals.com)
Evidence1
- Evidence from animal experiments has shown that the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) plays a key role in regulating body weight and blood glucose levels. (nin.nl)
Behavioral1
- Investigators have hitherto relied on candidate protein-based tools to correlate behavioral, endocrine and gender traits with hypothalamic neuron identity. (nature.com)
Central1
- tractus solitari (NTS) and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), and such dysregulation of NTS and PVN following infection causes blood pressure alteration at the central level. (spurstalk.com)
Association1
- Network architecture of the cerebral nuclei (basal ganglia) association and commissural connectome. (neurotree.org)