• Nrf2-regulated phase-II detoxification enzymes and phase-III transporters are induced by thyroid hormone in rat liver. (harvard.edu)
  • Detoxication Factors provides comprehensive phase I and phase II support for detoxification processes. (vitaminlife.com)
  • These phases seen in the liver are essential in a thorough detoxification regiment. (vitaminlife.com)
  • Most important part of the process of detoxification concerns transforming fat-soluble ( lipophilic ) toxins to water-soluble ( hydrophilic ) through so called Phase I and Phase II, so that they can be excreted trough the urine and bile. (healthknot.com)
  • With all the hoopla, most toxins are only chemically modified, so that they can be picked up and disposed of in Phase II detoxification. (healthknot.com)
  • What we do know is that a combination of factors can lead to these systems being damaged including genetic defects in metabolic and detoxification pathways, external stressors from things like infections, toxins, heavy metals, and mental or emotional trauma. (higherhealthcentre.com)
  • The metabolism of xenobiotics is often divided into three phases: modification, conjugation and excretion. (bionity.com)
  • Aldehydes and epoxides are then acidified through Phase II conjugations, with glutathione conjugation handling particularly high number of toxin metabolites (some aldehydes can also be directly acidified, w/o conjugation). (healthknot.com)
  • Xenobiotic metabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that chemically modify xenobiotics , which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as drugs and poisons. (bionity.com)
  • Here, both research concerning the dissection of fruit quality related metabolic changes, the transcriptional and post-translational regulation of these metabolic pathways are reviewed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As the most important traits for fresh market and processing, the appearance and internal quality of fruit are formed by dramatic changes in the activities of a series of metabolic pathways during the ripening process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we focus on the recently obtained knowledge considering structural genes as well as transcriptional and post-translational regulators involved in the metabolic pathways underlying both appearance and internal quality such as those involved in chlorophyll, carotenoid, cell wall, central and secondary metabolism (Table 1 , Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Polymorphisms in phase I and phase II metabolism genes and risk of chronic benzene poisoning in a Chinese occupational population. (harvard.edu)
  • CEE significantly decreased CYP1A2 (caffeine metabolic ratio: 0.57 +/- 0.20 before, 0.40 +/- 0.20 after, P = .001) and significantly increased CYP2D6 (dextromethorphan/dextrorphan ratio: 0.0116 +/- 0.0143 before, 0.0084 +/- 0.0135 after, P = .022) metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • We investigated phase I and II metabolism of diclofenac upon repeated dose exposure and analyzed effects on the cellular exometabolome. (uni.lu)
  • Xenobiotic metabolism is commonly divided into three phases. (bionity.com)
  • In addition, the cells can also utilize enhanced polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) accumulation and glyoxalase detoxication pathway as means against ethanol stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The main purpose of the studies was to identify the active (mutagen) metabolite and /or metabolic pathway. (europa.eu)
  • PBPK model has a multicompartment description of the respiratory tract and incorporates species-specific quantitative information on respiratory-tract physiology, cellular composi- tion, and metabolic capacity. (cdc.gov)
  • Liver damage constitutes an important part of the pathology of exogenic poisons since the liver is the prime organ in metabolizing toxic agents and acts with the kidneys in detoxication processes. (cloudaccess.net)
  • nutrients are converted to their useable forms, what is redundant gets separated for elimination, and toxins - both, those originated externally, and those created during the metabolic process - have to be either neutralized, or safely eliminated. (healthknot.com)
  • Hepatic cytochrome P450s, phase II enzymes and nuclear receptors are downregulated in a Th2 environment during Schistosoma mansoni infection. (harvard.edu)
  • Alterations in hepatic mRNA expression of phase II enzymes and xenobiotic transporters after targeted disruption of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha. (harvard.edu)
  • In phase I, enzymes such as cytochrome P450 oxidases introduce reactive or polar groups into xenobiotics. (bionity.com)
  • In phase I a variety of enzymes act to introduce reactive and polar groups into their substrates. (bionity.com)
  • To test this hypothesis, we used real-time quantitative RT-PCR to quantify the mRNA expression of a large panel of genes coding for the major xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (12 phase I enzymes, 12 phase II enzymes and three members of the ABC transporter family) in a small series of normal breast (and liver) tissues, and in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-negative and ERα-positive breast tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Liver carcinogenesis is a multistep, long process associated with multiple risk factors, e.g. viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, metabolic disorders, and obesity [ 2 ]. (aging-us.com)
  • en] In vitro repeated dose testing for the assessment of chronic drug-induced effects is a huge challenge in preclinical pharmaceutical drug development. (uni.lu)
  • In this Communication, we discuss the relationship among structure, in vitro and in vivo activity, metabolic stability, and ultimately the potential of these compounds as therapeutic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. (bvsalud.org)
  • The potential of new extracorporeal molecular technologies allows their successful use in severe cardiac and respiratory failure, acute kidney injury and hepatic dysfunction and in complex therapy for severe infections and sepsis and extreme metabolic violations. (oaepublish.com)
  • Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • Arteriosclerosis, muscular dystrophy, for revitalization in cellular phases. (urenus.com)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
  • Four optimized compounds each representing a subseries showed improvement in their metabolic stability and pharmacokinetic profiles compared to those of the original lead compound 1 while maintaining pharmacodynamic efficacy. (bvsalud.org)
  • In a sense these reactions detoxify phase I reaction products. (harvard.edu)
  • These modified compounds are then conjugated to polar compounds in phase II reactions. (bionity.com)
  • A considerable amount of research has reported that fruit quality is affected by metabolic shifts which are under the coordinated regulation of both structural genes and transcriptional regulators. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To overcome these detractions and develop an improved tier 1 screening system that reduces the cost and time required for new compound evaluation, 490 BioTech proposes to develop a panel of multiple continuously bioluminescent human cell lines that will permit the simultaneous monitoring of each line to ascertain both the individual effects of compound treatment as well as the downstream effects of a compound's biotransformed metabolic breakdown products in real-time. (inknowvation.com)
  • To build a foundation necessary to engineer robust ethanol-producing cyanobacterial hosts, in this study we applied a quantitative transcriptomics approach with a next-generation sequencing technology, combined with quantitative reverse-transcript PCR (RT-PCR) analysis, to reveal the global metabolic responses to ethanol in model cyanobacterial Synechocystis sp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More recently, a genome-scale metabolic network model of Synechocystis sp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our muscles cells are active, even in resting phases, with 2-3 % of the muscle fibres alternating each muscle. (elzland-hotel-pfauen.de)
  • Finally, in phase III, the conjugated xenobiotics may be further processed, before being recognised by efflux transporters and pumped out of cells. (bionity.com)
  • MESH.2013:D050216 Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I isDescribedBy PubMed:19219744 Acetaminophen bioactivation by human cytochrome P450 enzymes and animal microsomes. (nih.gov)
  • 7. Bioactivation versus detoxication of the urothelial carcinogen aristolochic acid I by human cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1A2. (nih.gov)
  • 15. Role of P450 1A1 and P450 1A2 in bioactivation versus detoxication of the renal carcinogen aristolochic acid I: studies in Cyp1a1-/-, Cyp1a2-/-, and Cyp1a1/1a2-/- mice. (nih.gov)
  • Focuses on moving toxins out of the body (Phase III detoxication) after processing through the liver (Phase I: Oxidation & Phase II: Conjugation. (islandwellnessgirl.com)
  • Supports both gastrointestinal health as well as liver metabolic detoxication. (islandwellnessgirl.com)
  • Acetaminophen (APAP) is metabolized in the liver in both Phase I and Phase II reactions. (nih.gov)
  • We focus on a computational model to characterize whole body uptake and clearance, liver transport and phase I and phase II metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • Your liver is the primary organ involved in detoxication, but other organs also play an essential role in the process, including your GI tract, kidney, lungs, skin, and lymphatic system. (pure-encapsulations.co.uk)
  • Fatty liver and metabolic syndrome]. (nih.gov)
  • Using the reconstituted enzymatic system, we demonstrated that the detoxication ellipticine metabolites, 7-hydroxyellipticine and 9-hydroxyellipticine, are mainly generated by CYP1A1 and 1A2, while those responsible for DNA binding, 13-hydroxy-, 12-hydroxyellipticine and ellipticine N(2)-oxide, by CYP3A1 and 2C3. (nel.edu)
  • 8. LC-ESI-MS/MS identification and characterization of ponatinib in vivo phase I and phase II metabolites. (nih.gov)
  • Oral benzo[a]pyrene: understanding pharmacokinetics, detoxication, and consequences--Cyp1 knockout mouse lines as a paradigm. (nih.gov)
  • Excess induction of phase I over phase II detoxification leads to higher levels of FREE RADICALS that can induce CANCER and other cell damage. (bvsalud.org)
  • When you break down the individual phases of detoxification, it helps to understand how important the balance between them truly is. (pure-encapsulations.co.uk)
  • 4 Sulforaphane promotes healthy detoxification balance through its actions on phase one and two detoxification pathways. (pure-encapsulations.co.uk)
  • It supports the expression of hundreds of genes involved in detoxification (especially phase two enzymes) and cellular antioxidant protection. (pure-encapsulations.co.uk)
  • Genetic association of phase I and phase II detoxification genes with recurrent miscarriages among North Indian women. (cdc.gov)
  • Metabolic conversion of APAP to NAPQI by oxidation via Cyp450's such 1A2 and 2E1. (nih.gov)
  • If the drug has an extremely low intrinsic clearance, hepatic blood flow will have minimal influence on its metabolic rate (the hepatocytes won't work any harder no matter how much drug you present to them). (derangedphysiology.com)
  • Phase I enzymes include CYTOCHROME P450 enzymes and some OXIDOREDUCTASES. (bvsalud.org)
  • Phase three transports the final water-soluble products out of the body via urine, stool, sweat, and breath. (pure-encapsulations.co.uk)
  • The best-recognized evidence presented in human and animal studies shows an association between contraction-induced changes in working muscles of metabolic products and central nervous system (CNS) function by stimulation of group III and IV muscle afferents [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (termedia.pl)
  • Hypothalamus suis (part of the diencephalon) Stimulation factor for the control of metabolic processes. (urenus.com)
  • Cyp1a1/1b1(-/-) and Cyp1a1/1a2/1b1(-/-) mice are rescued from immunosuppression and early death due to absent metabolic activation of BaP by CYP1B1 in immune cells. (nih.gov)
  • The effect of benzo[a]pyrene on metabolic activation of anticancer drug ellipticine in mice. (nel.edu)
  • Stiborova M, Cerna V, Moserova M, Arlt V, Frei E. The effect of benzo[a]pyrene on metabolic activation of anticancer drug ellipticine in mice. (nel.edu)
  • 5 ] have reported the early phase transcriptional program of bovine monocyte-derived MΦ infected with Staphylococcus aureus and show that S. aureus induces both, alternative and classical MΦ activation pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In a sense these reactions detoxify phase I reaction products. (nih.gov)
  • Phase II reactions convert APAP to APAP-glucuronide and APAP-sulfate. (nih.gov)
  • Movement out of the body in phase three is equally important as without excretion, you can't get rid of the byproducts. (pure-encapsulations.co.uk)
  • agranulocytosis and leucaemia, induratio penis plastica, sclerodermitis, chronic gout and primary chronic polyarthritis, early stage of neoplastic phases. (urenus.com)
  • Induction or antagonism of phase I detoxication is the basis of a number of DRUG INTERACTIONS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Studies tell us that sulforaphane plays a role in inhibiting the overproduction of intermediates in phase one while turning up the transformation process in phase two. (pure-encapsulations.co.uk)
  • You can't simply focus on phase one without balancing phase two or vice versa, as imbalances can lead to health concerns, including oxidative stress, gut health disruptions, hormone imbalances, and more. (pure-encapsulations.co.uk)
  • 6 This is especially important as research suggests an overaccumulation of toxic byproducts of phase one without an equally balanced phase two activity can seriously impact your health. (pure-encapsulations.co.uk)
  • For instance, the level of a metabolic component in our blood might be lower than expected compared to the normal references. (dengetip.com)
  • CONCLUSION: A combination of in vitro biochemical assays and in vivo differential synergism studies using PBO and a close analogue EN 16/5-1 suggests that the mechanism conferring increased resistance in this clone is primarily due to enhanced oxidase activity. (rothamsted.ac.uk)