• These bacteria cause Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infections or Mycobacterium avium complex infections in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Differential characteristics M. intracellulare and M. avium form the M. avium complex (MAC). (wikipedia.org)
  • proposed the name M. chimaera for strains that a reverse hybridization-based line probe assay suggested belonged to MAIS (M. avium-M. intracellulare-M. scrofulaceum group), but were different from M. avium, M. intracellulare, or M. scrofulaceum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Type strain of Mycobacterium intracellulare at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Type strain of Mycobacterium avium at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Henry, Ronnie (March 2017). (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, the MAC consists of several related bacterial species, including Mycobacterium avium ( M. avium ) and Mycobacterium intracellulare ( M.intracellulare ), which are widespread in the environment. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The most prevalent species are M. avium and M. intracellulare . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Although the species of pathogen ( M. avium or M. intracellulare ) did not significantly affect the conversion rate or clinical improvement, the infectious form with or without respiratory underlying disease, the characteristics and extent of lesion on chest X-ray, and the dose of clarithromycin significantly influenced the conversion rate or clinical improvement. (go.jp)
  • This article reviews the dermatologic manifestations of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI, or MAC) infection. (medscape.com)
  • See also Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare . (medscape.com)
  • In the United States, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI, or MAC) infection is considered a nonreportable infectious disease. (medscape.com)
  • It is important to consider cutaneous infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI, or MAC) in patients with antibiotic-resistant cellulitis, nonhealing nodules, and ulcers, as well as in patients who are immunosuppressed with evidence of disseminated MAI (DMAI) infection. (medscape.com)
  • Serovars 1 to 6, 8 to 11 and 21 were attributed to bacteria in the M. avium species ( M. avium avium, M. avium silvaticum, M. avium paratuberculosis and M. avium hominissuis ) and serovars 7, 12 to 20 and 25 to bacteria in the M. intracellulare species. (scielo.br)
  • Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infections are becoming an increasing concern in veterinary medicine because they affect livestock, wildlife, and companion animals. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) infections are becoming an increasing concern in veterinary medicine because they occur in a wide range of animals, including domestic animals ( 1 ), ruminant and non-ruminant wildlife ( 2 ), and companion animals ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The clarithromycin ECOFF was 16 mg/L for M. avium (n = 1271) whereas TECOFFs were 8 mg/L for M. intracellulare (n = 415) and 1 mg/L for MAB (n = 1014) confirmed by analysing MAB subspecies without inducible macrolide resistance (n = 235). (sciensano.be)
  • For linezolid, the ECOFF and TECOFF were 64 mg/L for M. avium and M. intracellulare, respectively. (sciensano.be)
  • MAC comprises several bacterial agents and over 20 recognized serotypes including, M. avium, M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis and salvaticum, and M. intracellulare. (wcponline.com)
  • Only M. avium and M. intracellulare are confirmed pathogens in humans. (wcponline.com)
  • The lungs are most commonly infected, and most lung infections are caused by a group known as Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), which includes Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare . (msdmanuals.com)
  • M. fortuitum , M. intracellulare , M. terrae and M. avium . (who.int)
  • The M. avium complex (including M. avium and M. intracellulare ) is most often associated with pulmonary infection. (who.int)
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) are two distinct types of bacteria that can cause infections in the lungs and other parts of the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • M avium is the isolate in more than 95% of patients with AIDS who develop MAC infections. (medscape.com)
  • Studies reporting rates based on person-time for all opportunistic illnesses and/or the three opportunistic infections of interest, namely, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cerebral toxoplasmosis, and Mycobacterium avium complex were included. (fiocruz.br)
  • In HIV-infected men who have sex with men, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), toxoplasmic encephalitis, fungal infections, and disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease have decreased in incidence (9). (cdc.gov)
  • A randomized comparison of two clarithromycin doses for treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex infections. (unil.ch)
  • Patients with an initial diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were more likely to develop M. avium-complex infections than patients with an initial diagnosis of another opportunistic disease or of ARC (p = 0.002). (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Individuals developing M. avium-complex infections had lower baseline CD4 cell counts, hematocrits, lymphocyte counts, and total white blood cell counts than those who did not develop M. avium-complex infection. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • M. avium-complex infections are a common late consequence of HIV infection, particularly in persons with low CD4 cell counts and anemia. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria other than mycobacterium avium complex. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We observed that M. avium isolates from different sources-human pulmonary infections, human disseminated infections, animals, and natural environments-are readily distinguished by their core and accessory genomes, by their patterns of horizontal gene transfer, and by numerous specific genes, including virulence factors. (cdc.gov)
  • Some infections are unique to HIV, like Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). (healthline.com)
  • Some of these conditions are pneumonia, herpes virus infections, and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection. (mydr.com.au)
  • Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections There are over 170 recognized species of mycobacteria, mostly environmental. (merckmanuals.com)
  • CDC assisted in a field investigation that used both epidemiologic and laboratory evidence to identify an association between invasive Mycobacterium avium complex (including M. chimaera ) infections and exposure to contaminated 3T heater-cooler devices, consistent with the Swiss report (2). (cdc.gov)
  • Other nontuberculous mycobacteria that are not included in MAC also sometimes cause infections in people. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 11 While the regimen includes Rifampicin and Ethambutol, two of the standard first-line anti-TB drugs, the length of the TB regimen is not sufficient to address M. avium complex infections. (who.int)
  • Several molecular typing methods have been developed to differentiate between M. avium subspecies and strains, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing and mini-satellite sequence analysis-mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit variable-number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the occurrence of Mycobacterium avium complex and other nontuberculous mycobacteria in drinking-water in Basra governorate, Iraq and their susceptibility to several antibiotics and the effect of 0.5 mg/L of chlorine on their survival. (who.int)
  • IMPORTANCE Members of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), a group of mycobacteria encompassing M. avium and its closest relatives, are omnipresent in natural environments and emerging pathogens of humans and animals. (cdc.gov)
  • For non-tuberculous mycobacteria ( NTM ), minimum inhibitory concentration ( MIC ) distributions of wild-type isolates have not been systematically evaluated despite their importance for establishing antimicrobial susceptibility testing ( AST ) breakpoints. (sciensano.be)
  • We found that different MAC species and M. avium isolates from different sources encode distinct suites of clinically relevant genes, including those for virulence and antibiotic resistance. (cdc.gov)
  • The 252 isolates were identified as M. avium complex (21), M. marinum (15), M. kansasii (30), M. simiae (20), M. szulgai (19), M. xenopi (16), M. malmoense (11), M. fortuitum (37), M. chelonae (50) and M. abscessus (33). (who.int)
  • A total of 252 isolates were identi- ria such as M. abscessus , M. mucogenicum , using the monophasic-biphasic culture fied as Mycobacterium spp. (who.int)
  • However, several studies test-tube represents a biphasic environ- M. simiae (comprising 25.8% of total have failed to identify nontuberculous ment (a liquid phase in contact with isolates), scotochromogens, identified mycobacteria in water samples, often be- solid one), while the upper portion is as M. szulgai (7.5% of total isolates) and cause of unsuitable isolation techniques single phase (solid only). (who.int)
  • There are 32 species of mycobacteria that are pathogenic to humans, including M. tuberculosis. (wcponline.com)
  • Tuberculosis properly refers only to disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (for which humans are the main reservoir). (merckmanuals.com)
  • The slow-growing that humans are infected with nontuber- (TB) broth to cover the lower portion of bacteria included: photochromogens, culous mycobacteria from environmen- the slant only. (who.int)
  • Pathogenic mycobacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • legionellae, pathogenic protozoa and Mycobacterium avium complex and additionally tests medical marijuana for microbial contaminants. (wadsworth.org)
  • Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the most common of the pathogens and can cause several different patterns of abnormalities [ 1 , 2 ]. (ajronline.org)
  • The most commonly encountered mycobacterium pathogens, however, are species of MAC. (wcponline.com)
  • MAC is the most common cause of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in patients with AIDS. (medscape.com)
  • Results Seventy-one patients with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pulmonary disease were 27 males and 44 females with a mean age of 64.4 ±10.2 years old. (go.jp)
  • Increase in Mycobacterium avium complex isolations among patients admitted to a general hospital. (cdc.gov)
  • Important paradigms of pulmonary disease with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are currently shifting based on an increasing attention within the field of cystic fibrosis (CF). These shifts are likely to benefit the management of all patients with pulmonary NTM, regardless of underlying pathology. (springer.com)
  • Announced as the most important emerging threat to cystic fibrosis (CF) patients at the 2013 European Cystic Fibrosis Conference, the perception of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) disease has once again undergone a notable shift. (springer.com)
  • [2] Mycobacterium avium complex is a pathogen common to patients with HIV. (nih.gov)
  • Expert HIV care provider: A provider with extensive experience in the management of complex patients with HIV. (hivguidelines.org)
  • In addition, poor nutritional status is correlated with the progression of NTM-PD [ 13 ] and higher all-cause mortality among patients with Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease [ 14 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Mycobacteria pulmonary diseases are chronic illnesses with various impacts on patients' health status, and wellbeing. (scirp.org)
  • In the spring of 2015, investigators in Switzerland reported a cluster of six patients with invasive infection of M. chimaera , a species of nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) commonly found in soil and water. (cdc.gov)
  • Underuse of primary Mycobacterium avium complex and Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in the United States. (harvard.edu)
  • M. avium type strains include ATCC 25291, DSM 44156, and TMC 724. (wikipedia.org)
  • Determination of epidemiological cut off values for the Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium abscessus using broth microdilution. (sciensano.be)
  • We gathered MIC distributions for drugs used against the Mycobacterium avium complex ( MAC ) and Mycobacterium abscessus ( MAB ) obtained by commercial broth microdilution ( SLOMYCOI and RAPMYCOI ) from 12 laboratories. (sciensano.be)
  • Mycobacterium abscessus Complex (MABSC) and Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) are now recognized as insidious opportunists that can seriously affect morbidity and mortality in CF. Fundamental paradigms of NTM pulmonary disease concerning clinical impact, patient susceptibility, transmission, bacterial modes of growth and implications for lung transplantation are currently being revised. (springer.com)
  • Objective To investigate whether the combined therapy according to the guideline proposed by American Thoracic Society (ATS) and Japanese Society for Tuberculosis (JST) is clinically appropriate for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pulmonary disease. (go.jp)
  • Occurrence studies of mycobacteria in water have found variable results. (wcponline.com)
  • The following is a review of an opportunistic pathogen of primary concern-Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). (wcponline.com)
  • Proposal to elevate the genetic variant MAC-A, included in the Mycobacterium avium complex, to species rank as Mycobacterium chimaera sp. (wikipedia.org)
  • New information indicates that these devices, manufactured by LivaNova PLC (formerly Sorin Group Deutschland GmbH), were likely contaminated with the rare bacteria Mycobacterium chimaera during manufacturing. (cdc.gov)
  • MAC is the atypical Mycobacterium most commonly associated with human disease. (medscape.com)
  • To this spectrum of pulmonary diseases caused by atypical mycobacteria, a new granulomatous disease process that has been referred to as "hot tub lung" has been described in the literature [ 11 - 13 ]. (ajronline.org)
  • Clarithromycin (CAM) and rifampicin (RFP) have both been recognized to be effective antibiotic agents against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 2,10 The M. avium complex is treated with combination therapy consisting of Clarithromycin, Rifampicin and Ethambutol and should be continued for one year. (who.int)
  • The objective of our study was to describe the CT features of "hot tub lung" caused by exposure to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) organisms in contaminated water. (ajronline.org)
  • Sputum culture grew Mycobacterium avium complex. (medscape.com)
  • To determine prescribing patterns, we conducted a cohort study of adults ≥66 years of age in Ontario, Canada, with MAC or Mycobacterium xenopi PD during 2001-2013. (ices.on.ca)
  • Here, we report the case of a 22-year-old woman with renal and lymph node Mycobacterium xenopi infection. (degruyter.com)
  • Although Mycobacterium avium is commonly found in birds of the most different families, there are reports involving M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M . intracelullare,M. genavense (1,4,8) and M. Columbae (12) and psittacides. (scielo.br)
  • A typical mycobacteria cause a wide spectrum of disease in the chest. (ajronline.org)
  • Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous microorganisms that have an environmental origin and can affect various human organs. (ersjournals.com)
  • The reasons for this increase in prevalence are unclear, but may include increased recognition and testing, increased exposure to NTM from home water heaters or shower aerosols, a decrease in population immunity to mycobacteria owing to decreasing tuberculosis (TB) infection, or an increased number of people with risk factors for NTM-PD [ 2 , 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Surveys suggest that clinicians diverge from guidelines when treating Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pulmonary disease (PD). (ices.on.ca)
  • However, it is very difficult to differentiate them morphologically, biochemically and serologically, and they are normally grouped in a complex called Mycobacterium avium/Mycobacterium intracelullare (MAC) (4,5,8). (scielo.br)
  • 0.100 x 10 9 /L, development of severe anemia, P. carinii pneumonia during follow-up, and zidovudine dose interruption were significantly associated with subsequently developing M. avium-complex infection. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Additionally, Isoniazid (apart from Rifampicin the most potent first-line anti-TB drug) has only a limited effect on M. avium , 9 and relapses are common. (who.int)
  • I'm hoping by starting a subject matter directly related to MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX PULMONARY DISEASE (MAC/MAI) I may find others out there! (mayoclinic.org)
  • Although previous work had found that host response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis involves major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted T cells, our results indicate that chronic deficiency of CD8(+) T cells does not lead to a different expression of the disease and that if CD8(+) T cells are involved in the host response, their function can be assumed by other immune cells. (oregonstate.edu)
  • The most common cause of the mycobacterial pulmonary disease was Mycobacterium tuberculosis , with 84.6% (22/26). (scirp.org)
  • Similar disease occasionally results from the closely related mycobacteria, M. bovis , M. africanum , and M. microti . (merckmanuals.com)
  • Clinical, microbiological, and immunological characteristics in HIV-infected subjects at risk for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex disease: an AACTG study. (upenn.edu)
  • The other mycobacteria species that cause disease are discussed here. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Immunocompromised cases (e.g. human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] positive cases) are susceptible to NTM infection, particularly disseminated M. avium disease. (who.int)
  • The role played by efflux pumps in macrolide resistance in Mycobacterium avium complex. (unl.pt)