Marine toxins. Medical search. Frequent questions

The algal poisons can accumulate in marine organisms that feed by filtering large volumes of water, for example, shellfish such as clams, oysters, and mussels. (jrank.org)
The paper , published in Harmful Algae , sheds new light on threats from toxic algal blooms and is a first step toward understanding how a changing climate may challenge marine wildlife and human health in the Alaskan Arctic. (noaa.gov)
In this region, paralytic shellfish toxins (also called saxitoxins) are produced by the marine algal species Alexandrium catenella . (noaa.gov)
The authors of both studies conclude that risks to ecosystem and wildlife health from algal toxins in northern and western Alaskan Arctic waters may be escalating with climate-change driven reductions in sea ice and continued atmospheric and ocean warming. (noaa.gov)
Algal toxins, including cyanotoxins and marine biotoxins, can cause illness and death in humans and animals. (goldstandarddiagnostics.com)
Gold Standard Diagnostics offers ABRAXIS® ELISA plate and lateral flow test strip kits for the detection and quantification of fresh and marine water algal toxins to support rapid and informed decision-making about the potential public health threat of cyanotoxins and marine biotoxins. (goldstandarddiagnostics.com)
Our ELISA plate kits allow algal toxin testing to be performed in-house, providing accurate, quantitative results within a few hours. (goldstandarddiagnostics.com)
We offer a wide range of algal toxin standards and QC materials to ensure accurate results. (goldstandarddiagnostics.com)
Regardless of your analytical method, our algal toxin standards and QC materials can help to ensure the accuracy of your results. (goldstandarddiagnostics.com)
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The mission of the Ecotoxicology Research Program is to investigate the source, fate and effects of toxic substances in the environment, including natural biotoxins ( harmful algal toxins ) and chemical pollutants (pesticides, petroleum, industrial contaminants, pharmaceuticals). (mote.org)
People and animals can be exposed to marine algal toxins through food, inhalation, and skin contact. (cdc.gov)
Two types of microalgae, dinoflagellates and diatoms , cause most harmful algal blooms in marine waters. (cdc.gov)
Dinoflagellates and diatoms are most often found in salt water (such as oceans or bays) or brackish water (such as estuaries) and can produce algal toxins. (cdc.gov)
Shellfish can become contaminated with algal toxins when they filter and concentrate water that contains toxins. (cdc.gov)
Marine harmful algal bloom (HAB) toxins can cause a variety of illnesses in humans through shellfish ingestion. (medscape.com)
[email protected] biochemistry and environmental chemistry, plant and algal biochemistry, chemical ecology and toxins produced by algae. (esf.edu)
Algal blooms thrive in warming seas, but generate toxins that damage fisheries, likely contributing to declines in blue crabs. (carolinapublicpress.org)

They can also be classified by their source, such as fungal biotoxins, microbial toxins, plant biotoxins, or animal biotoxins. (wikipedia.org)
Marine biotoxins such as diarrheic, paralytic and amnesic shellfish poisoning (DSP, PSP, ASP) canlead to severe illness and death. (foodnavigator.com)
Port Townsend - Shellfish samples from Port Townsend Bay and Kilisut Harbor have been found to contain elevated levels of marine biotoxins that cause Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP). (jeffersoncountypublichealth.org)
Marine biotoxins are not destroyed by cooking or freezing. (jeffersoncountypublichealth.org)
How do marine biotoxins interfere with health? (bund.de)
If mussels contain high levels of marine biotoxins, their consumption can lead to food poisoning. (bund.de)
One of these marine biotoxins is okadaic acid. (bund.de)
Marine biotoxins are metabolites from algae. (bund.de)
Since algae are the main source of food for water filtering mussels, this means that marine biotoxins such as okadaic acid too are ingested and accumulate in the flesh of the mussels. (bund.de)
Using human liver cells, the metabolism of this marine biotoxins are additionally investigated, i.e. the formation of metabolites of higher or lower toxicity. (bund.de)

They vary greatly in their toxicity, ranging from usually minor (such as a bee sting) to potentially fatal even at extremely low doses (such as botulinum toxin). (wikipedia.org)
Note that the specimens for toxin analysis should be refrigerated, but culture samples of C botulinum should not be refrigerated. (medscape.com)
On March 22, 2013, the FDA approved the first botulism antitoxin that can neutralize all 7 known botulinum nerve toxin serotypes. (medscape.com)
A mouse neutralization bioassay confirms botulism by isolating the botulinum toxin. (medscape.com)

Less strict understandings embrace naturally occurring inorganic toxins, such as arsenic. (wikipedia.org)
Less strict understandings embrace naturally occurring non-organic toxins, such as arsenic . (wikipedia.org)

A few other types of marine algae also produce toxic chemicals. (jrank.org)
The bloom of cyanobacteria in the lake contains toxin-producing species of algae. (jeffersoncountypublichealth.org)
These shellfish are filter feeders and, therefore, accumulate toxins produced by microscopic algae in the form of dinoflagellates and diatoms. (medscape.com)
HABs, especially in the state's fresh water, are overgrowths of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that cause water quality problems in lakes and ponds, including the occasional production of potent toxins. (noaa.gov)
People can become ill from eating shellfish contaminated with the naturally occurring marine algae containing toxins harmful to humans. (jeffersoncountypublichealth.org)
In most cases the algae that contain the toxins cannot be seen, and must be detected using laboratory testing. (jeffersoncountypublichealth.org)

The diagnosis of ciguatera poisoning is based on the characteristic signs and symptoms and a history of eating fish species known to carry ciguatera toxin. (cdc.gov)
Saxitoxin is a natural but potent neurotoxin that is synthesized by certain species of marine dinoflagellates. (jrank.org)
However, it should be noted that not all species of bacteria and fungi produce toxins. (fsai.ie)
The toxin is made by dinoflagellates of the Gonyaulax species (red tide). (medscape.com)
This toxin is made by dinoflagellates of the species Dinophysis and Prorocentrum . (medscape.com)
The toxins from the red tide have already caused a negative impact on sea life, killing fish and sending other aquatic species into hiding. (focusingonwildlife.com)
Traumatogenic accidents may occur from fish bites such as piranhas or from the electric shock discharge of some species (eg Electrophorus electricus and some marine stingrays) 1 . (bvsalud.org)
All create wounds are at risk of infection with marine organisms, most notably Vibrio species, Aeromonas species, and Mycobacterium marinum . (msdmanuals.com)

Microbial toxins are chemical substances which are produced by microorganisms. (fsai.ie)

Chemical contaminants in food include natural toxicants, such as mycotoxins and marine toxins, environmental contaminants, such as mercury and lead, and naturally occurring substances in plants. (who.int)
Specific concern about food hazards have usually been focused on microbiological hazards, pesticide residues, misuse of food additives and chemical contaminants, including biological toxins. (who.int)

Toxins produced by microorganisms are important virulence determinants responsible for microbial pathogenicity and/or evasion of the host immune response. (wikipedia.org)
Microorganisms may produce toxins that facilitate infection. (medscape.com)

The paper reports paralytic shellfish toxins were present in all sampled layers of Arctic food webs tested, including phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic clams, benthic worms, and pelagic fish, as well as walruses and bowhead whales harvested for subsistence purposes in the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort seas. (noaa.gov)

There are five common types of marine toxins, and they all cause different symptoms. (peacehealth.org)
If the mice develop diagnostic symptoms of poisoning, this is an indication of contamination of the shellfish by a marine toxin. (jrank.org)
We are currently testing treatment strategies that can be implemented to reduce the number of sea turtle deaths from PbTx-3 exposure, including those aimed at reducing neurological symptoms and increasing toxin clearance rates. (vin.com)
Onset of symptoms may be within 15 minutes or as late as 24 hours (rarely) after ingestion of the toxin. (medscape.com)
Ingestion of raw or cooked mollusks that contain the toxin in sufficient quantities ensures the development of symptoms. (medscape.com)
Depending on the toxin, the symptoms can vary. (bund.de)
The toxin enters the food chain via fish, which are then consumed by humans, in whom the toxin causes symptoms. (medscape.com)

Ciguatera fish poisoning occurs after eating reef fish contaminated with toxins like ciguatoxin or maitotoxin. (cdc.gov)
No test for ciguatera toxins in human clinical specimens is readily available. (cdc.gov)
2012. ( http://www.ciguatera-online.com/index.php/en/nos-services/l-intoxication , 21 Dec 2015). (who.int)
Ciguatera toxins are produced by the marine dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. (medscape.com)
Ciguatera toxin is a polyether ladder that binds to and opens voltage-dependent sodium channels. (medscape.com)
Ciguatera toxin is secreted into breast milk and freely crosses the placenta. (medscape.com)

These potent toxins originate from Gambierdiscus toxicus , a small marine organism (dinoflagellate) that grows on and around coral reefs. (cdc.gov)
Three additional marine toxins, spirolides A (1), C (3), and 13-desmethyl-C (7), were isolated from contaminated scallops and phytoplankton collections obtained from a Nova Scotian aquaculture site, as well as from batch cultures of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii obtained as a single-cell isolate from these phytoplankton assemblages. (canada.ca)
The dinoflagellate Karenia brevis is one organism responsible for blooms that severely impact marine life including dolphins, manatees, and sea turtles. (vin.com)
Schimizu, I. (1978) Dinoflagellate toxins. (zotero.org)

The findings spotlight the role of environmental toxins in hormone-related cancers, suggesting new avenues for cancer prevention and mitigation strategies. (news-medical.net)

Toxin levels are categorized in relation to the commercial seafood safety regulatory limit (80 μg saxitoxin equivalents per 100 grams). (noaa.gov)

Maine's Department of Marine Resources posted the so-called harvest recalls Friday after tests showed domoic acid at levels considered to be dangerous to humans. (foodsafetynews.com)

It is hoped that an understanding of the molecular connections of detoxification and activation of additional toxic properties will contribute to the identification of unknown toxicity mechanisms of okadaic acid which play a relevant role for the reaction of the body following the consumption of larger doses of this marine biotoxin. (bund.de)

Marine toxins can also affect local ecosystems by poisoning animals. (jrank.org)
This study reveals elevated toxin exposure risks to marine wildlife that may have detrimental effects on the health of important marine resources within Arctic ecosystems. (noaa.gov)
Extreme heat is weakening entire marine ecosystems in Florida. (grist.org)

Marine animals can also be poisoned by toxic chemicals synthesized during blooms. (jrank.org)

Marine HABs have occurred in the Gulf of Mexico and along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States. (medscape.com)
This free event on Tuesday, June 9, 2020 includes a strong presence by scientists affiliated with the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON), including the USF College of Marine Science, Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ocean Observing System (GCOOS), Southeast Coastal Ocean Observing Regional Association (SECOORA), and more. (usf.edu)
Just weeks before the fourth anniversary of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, marine researchers have published the first study of its kind, showing that the offspring of commercially important fish exposed to crude oil toxins in the Gulf of Mexico developed serious heart defects and cardiac function abnormalities. (miami.edu)

If these shellfish are collected while they are significantly contaminated by red-tide toxins, they can poison the human beings who eat them. (jrank.org)
Mote scientists are exposing clams to red tide and feeding the clams to whelks to investigate the transfer and persistence of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) caused by the red tide toxins. (mote.org)
Red tide and its resultant massive kills of various birds and marine animals have become an enormous concern in Europe, prompting numerous international congresses to address the problem. (medscape.com)

Marine toxins are chemicals and bacteria that can contaminate certain types of seafood. (peacehealth.org)
On a broader scale, toxins may be classified as either exotoxins , excreted by an organism, or endotoxins , which are released mainly when bacteria are lysed . (wikipedia.org)
This article discusses the squid light organ, squid-bacteria (Vibrio) symbiosis, and the requirement of a bacterial toxin for light organ development. (carleton.edu)

Walruses feed on clams and appear to consume higher toxin doses than bowhead whales that feed on zooplankton. (noaa.gov)
Estimated daily toxin doses to walruses during the warm summer of 2019 were in the range of doses known to have health impacts in other mammals. (noaa.gov)

Most states at risk for marine HABs have excellent monitoring programs in place to close harvesting when toxins are present in shellfish. (medscape.com)
MacNeill knew there was an opportunity for Sea Grant to educate on the topic when he began noticing more and more reports of dogs becoming ill from the toxins produced by HABs in the Lake Ontario area. (noaa.gov)
Because HABs are increasing in many areas, the number of dog poisonings from cyanobacterial toxins is also on the rise. (noaa.gov)

This has resulted in a patchwork quilt of bioassays and chemical methods being used to monitor for toxins in plankton and in seafood. (canada.ca)
The technique of LC-MS, a combination of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, has proven to be a powerful tool for the detection and quantitation of toxins in plankton and shellfish at part-per-billion levels, the identification of new toxins, and the investigation of toxin metabolism in shellfish. (canada.ca)

The toxins responsible for most shellfish poisonings are water-soluble, are heat and acid-stable, and are not inactivated by ordinary cooking methods. (medscape.com)

Copepodamide concentrations in freshwater copepods are similar to those of marine copepods, around 0.1 ppt of dry mass in millimetre sized individuals. (lu.se)
Marine copepods commonly contain both subgroups of copepodamides, the copepodamides (CA) and the dihydro-copepodamides (dhCA), whereas freshwater copepods are dominated by the dhCAs. (lu.se)
Stingrays, in particular, also known as rays, are cartilaginous fish ( Chondrichthyes ) and are found in freshwater (rivers, lakes) as well as marine environments 4 . (bvsalud.org)

Remember that cooking does not destroy the toxins in spoiled or toxic seafood. (peacehealth.org)
Cooking does not destroy the toxins in seafood, so buy your seafood from a good source. (peacehealth.org)
Clams had higher toxin concentrations than other layers of the food web and some clams collected in all three regions contained toxin concentrations above commercial seafood safety regulatory limits. (noaa.gov)
Poisoning by viral and bacterial contamination of seafood, as well as marine envenomations, are not covered here. (medscape.com)

The toxins produced by G. toxicus are then modified and concentrated as they pass up the marine food chain to carnivorous fish and finally to humans. (cdc.gov)
These toxins block nerve function, causing illness and (in very high amounts) death in humans and wildlife. (noaa.gov)
The toxin is heat stable and thus may affect humans even if fish are properly prepared. (medscape.com)

A toxin is a naturally occurring organic[dubious - discuss] poison produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms. (wikipedia.org)
Toxin, toxicant, and poison are often used interchangeably despite these subtle differences in definition. (wikipedia.org)
These toxins can poison people, household pets, waterfowl and livestock. (noaa.gov)

Toxins are a subset of toxicants. (wikipedia.org)

Port Townsend, WA - Elevated levels of the potent nerve toxin anatoxin-a were detected in a water sample taken from Anderson Lake on Monday, April 17th. (jeffersoncountypublichealth.org)
It is also the only available drug for treating infant botulism that is not caused by nerve toxin type A or B. (medscape.com)

Two major groups of marine phytoplankton, diatoms and dinoflagellates, produce HAB toxins. (medscape.com)
Seckbach, J] -- PART 6: MARINE ENVIRONMENTS -- The Diversity of Epizoic Diatoms: Relationships Between Diatoms and Marine Invertebrates. (epa.gov)

These are the types of marine toxic poisoning. (peacehealth.org)
Military families impacted by toxic water at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina , in the 1950s to 1980s now have a two-year opening to file a lawsuit against the Marine Corps, thanks to a new law. (militarytimes.com)
They can occur when the marine biotoxin overcomes the intestinal barrier, enters the blood stream, and additional toxic metabolites are then formed in the liver. (bund.de)

Other understandings embrace synthetic analogs of naturally occurring organic poisons as toxins, and may or may not embrace naturally occurring inorganic poisons. (wikipedia.org)

Toxins (Basel). (nih.gov)

The standard for laboratory diagnosis is a mouse neutralization bioassay confirming botulism by isolation of the toxin. (medscape.com)

Poisoning from ingesting marine toxins is an underrecognized hazard for travelers, particularly in the tropics and subtropics. (cdc.gov)
Food poisoning through marine toxins is rare. (peacehealth.org)
Marine toxin poisoning occurs most often in the summer. (peacehealth.org)
There are no specific treatments for marine toxin poisoning. (peacehealth.org)
Because of the risks of poisoning associated with eating marine shellfish, many countries routinely monitor the toxicity of these foods using various sorts of assays. (jrank.org)
Dozens of marine animals in California are being found on beaches with signs of poisoning. (focusingonwildlife.com)
Adequate knowledge of the toxin and proper food storage is essential to avoid contamination and further health and economic implication of citrinin poisoning. (researchgate.net)
http://www.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/the-pre-travel-consultation/food-poisoning-from-marine-toxins , accessed 6 Dec 2015). (who.int)
Fish Poisoning and Shellfish Poisoning Fish poisoning and shellfish poisoning involve one of several toxins that can cause gastrointestinal, neurologic, or histamine-mediated manifestations. (msdmanuals.com)

Toxins are often distinguished from other chemical agents strictly based on their biological origin. (wikipedia.org)
Marine Natural Products, Chemical and Biological Perspectives. (zotero.org)
Marine copepods, the most abundant animals in the global ocean, imprint their surrounding waters with chemical cues, called copepodamides. (lu.se)

White = BDL (below detection limit/not detected), yellow = low toxin levels, orange = moderate toxin levels. (noaa.gov)
Professor Chris Elliott's group at IGFS is currently using sciFLEXARRAYER technology to produce arrays in cartridges for the multiplexed detection of marine toxins utilizing the MBio portable SnapEsi® assay platform. (scienion.com)
For ASP, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used with UV-detection for ASPmonitoring and, although accurate, is costly, requires high maintenance and skilled operators, according to Scotland's FRS Marine Laboratory. (foodnavigator.com)

Farmed fish may be fed with other fish that are contaminated with high levels of mercury or toxins. (mamavation.com)

The clams sampled in 2019 contained higher toxin concentrations than the zooplankton. (noaa.gov)
Toxin concentrations in fecal samples from Pacific walruses and bowhead whales harvested for subsistence purposes during 2019. (noaa.gov)
Toxin concentrations in benthic clams and worms collected in the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, and western Alaskan Beaufort Sea. (noaa.gov)
concentrations were higher in orally exposed animals than in those receiving the toxin intratracheally. (vin.com)

Synthesis and biology of cyclic imine toxins, an emerging class of potent, globally distributed marine toxins. (nih.gov)

However, the mouse bioassay is increasingly being replaced by more accurate methods of determining the presence and concentration of marine toxins using analytical biochemistry . (jrank.org)

This study was supported in part by the NCCOS ECOHAB project Trophic Transfer and Effects of HAB Toxins in Alaskan Marine Food Webs , led by scientists at NOAA's Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC) and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). (noaa.gov)
A research paper published in the journal Science of the Total Environment explores how increasing levels of residual toxins in aquatic animals in the Pacific Ocean pose serious risks to food safety, human health, and food security. (news-medical.net)
It turns out the toxins can last for weeks in a system and end up in the food web," Pearl said. (carolinapublicpress.org)
Primarily aquatic, they are the base food for nearly all marine life on Earth. (core77.com)
Plastic can leach toxins into food and drinks. (chilternsaonb.org)
D'alelio, D. et al] -- Managing the Interactions Between Plants and Animals in Marine Multi-Trophic Aquaculture: Integrated Shrimp and Valuable Low Food Chain Organisms with Seaweeds. (epa.gov)

Marine toxins present a significant challenge to the analytical chemist due to their wide variety of structures, ranging from very polar to lipophilic and from low to high molecular weights. (canada.ca)
LC-MS is in fact the only analytical method that has been shown to be suitable for the analysis of all toxins. (canada.ca)

Toxins from toads have long been known to contain rich chemicals with great pharmaceutical potential. (mdpi.com)

Aquatic ecologist Hans Paerl , the Kenan Professor of Marine and Environmental Sciences at the UNC Institute of Marine Sciences, shares Phillips' concern about the quality of water in the Albemarle Sound. (carolinapublicpress.org)

Smith, C. M.] -- The Xanthium Genus: Cocklebur Toxins Against Hostile Surroundings and Its Pharmacological Properties. (epa.gov)

citation needed] Organisms that possess necrotoxins include: The brown recluse or "fiddle back" spider Most rattlesnakes and vipers produce phospholipase and various trypsin-like serine proteases Puff adder Necrotizing fasciitis (caused by the "flesh eating" bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes) - produces a pore forming toxin Neurotoxins primarily affect the nervous systems of animals. (wikipedia.org)

The group neurotoxins generally consists of ion channel toxins that disrupt ion channel conductance. (wikipedia.org)

Organisms3

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs8

Phenomena and Processes2

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena4

Information Science2

Health Care3

Geographicals3

Algal18

Biotoxins10

Botulinum4

Strict understandings embrace naturally2

Algae6

Species8

Microbial Toxins1

Contaminants2

Microorganisms2

Shellfish toxins1

Symptoms7

Ciguatera6

Dinoflagellate4

Environmental toxins1

Saxitoxin1

Domoic acid1

Okadaic acid1

Ecosystems3

Synthesized during1

Gulf of Mex3

Tide3

Bacteria3

Doses2

HABS3

Plankton2

Poisonings1

Freshwater3

Seafood4

Humans3

Poison3

Toxicants1

Nerve2

Diatoms2

Toxic3

Organic1

Basel1

Botulism1

Poisoning9

Chemical3

Detection3

Mercury1

Concentrations4

Synthesis1

Bioassay1

Food6

Analytical2

Chemicals1

Aquatic1

Genus1

Organisms1

Generally1