Large repertoire of these disorders results from defective inhibitory neurotransmission that involves release of nitric oxide from prejunctional nerve terminals of motor neurons that traverse the smooth muscle layers of the gut ( 4 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
However, recent studies have provided evidence that mere presence of nitric oxide synthesizing-enzyme neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the nerve terminals may not be adequate for inhibitory nitrergic neuromuscular transmission in the gut ( 11 , 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
The central mechanism involves patterned activation of the preganglionic neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus that project onto inhibitory and excitatory neurons in the esophageal myenteric plexus. (nature.com)
Inhibitory innervation is largely maintained but nitrergic innervation is reduced possibly related to the loss of ICC-mediated relaxation. (mcmaster.ca)
There is evidence that patients with idiopathic and diabetic Gp may display a reduction in nitrergic inhibitory neurons and in interstitial cells of Cajal and/or telocytes. (unipg.it)
Within the network, inhibitory connections are thought to play a crucial role in the sequential firing of the neurons. (nature.com)
Enteric nervou3
These results indicated that the jejunal ischemic-reperfusion injury affected the neurons of the enteric nervous system and resulted in early decrease in the activity of the nitric oxide neurotransmitter one hourafterthe injury. (csgh.info)
In other species, however, for example, cats, opossums, and primates, a variable portion of the lower esophagus is composed of smooth muscle fibers, controlled by central preganglionic neurons and peripheral neurons of the enteric nervous system ( Figure 1b ). (nature.com)
The majority of neurons that regulate gut functions are located in a complex network of ganglia known as the enteric nervous system, which lies embedded within the gut wall, and contains many millions of neurons. (open.ac.uk)
Excitatory neurons2
The ENS provides motor excitatory neurons, innervate muscle layers, secretory glands, and the lymphatic vascular system. (encyclopedia.pub)
Transcriptomic evidence that von Economo neurons are regionally specialized extratelencephalic-projecting excitatory neurons. (jefferson.edu)
Myenteric plexus1
Gut dysbiosis resulted in distorted glial network, loss of myenteric plexusneurons, altered cholinergic, tachykininergic and nitrergic neurotransmission associated with reduced number of nNOS neurons and different ileal distribution of the toll-like receptor TLR2. (unipv.it)
Afferent3
We show that topical squalamine exposure to intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) of the ENS rapidly restores excitability. (edu.au)
The ENS forms a complete sensory-motor reflex composed of intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs), interneurons, and motor neurons. (encyclopedia.pub)
Future therapeutic drugs targeting purinoceptors on afferent neurons may provide a valuable addition to the currently used medicines. (gu.se)
Innervation1
Variable presence of nitrergic innervation likely reflects the presence of direct nitrergic innervation to smooth muscle cells as well as indirect innervation via ICC. (mcmaster.ca)
Neuronal5
Notably, PSD95 have also been demonstrated in prejunctional nerve terminals of nitrergic neuronal varicosities traversing the gastrointestinal smooth muscles. (frontiersin.org)
Honokiol and hexafluoro-honokiol significantly increased neuronal networks and fiber density in enteric neurons and increased levels of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and Choline acetyltransferase mRNA. (emory.edu)
The sequential firing of the swallowing neurons depends on the neuronal circuitry, as well as on the cellular properties of neurons. (nature.com)
This suggested that L-Type calcium channel of the circunventricular structures of central nervous system participated in both short and long term neuronal actions of ANG II with the influence of nitrergic system. (sagepub.com)
En pacientes sanos, se cree que los cannabinoides endógenos anandamida y 2-AG desempeñan un papel fundamental en la regulación del nivel de excitación neuronal, reduciendo así la probabilidad de que se desencadene un ataque. (cannabismedicinal.cl)
Cholinergic Neurons1
Cholinergic neurons of the pelvic autonomic ganglia and uterus of the female rat: distribution of axons and presence of muscarinic receptors. (omeka.net)
Autonomic3
Cerebral blood flow is increased and cerebral vascular resistance is decreased by NO derived from endothelial cells, autonomic nitrergic nerves, or brain neurons under resting and stimulated conditions. (aspetjournals.org)
My research is mainly in the area of autonomic neuroscience, particularly the development and ageing of neurons that regulate bowel and bladder function. (open.ac.uk)
I also collaborate on research on ageing of the central autonomic neurons that regulate bowel and bladder function (with Dr Rachel Ranson, Northumbria University), and the role of microRNAs on ageing of the blood brain barrier (with Prof Ignacio Romero, Open University and Prof Steve Wharton (University of Sheffield). (open.ac.uk)
Nervous System2
It is the largest and most complex part of the peripheral nervous system, being organized into distinct neuron networks within the gut wall, where individual small ganglia are interconnected by dense fiber bundles. (encyclopedia.pub)
Lateral and extend anteriorly to form the nervous system ciliary ganglion on postganglionic neurons that tonically inhibit sexual arousal). (ben.edu)
Nerves1
Spontaneous activity of nitrergic nerves caused sustained inhibition of muscle activity in both wild-type (+/+) and Ws/Ws rats. (mcmaster.ca)
Neurotransmission1
Evidence has suggested the role of motor proteins like myosin Va in transposition of nNOS within the nerve terminals to the membranes to facilitate nitrergic neurotransmission ( 11 , 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
Neurodegeneration1
Its role in modulating enteric neuron-specific neurodegeneration is unknown. (emory.edu)
Esophageal1
The VSG forms premotor neurons for oral and pharyngeal motor neurons, but esophageal premotor neurons may be located within the DSG . (nature.com)
Gingras S, Earls LR, Howell S, Smeyne RJ, Zakharenko SS, Pelletier S. SCYL2 Protects CA3 Pyramidal Neurons from Excitotoxicity during Functional Maturation of the Mouse Hippocampus. (jefferson.edu)
Nitric2
nel blocked agent) and nitrergic system of the circumven- Background Nitric oxide plays an important role in the hydromineral tricular third ventricle structures of the central nervous and cardiovascular regulation and influence several cen- system on the angiotensin II cardiovascular regulation has tral angiotensin physiological parameters [1,2]. (sagepub.com)
LNAME the interaction between nifedipine (L-Type calcium chan- significantly increased the discharge of neurons of the Page 1 of 6 (page number not for citation purposes) Behavioral and Brain Functions 2008, 4:22 http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/4/1/22 subfornical organ showing the importance of nitric oxide The results are reported as mean ± S.E.M. The Analysis of in the electrical activity of this structure [8]. (sagepub.com)
Muscle1
Peristalsis in the striated muscle part of the esophagus is dependent on central mechanisms, involving sequential activation of vagal lower motor neurons in the vagal nucleus ambiguus. (nature.com)
Cells3
We conclude that stimuli that excite INSL5-containing colonic L-cells release INSL5 that, through RXFP4, excites 5-HT release from neighbouring endocrine cells, which in turn acts on 5-HT3 receptors of enteric sensory neurons to elicit propulsive reflexes. (edu.au)
Methods: Primary mouse enteric neurons (EN) were exposed to a conditioned medium from ACE2-expressing Caco-2 colonic epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 or treated with tunicamycin (ER stress inducer). (emory.edu)
9]. Results Treatment of neonatal rats with monosodium glutamate At the end of the experiments, the rats were anesthetized induced a substantial reduction in the volume of the sub- with ether and perfused with saline and buffered forma- fornical organ and in the number of its nitrergic cells with lin. (sagepub.com)
Sequential1
The DSG contains the generator neurons involved in triggering, shaping, and timing the sequential or rhythmic swallowing pattern, and the VSG contains switching neurons that distribute the swallowing drive to the various pools of motoneurons involved in the motor activity. (nature.com)
Relaxation1
Nowadays be employed to enhance nitrergic relaxation tolerated. (ben.edu)
Colon1
Background The membrane bound bile acid (BA) receptor, TGR5, is located on myenteric, cholinergic and nitrergic neurons in colon and proximal small intestine. (elsevierpure.com)
Gastrointestinal1
These plexuses are located between the layers of the gastrointestinal tract and present about 20 subtypes of neurons, differentiated by the expression of neuropeptides [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Brain1
Alpha-synuclein supports type 1 interferon signalling in neurons and brain tissue. (ucdenver.edu)
Role2
Shank knockout mice, which present with features of autism spectrum disorders, may help delineate the role of shank in enteric nitrergic neuromuscular transmission. (frontiersin.org)
Since the purinoceptors are often mentioned in the context of inflammation, studies were also conducted to investigate the role of purinergic, as well as of cholinergic and nitrergic, blockade in the development of cystitis. (gu.se)
Maintain1
Cortical and basal ganglia neurons maintain the highest level of control. (encyclopedia.pub)
Activity1
consequently, this activity gradually increased in the group with 24 hour reperfusion, and finally in the group with 30 days reperfusion there were no changes in the activity of the nitrergic neurons compared to the control group. (csgh.info)
Expression1
Vasoactive intestinal peptides (VIP) expression and secretion by EN were assessed by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. (emory.edu)
Properties1
We use a range of techniques to analyse the properties of these neurons. (open.ac.uk)
Network1
Swallowing is organized by a network of swallowing-related neurons that form the central swallowing pattern generator ( SPG ) located in the medulla oblongata. (nature.com)