• Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae (non-betalactamase- producing strains only), or M. catarrhalis. (globalrph.com)
  • Some strains of M catarrhalis have pili or fimbriae, which may facilitate adherence to the respiratory epithelium. (medscape.com)
  • Also, a large number of M. catarrhalis strains make an enzyme called P-lactamase. (microbiologynote.com)
  • It turned out that standardized fruit extract at a 10% concentration in liquid culture inhibits the growth of streptococci (including Streptococcus pyogenes) responsible for upper respiratory tract infections and strains of Moraxella catharalis [39]. (researchgate.net)
  • Moraxella osloensis is an aerobic, gram-negative, lactose-nonfermenting coccobacillus. (cdc.gov)
  • Moraxella catarrhalis is a gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive diplococcus that was first described in 1896. (medscape.com)
  • Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram-negative diplococcus, which means it's a spherical-shaped bacteria that usually hangs out in pairs of two. (osmosis.org)
  • Moraxella catarrhalis is a type of gram-negative, diplococcus, aerobic bacteria, which is commonly found in human respiratory tract. (osmosis.org)
  • Moraxella catarrhalis is a large, kidney-shaped, Gram-negative diplococcus . (allaboutheaven.org)
  • M. catarrhalis is a gram-negative, gamma-proteobacterium and an opportunistic human pathogen associated with otitis media (OM) and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (biomedcentral.com)
  • A 200 kDa protein was found to be associated with haemagglutinating isolates of M. catarrhalis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In one study, 9% of cultures positive for M catarrhalis in children younger than 5 years and 33% of isolates from children aged 6-10 years were found to be clinically significant. (medscape.com)
  • Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among 723 outpatient clinical isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis in the United States in 1994 and 1995: results of a 30-center national surveillance study. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Seven hundred twenty-three isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis obtained from outpatients with a variety of infections in 30 medical centers in the United States between 1 November 1994 and 30 April 1995 were characterized in a central laboratory. (ox.ac.uk)
  • With direct and indirect costs for treating these conditions annually exceeding $33 billion in the United States alone, and nearly ubiquitous resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among M. catarrhalis clinical isolates, a greater understanding of this pathogen's genome and its variability among isolates is needed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genomic sequences of ten geographically and phenotypically diverse clinical isolates of M. catarrhalis were determined and analyzed together with two publicly available genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Studies have shown that M catarrhalis colonizes the upper respiratory tract in 28-100% of humans in the first year of life. (medscape.com)
  • The only species of Branhamella (Branhamella catarrhalis) is reclassified to Moraxella catarrhalis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The endotoxin of M catarrhalis, a lipopolysaccharide similar to those found in Neisseria species, may play a role in the disease process. (medscape.com)
  • Later it was moved to another genus, called Branhamella, and finally it was moved again to genus Moraxella, species Moraxella catarrhalis . (osmosis.org)
  • These findings are in stark contrast with the reported heterogeneity of the species as a whole, as wells as to other bacterial pathogens mediating OM and COPD, providing important insight into M. catarrhalis pathogenesis that will aid in the development of novel therapeutic regimens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consequently, any effort at controlling M. catarrhalis , whether via vaccine or chemotherapeutic intervention, must be rooted in a firm understanding of the core and distributed elements of this species genomic composition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When it was first discovered it was named Micrococcus catarrhalis, then its name was changed into Neisseria catarrhalis. (osmosis.org)
  • In this publication, we characterize a novel outer membrane protein of Moraxella catarrhalis which exists in two variant forms associated with particular genetic lineages, and both forms are suggested to contribute to bacterial clearance from the lungs. (eur.nl)
  • Furthemore, M. catarrhalis is the second most common bacterial cause of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) after H. influenzae [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Now, Moraxella catarrhalis is an opportunistic pathogen, which means that it doesn't usually cause disease, but it may take advantage of an opportunity like a weakened immune system to cause an infection. (osmosis.org)
  • M. catarrhalis is an opportunistic pulmonary invader, and causes harm especially in patients who have compromised immune systems or any underlying chronic disease. (allaboutheaven.org)
  • Although the commensal status of M catarrhalis in the nasopharynx is still accepted, the organism is a common cause of otitis media and sinusitis and an occasional cause of laryngitis. (medscape.com)
  • currently, it is considered to belong to the subgenus Branhamella of the genus Moraxella . (medscape.com)
  • M. catarrhalis was previously placed in a separate genus named Branhamella , as such you may find that the name Branhamella catarrhalis i s used as well, especially in older papers. (allaboutheaven.org)
  • Moraxella is named after Victor Morax, a Swiss ophthalmologist who first described this genus of bacteria. (allaboutheaven.org)
  • RePub, Erasmus University Repository: Identification and characterization of a novel outer membrane protein (OMPJ) of Moraxella catarrhalis that exists in two major forms. (eur.nl)
  • Unlike M. catarrhalis , M. osloensis is rarely pathogenic in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • For most of the 20th century, M catarrhalis was considered a saprophyte of the upper respiratory tract that was associated with no significant pathogenic consequences. (medscape.com)
  • Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis is now known to be a major pathogen that causes otitis media, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Moraxella catarrhalis is a common commensal of the human respiratory tract that has been associated with a number of disease states, including acute otitis media in children and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. (eur.nl)
  • Moraxella catarrhalis is also non-motile, non-spore forming, aerobic, which means it needs oxygen to survive, and oxidase positive, which means it produces an enzyme called oxidase. (osmosis.org)
  • This protein, which appears to be a surface expressed protein may be a haemagglutinin of M. catarrhalis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Bacteremia infections caused by M. catarrhalis have a 21% mortality rate among patients. (allaboutheaven.org)
  • Any of a number of antimicrobial drugs may be used to treat M catarrhalis infection, depending on the need for use of oral or parenteral medication, the age of the patient, any underlying conditions present, the sensitivity of the organism, and the desired spectrum of coverage. (medscape.com)
  • M. catarrhalis infection can range in severity from a slight fever to lethal sepsis and an associated respiratory tract infection is usually also identified. (allaboutheaven.org)
  • M catarrhalis causes bronchitis and pneumonia in children and adults with underlying chronic lung disease and is occasionally a cause of bacteremia and meningitis , especially in immunocompromised persons. (medscape.com)
  • M. catarrhalis is a significant cause of sinusitis in children, both acute sinusitis, and maxillary sinusitis. (allaboutheaven.org)
  • The butyrate test can be used to confirm that Moraxella catarrhalis is present when it is combined with the way the organism looks on blood agar plates, a typical Gram stain, and a positive oxidase test. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Humoral responses against M catarrhalis appear to be age-dependent, with the titer of immunoglobulin G (IgG) gradually increasing in children. (medscape.com)
  • Incidence of M. catarrhalis infection is high in children and in the elderly. (allaboutheaven.org)
  • M. catarrhalis gene content and chromosomal organization data, although supportive of the DGH, show modest overall genic diversity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, all cultures positive for M catarrhalis had clinical importance in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Finally, Moraxella catarrhalis colonies are positive for the hockey puck test, which means a loop is used to push the colonies across the plate. (osmosis.org)
  • Moraxella colonies are sturdy, and can be slid across the plate without breaking, which means a positive hockey puck test. (osmosis.org)
  • This is a quick way to find out if Moraxella catarrhalis has the enzyme butyrate esterase. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Since Berger's early research, tributyrin (glycerol tributyrate) hydrolysis has been used as a key test to tell M. catarrhalis apart and find it. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Moraxella catarrhalis adheres to human erythrocytes by means of a proteinaceous, trypsin sensitive, heat modifiable haemagglutinin. (elsevierpure.com)
  • While cases of nongonococcal, nonchlamydial, neonatal ophthalmia have been reported in which the causative agent was M. catarrhalis ( 7 , 8 ), to our knowledge, this case is the first report of neonatal ophthalmia due to M. osloensis . (cdc.gov)