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Nitrate ReductasesNitrate ReductaseNitrate Reductase (NADH)Nitrate Reductase (NAD(P)H)NitratesChloratesMolybdenumNitrite ReductasesOxidoreductasesChlorellaPteridinesNADH, NADPH OxidoreductasesTungstenNitrate Reductase (NADPH)NADHydroxymethylglutaryl CoA ReductasesCoenzymesNADH DehydrogenaseCytochrome-B(5) ReductaseOxidation-ReductionRibonucleotide ReductasesCytochrome ReductasesNitritesMetalloproteinsNADPAnaerobiosisFMN ReductaseTungsten CompoundsEscherichia coliGlutathione ReductaseNADPH-Ferrihemoprotein ReductaseThioredoxin-Disulfide ReductaseMolecular Sequence DataPeriplasmFerredoxin-NADP ReductaseQuaternary Ammonium CompoundsNeurosporaMutationParacoccusSilver NitrateNitrogenFlavin-Adenine DinucleotideIron-Sulfur ProteinsKineticsCytochromesElectron TransportParacoccus denitrificansOxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group DonorsNeurospora crassaAmino Acid SequenceEnzyme RepressionFormate DehydrogenasesQuinone ReductasesSpectrophotometryAnion Transport ProteinsNitric AcidFormatesBenzyl ViologenElectron Spin Resonance SpectroscopyTetrahydrofolate DehydrogenaseOperonBacterial ProteinsPotassium CompoundsGene Expression Regulation, BacterialPlant RootsAlcohol OxidoreductasesEnzyme InductionMethylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)AerobiosisGenes, BacterialAldehyde OxidoreductasesHemeSpinacia oleraceaSpheroplastsBase SequenceMethionine Sulfoxide ReductasesAmmoniaHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase InhibitorsRibonucleoside Diphosphate ReductaseFlavinsOxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group DonorsCulture MediaFerredoxinsEnoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH)Dihydropteridine ReductaseNitric OxideDithionitePlantsPotentiometryPlant LeavesOxygenHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationCloning, MolecularSelenic AcidMolecular WeightHydroxyquinolinesElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelThioredoxin Reductase 1ColorimetryNitrobacter
NitriteMethemoglobin reductaseEnzymeDehydrogenaseCytochromeAnaerobicNADPHSubunitNitrites and nitratesFumarate reductaseNitrogenAdenine dinucleotideGlutamateReductionSaltsAssimilationProteinMetabolismNitricElectron1998GenesInfantsActivityRespiratorySubstancesOxidationReactionMolecularOxygenCentresWater
Nitrite18
  • Nitrate reductase (NADH) (EC 1.7.1.1, assimilatory nitrate reductase, NADH-nitrate reductase, NADH-dependent nitrate reductase, assimilatory NADH: nitrate reductase, nitrate reductase (NADH2), NADH2:nitrate oxidoreductase) is an enzyme with systematic name nitrite:NAD+ oxidoreductase. (wikipedia.org)
  • This enzyme catalyzes the following chemical reaction nitrite + NAD+ + H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } nitrate + NADH + H+ Nitrate reductase is an iron-sulfur molybdenum flavoprotein. (wikipedia.org)
  • An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. (uchicago.edu)
  • The nitrite reductase NasG subunit was detected by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in cytoplasmic fractions from nitrate-grown cells, but it was not observed when either ammonium or glutamate was used as the N-source. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicity: What Are the Health Effects from Exposure to Nitrates and Nitrites? (cdc.gov)
  • Unless conditions exist for reducing nitrate to nitrite in the gut (i.e., high pH and proper intestinal microbial flora), ingested nitrate (NO 3 -) is metabolized and excreted without producing apparent adverse effects. (cdc.gov)
  • The effects of nitrite (NO 2 -) are the same whether nitrite containing compounds are ingested or inhaled, or nitrite is produced in vivo from nitrate. (cdc.gov)
  • Acute acquired methemoglobinemia is the most important adverse health effect caused by excessive nitrate or nitrite exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Nitrite reductases. (lookformedical.com)
  • Patton, C. J., and Kryskalla, J. R., 2011, Colorimetric determination of nitrate plus nitrite in water by enzymatic reduction, automated discrete analyzer methods: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, Book 5, Chapter B8. (nemi.gov)
  • In the low-level method (USGS I-2548-11), nitrate is reduced to nitrite with nontoxic, soluble nitrate reductase rather than toxic, granular, copperized cadmium. (nemi.gov)
  • Unlike other commercially available nitrate reductases we evaluated, AtNaR2 maintains high activity at 37°C and is not inhibited by high-phenolic-content humic acids at reaction temperatures in the range of 20°C to 37°C. These previously unrecognized AtNaR2 characteristics are essential for successful performance of discrete analyzer nitrate + nitrite assays. (nemi.gov)
  • This method and others in this report (I-2547-11 and I-2548-11) are direct replacements for longstanding USGS and EPA colorimetric nitrate + nitrite methods and differ from them only in the reagents used to reduce nitrate to nitrite (nontoxic, soluble nitrate reductase replaces toxic, granular, copperized cadmium) prior to colorimetric nitrite determination with Griess reagents. (nemi.gov)
  • This report describes new, enzymatic-reduction methods for colorimetric nitrate plus nitrite determinations in surface water and groundwater on automated discrete analyzer instrument platforms. (nemi.gov)
  • This report focuses on development and validation of standard- and low-level discrete analyzer nitrate plus nitrite assays using AtNaR2 nitrate reductase and its cofactor, beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form (NADH). (nemi.gov)
  • Methods I-2547-11 and I-2548-11 are suitable for determination of nitrate + nitrite in filtered (FCC bottle type) and filtered-acidified (FCA bottle type) water samples. (nemi.gov)
  • Typically, reagent-water blanks for standard- and low-level DAAtNaR2 nitrate + nitrite methods are one half MDL or less. (nemi.gov)
  • Ozone stimulates conversion of arginine to citrulline, nitrite and nitrate by phagocytes, promoting their action on tumors. (silvermedicine.org)
Methemoglobin reductase3
  • The NADH-dependent enzyme methemoglobin reductase (diaphorase I) converts methemoglobin back to hemoglobin (yaay! (medicowesome.com)
  • The pathway responsible for reducing most methemoglobin (95%-99%) back to hemoglobin is the NADH-dependant methemoglobin reductase system, in which the enzyme cytochrome-b5 reductase5plays a crucial role in a transfer of electrons from NADH to methemoglobin. (medscape.com)
  • Alternative pathways by which methemoglobin can be reduced, which become more important in deficiencies of the primary pathway, involve the NADPH-methemoglobin reductase system, reducing agents such as ascorbic acid, and reduced glutathione. (medscape.com)
Enzyme4
  • The enzyme used in these discrete analyzer methods, designated AtNaR2 by its manufacturer, is produced by recombinant expression of the nitrate reductase gene from wall cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) in the yeast Pichia pastoris. (nemi.gov)
  • Factors by which the rate increases by raising temperature 10 C (Q10) and apparent activation energy (Ea) values for NADH and MVH activities measured in enzyme preparations without added FAD differed slightly from those measured with FAD. (academicconcepts.net)
  • Overall thermal features of the NADH and MVH activities of the cryophilic NR, including optimal temperatures, heat inactivation (with/without added FAD) and break-point temperature in Arrhenius plots, are all shifted by about 10 C towards lower temperatures than those of the mesophilic enzyme. (academicconcepts.net)
  • Nitrogenase enzyme is a complex of two subunits: Dinitrogenase reductase and dinitrogenase. (biokaryon.com)
Dehydrogenase3
  • The nar3 mutants are characterized by a pleiotropic loss of nitrate reductase and xanthine dehydrogenase activity due to defective molybdenum cofactor synthesis or insertion (3). (nordgen.org)
  • There was one change made in the network provided by CellNetAnalyzer for the NADH dehydrogenase reaction, annotated as NADHdehydro in CellNetAnalyzer. (igem.org)
  • the level of glutamate dehydrogenase remained essentially constant on either nitrogen salt but nitrate reductase was induced by growth on nitrate salts and was not extractable on ammonium salts. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Cytochrome2
  • Endogenous reduction of MeHb back to normal Hb in the red blood cell is catalysed primarily via cytochrome b5 MeHb reductase. (dpic.org)
  • Ozone also causes an increase in the NADH reducing process and helps to oxidize cytochrome C. There is a stimulation of the production of the enzymes which act as free radical scavengers and cell wall protectors: glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. (silvermedicine.org)
Anaerobic4
  • Nitrate reduction process generally mediated by anaerobic bacteria by which nitrogen available to plants is converted to a gaseous form and lost from the soil or water column. (lookformedical.com)
  • The difference in anaerobic metabolism could still be due to the presence or absence of nitrate reductase and the possibility that this could occur through the production of nitric oxide is discussed. (ox.ac.uk)
  • however, limited anaerobic growth and nitrate reduction occurred, suggesting that multiple regulators control nitrate reduction in this strain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • EtrA shares 73.6% and 50.8% of amino acid sequence identity with Fnr in E. coli and Anr ( a rginine deaminase and n itrate reductase anaerobic r egulator) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa , respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
NADPH4
  • A group of oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH. (lookformedical.com)
  • In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. (lookformedical.com)
  • Another reduction pathway is the reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent MeHb reductase, which normally reduces a negligible amount of MeHb. (dpic.org)
  • NR from K. antarctica used both NADPH and NADH, whereas NR from C. sorokiniana used NADH only. (academicconcepts.net)
Subunit1
  • DMSO reductase anchor subunit (DmsC) [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Nitrites and nitrates1
Fumarate reductase1
  • Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and fumarate reductase gene expression was down-regulated at least 2-fold in the mutant, which, showed lower or no reduction of these electron acceptors when compared to the wild type, suggesting both respiratory pathways are under EtrA control. (biomedcentral.com)
Nitrogen1
  • nitrate and (or) ammonium salts were tested for their effect on the type of nitrogen metabolism found in diplodia maydis in vitro. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Adenine dinucleotide4
  • The nasT mutant lacked both nasABGHC transcript and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-dependent nitrate reductase activity. (uea.ac.uk)
  • The two key aspects in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles are NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) and NADH-dependent nitrate reductase. (ijpsr.com)
  • Although the activation of the alcoholic fermentation will likely mitigate the excessive buildup of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH), activation of other genes able to compensate for the redox imbalance could be of importance. (ristudypost.com)
  • Besides the important role of fermentative metabolism, the AHB/NR1-dependent NADH utilization can be useful to regenerate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) under anoxia. (ristudypost.com)
Glutamate1
  • The nasTS and nasABGHC transcripts were detected at similar levels with nitrate or glutamate as N-source, but nasABGHC transcript was undetectable in ammonium-grown cells. (uea.ac.uk)
Reduction3
  • Oxidoreductases that are specific for the reduction of NITRATES. (lookformedical.com)
  • The role of nitrate reduction in the anoxic metabolism of roots II. (ox.ac.uk)
  • and (ii) that nitrate reduction in the WT roots results in a more acidifying metabolism. (ox.ac.uk)
Salts1
Assimilation3
  • Molecular and Genetic Aspects of Nitrate Assimilation, Chapter 13. (nordgen.org)
  • Mutational analysis of the ntrBCYX genes indicated that while ntrBC genes are required for nitrate assimilation, ntrYX genes can only partially restore growth on nitrate in the absence of ntrBC genes. (uea.ac.uk)
  • The existence of a regulation mechanism for nitrate assimilation in P. denitrificans, by which nitrate induction operates at both transcriptional and translational levels, is proposed. (uea.ac.uk)
Protein3
  • On the contrary, the nasS mutant showed similar levels of the nasABGHC transcript to the wild-type strain and displayed NasG protein and NADH-nitrate reductase activity with all N-sources tested, except with ammonium. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Enoyl-(Acyl carrier protein) reductase [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Furthermore, structural analysis of Mm HCP C67Y and characterization of several Mm HCP variants with a Cys67 mutation reveal the significance of Cys67 in protein structure, metallocluster binding and hydroxylamine reductase activity. (nature.com)
Metabolism2
  • The bifunctional CODH ( cdhAB-2 ) is predicted to play an ubiquitous role in the metabolism of CO, and a novel nitrate reductase-associated respiratory complex was induced specifically in the presence of sulfate. (hindawi.com)
  • It is the higher metabolic rate in the LNR-H roots that leads to the greater cytoplasmic acidification under anoxia despite the absence of a contribution from the metabolism of nitrate. (ox.ac.uk)
Nitric1
  • Although the role of Ahb1 in the physiology of plants is still largely unknown, it has been proposed that Ahb1 may be functioning as an NADH-dependent nitric oxide (NO) oxidizing factor, producing nitrate that is, in turn, converted back to NO by nitrate reductase. (ristudypost.com)
Electron1
  • This reaction uses NO3 as an electron acceptor to regenerate NADH and export protons to generate ATP. (igem.org)
19981
  • In 1998, Singh and Bisaria studied nitrate reductase activity (NRA), growth and yield in terms of fibre and wood weight in 8 cultivars of two species of Jute ( C. capsularis and C. olitorius ) under different subdued light. (scialert.net)
Genes3
  • A total of 74 genes were induced in cells grown with nitrate as N-source compared with ammonium, including nasTSABGHC and ntrBC genes. (uea.ac.uk)
  • The nasT and nasS genes were cotranscribed, although nasT was more strongly induced by nitrate than nasS. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Lotus Japonicus como Modelo para la Identificaci n de Nuevos Genes Implicados en la Respuesta a Estr s Abi tico y Productividad en Leguminosas. (us.es)
Infants1
  • The general objective of this study was from infants into EDTA tubes by a well- to evaluate the relationship between nitrate trained laboratory technician and tested for concentrations in the drinking water sources haemoglobin (Hb) and Met-Hb. (who.int)
Activity2
  • 1977. Detection of barley mutants with low level of nitrate reductase activity after seed treatment with ethylmethane sulphonate. (nordgen.org)
  • Nitrate in the diet may even enhance host defenses against gastrointestinal pathogens by modulating platelet activity, and possibly even gastrointestinal motility and microcirculation [McKnight et al. (cdc.gov)
Respiratory1
  • 10 g/L) is favourable for dissolution of the substance in the mucus lining of the respiratory tract.The assumed low partition coefficient of the nitrate substances is, however, indicative for low potential of absorption directly across the respiratory tract epithelium. (europa.eu)
Substances5
  • Although a partition coefficient cannot be determined for these nitrate substances, it is considered to be low, due to the chemical properties, and not favourable for uptake from the gastrointestinal tract. (europa.eu)
  • Once absorbed, widely distribution of all nitrate substances throughout the body, by means its dissociation products, is expected based on its relatively low molecular weight and high water solubility. (europa.eu)
  • The high melting point (above 100˚C) and boiling point and low vapour pressure (both expected to be high based on the lack of melting at temperatures up to 300˚C), indicate that it is not likely that vapours of the nitrate substances will reach the nasopharyngeal region or subsequently the tracheobronchial or pulmonary region. (europa.eu)
  • Calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate and CN-Nitcal are being very well water soluble substances and thus have the potential to be absorbed dermally as the surface moisture of the skin will not limit the availablility. (europa.eu)
  • A variety of naturally occurring substances including nitrates in vegetables (e.g. (dpic.org)
Oxidation1
  • Multiple membrane-bound heterodisulfide reductase (DsrMK) could promote both energy-conserving and non-energy-conserving menaquinol oxidation. (hindawi.com)
Reaction1
  • NADH inhibits the Griess indicator reaction. (nemi.gov)
Molecular1
Oxygen2
  • The oxygen is used for the oxydative phosphorylation, regenerating NADH, and for the first step in the hydrocarbon degradation. (igem.org)
  • Less protons are exported per mol of NADH, so the ATP/NADH ratio will drop compared to oxygen. (igem.org)
Centres1
  • these are a high level of nitrates, above the interna- the main health centres in Jabalia, Gaza City tional recommended level. (who.int)
Water3
  • The first reported case of fatal acquired methemoglobinemia in an infant due to ingestion of nitrate contaminated well water in the United States occurred in 1945 [Comly 1945]. (cdc.gov)
  • 10 g/L) nitrate compounds are expected to have the potential to be absorbed by passive diffusion and may pass through aqueous pores or be carried through the epithelial barriers by the bulk passage of water. (europa.eu)
  • Short-term exposure this study which was conducted over 6 to high levels of nitrates in drinking water months between the beginning of June 2002 can cause methaemoglobinaemia, known as and the end of November 2002. (who.int)