Linolenic acids. Medical search. Frequent questions

traditionally, such fatty acylates are reported as the fatty acids: α-Linolenic acid, an omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid γ-Linolenic acid, an omega-6 (n-6) fatty acid Linoleic acid, the similarly named essential fatty acid This set index article lists chemical compounds articles associated with the same name. (wikipedia.org)
Although the best source of ALA is seeds, most seeds and seed oils are much richer in an n −6 fatty acid, linoleic acid . (wikipedia.org)
Linoleic acid is the other essential fatty acid, but it, and the other n −6 fatty acids, compete with n −3s for positions in cell membranes and have very different effects on human health. (wikipedia.org)
GLA is an anti-inflammatory compound that is found in very small amounts in some leafy greens and nuts, while the pro-inflammatory fats linoleic acid and arachidonic acid are present in ample amounts in vegetable oils and chicken, and eggs and meat, respectively. (lifeextension.com)
The body can make small amounts of GLA from linoleic acid. (lifeextension.com)
What is the formula of linoleic acid? (thegatheringbaltimore.com)
The solubility of linoleic acid in these solvents is approximately 100 mg/ml. (thegatheringbaltimore.com)
What does alpha linoleic acid do? (thegatheringbaltimore.com)
The Japan Society for Lipid Nutrition recommends to reduce the intake of linoleic acid. (nih.gov)
A higher proportional intake of fatty acids from polyunsaturated sources (linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acids), compared with saturated fats, is associated with lower risk for developing hypertension. (who.int)
Some patients require supplementation with medium-chain triglycerides and essential fatty acids (eg, linoleic acid, linolenic acid). (msdmanuals.com)
regression analyses revealed that the ratio of linoleic acid to alpha-linolenic acid was positively associated with receptive language development (â = 1.49, p = 0.03). (bvsalud.org)
Women with preterm infants showed breast milk long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids concentrations consistent with worldwide levels and a high ratio of linoleic acid to alpha-linolenic acid that might be beneficial for language development in the premature infant. (bvsalud.org)

Both linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids, which means that they possess two or more double bonds and lack several hydrogen atoms that are otherwise found in saturated fatty acids. (thegatheringbaltimore.com)

Alpha-linolenic acid is similar to the omega-3 fatty acids that are in fish oil, called eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). (mountsinai.org)
Classified as long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are regularly in the headlines because of their wide-ranging health benefits. (healwithfood.org)
The effect of algal density on cell growth and composition with special reference to the production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) was investigated in semi-continuous outdoor cultures of Monodus subterraneus and Spirulina platensis. (elsevierpure.com)
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is a form of omega-3 fat that our bodies convert into another omega-3 fat, called EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid). (aicr.org)

It is an isomer of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an 18:3 ( n −6) fatty acid (i.e., a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid with three double bonds). (wikipedia.org)
Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) refers to a fatty substance plant seed oils from borage oil and evening primrose oil and it is usually used for medicinal purposes. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) is an omega-6 fatty acid present in various plant seed oils, including borage oil, black currant seed oil, and evening primrose oil. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
Most health food stores get gamma linolenic acid oils in the form of capsules. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
Gamma linolenic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid, aids in the formation of substances that not only promote cell growth but also reduce inflammation . (consumerhealthdigest.com)
Again, the data for gamma linolenic acid uses in persons with rheumatoid arthritis is promising but limited, with a few studies yielding mixed results. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
The findings are promising but not enough to support the health benefits of gamma linolenic acid. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
Though more researches are needed, here are some other benefits of Gamma Linolenic acid. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
A flurry of studies supports a role for gamma-linolenic acid to further suppress chronic inflammatory reactions. (lifeextension.com)
This article describes published scientific findings as to how gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and healthier diets can suppress chronic inflammatory reactions that are a leading killer of aging Americans. (lifeextension.com)
Healthy fats such as gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and omega-3s work by several pathways to reduce the dangers of inflammation throughout the body. (lifeextension.com)
Of particular interest is the omega-6 fat GLA ( gamma-linolenic acid ), which has remarkable anti-inflammation mechanisms. (lifeextension.com)
Gamma linolenic acid is a fatty substance found in various plant seed oils such as borage oil and evening primrose oil. (nutrawiki.org)
Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) is used for conditions that affect the skin including systemic sclerosis, psoriasis, and eczema. (nutrawiki.org)
Gamma linolenic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid, which the body can convert to substances that reduce inflammation and cell growth. (nutrawiki.org)
Gamma linolenic acid is POSSIBLY SAFE for most adults when taken by mouth in amounts of no more than 2.8 grams per day for up to a year. (nutrawiki.org)
Gamma linolenic acid might slow blood clotting. (nutrawiki.org)
Since gamma linolenic acid might slow blood clotting, there is concern that it might increase the risk of extra bleeding during and after surgery. (nutrawiki.org)
Stop taking gamma linolenic acid at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery. (nutrawiki.org)
Taking gamma linolenic acid along with medications that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. (nutrawiki.org)
Taking gamma linolenic acid with phenothiazines might increase the risk of having a seizure in some people. (nutrawiki.org)
You can only take this dietary supplement containing gamma linolenic acid supplement if you are purchasing a look at the Institute of the ingredients. (unand.ac.id)
dietary supplement containing gamma linolenic acid medical trials weight loss ukoduline - L-Trankins, Vitamin S3 is a natural that helps in curbing hunger. (unand.ac.id)
The company's manufacturers report how dietary supplement containing gamma linolenic acid it is the best popular use of this product. (unand.ac.id)
This is a natural product that has been shown dietary supplement containing gamma linolenic acid to increase metabolism and reduce appetite. (unand.ac.id)
Because it comes from an dietary supplement containing gamma linolenic acid idea of its substance, the ingredients & aren't customer reviewed to dramatically follow a special diet pills. (unand.ac.id)
One of the best fat burner supplement is to receive one with a free of capsules per bottle, which is a free of natural dietary supplement containing gamma linolenic acid appetite suppressant. (unand.ac.id)
Genotype-Temperature interaction for Gamma-linolenic acid content in seeds of Oenothera lamarckiana L. (agri.gov.il)
The use of gamma linolenic acid in the prevention and treatment of diabetic neuropathy. (nih.gov)
Gamma-linolenic acid in diabetic neuropathy. (nih.gov)

An omega-6 fat called arachidonic acid forms necessary pro -inflammatory substances like prostaglandin E2. (lifeextension.com)
The ratios of DGLA to arachidonic acid and DGLA to stearic acid increased significantly in these cells. (utmb.edu)
The antiinflammatory effects of GLA administration observed in animal models, and the apparent clinical improvement experienced by 6 of 7 rheumatoid arthritis patients given borage seed oil in this open, uncontrolled study may be due in part to reduced generation of arachidonic acid oxygenation products. (utmb.edu)
By 1964, after recognition of this basic structure, Bergstrom and colleagues successfully synthesized series 2 prostaglandins from arachidonic acid using sheep seminal fluid. (medscape.com)
Further investigations by Smith concluded that aspirin and indomethacin inhibited synthesis by specifically blocking oxygenation of arachidonic acid. (medscape.com)
Their distinct biosynthetic activity includes an endoperoxidase synthase reaction that oxygenates and cyclizes polyunsaturated fatty acid precursors (eg, arachidonic acid) to form prostaglandin G 2 (PGG2), and a peroxidase reaction that converts PGG2 to prostaglandin H 2 (PGH2), as shown below. (medscape.com)
Cyclooxygenase conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2 (PGH2). (medscape.com)

The third trimesters of gestation is a vulnerable period for nutritional insults, such as essential fatty acids (EFA) and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), necessary for optimal development of the central nervous system (CNS) and organ membranes 4 . (bvsalud.org)

Oleic means "of or relating to oleic acid " because saturating linoleic acid's omega-6 double bond produces oleic acid. (wikipedia.org)
The phytochemicals in this diet have key anticarcinogenic and anti-cardiovascular disease properties, promote important antioxidants (eg, polyphenols, flavonoids), and are high in oleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids and low in monounsaturated fatty acids, which promote the anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic prostaglandin pathway. (medscape.com)

One of the best ways to help prevent and treat heart disease is to eat a diet that is low in saturated and trans fats, and rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, particularly omega-3 fatty acids. (mountsinai.org)
Alpha-linolenic acid is found as an ester chemically bound in many triglycerides, which are the main component of natural fats and oils. (kingnature.de)
Unsaturated fats include PUFAs and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). (medicalnewstoday.com)
The building blocks of fat are known as fatty acids, and what we call healthy fats are actually essential fatty acids (EFAs). (positivehealth.com)
The fats your body gets from your food give your body essential fatty acids called linoleic and linolenic acid. (medlineplus.gov)
All fats are made up of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. (medlineplus.gov)
Fats are called saturated or unsaturated depending on how much of each type of fatty acid they contain. (medlineplus.gov)
Trans fatty acids are unhealthy fats that form when vegetable oil goes through a process called hydrogenation. (medlineplus.gov)
Instead, it incorporates healthy monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, which have a higher omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acid ratio. (medscape.com)

In lipid science, alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) , is an unsaturated omega-3 fatty acid. (wellnessadvantage.com)
He localized the biologic activity to a fraction of lipid soluble acids that he termed "prostaglandin," hypothesizing that these substances originate in the prostate gland. (medscape.com)

The article is devoted to the study of lipids and fatty acid composition of the above-ground part of the Nepeta olgae Regel (L.) plant of the Laminaceae family. (who.int)
to study how the fatty acid composition of breast milk in breast-fed premature infants is associated with cognitive, language, and motor development. (bvsalud.org)
Fatty acid composition of breast milk samples from the first week postpartum was analyzed using gas-liquid chromatography. (bvsalud.org)

In another study, supplementation with perilla seed oil, which is one of the best sources of alpha-linolenic acid , was found to improve symptoms in some asthma sufferers. (healwithfood.org)

Is alpha-linolenic acid saturated or unsaturated? (thegatheringbaltimore.com)

α-Linolenic acid can be obtained by humans only through their diets, because the absence of the required 12- and 15-desaturase enzymes makes de novo synthesis from stearic acid impossible. (wikipedia.org)
Several studies suggest that diets or supplements rich in omega-3 fatty acids lower blood pressure slightly in people with hypertension. (mountsinai.org)
Other phytochemicals in these diets (eg, alpha linolenic acid, beta-carotene, curcumin) offer important anti-inflammatory mediators. (medscape.com)

Seed oils are the richest sources of α-linolenic acid, notably those of hempseed, chia , perilla , flaxseed ( linseed oil ), rapeseed ( canola ), and soybeans . (wikipedia.org)

Omega-3 fatty acids -- especially EPA and DHA -- have been shown to reduce inflammation and may help prevent chronic diseases, such as heart disease and arthritis. (mountsinai.org)

Preliminary research suggests that omega-3 fatty acid supplements (particularly perilla seed oil, which is rich in alpha-linolenic acid) may decrease inflammation and improve lung function in some people with asthma. (mountsinai.org)
GLA, when combined with other fatty acids, may aid in alleviating eye dryness and inflammation. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
Oral GLA (mixed with other fatty acids and artificial tears) reduced eye dryness and inflammation in three trials involving over 150 persons with pink eye. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
To assess the clinical efficacy and adverse effects of γ- linolenic acid (GLA), a plant seed oil-derived unsaturated fatty acid that suppresses inflammation and joint tissue injury in animal models, in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). (utmb.edu)
Effects of an energy-restricted diet rich in plant-derived alpha-linolenic acid on systemic inflammation and endothelial function in overweight-to-obese patients with metabolic syndrome traits. (fh-muenster.de)
Most importantly, omega-3 fatty acids promote the production and secretion of tears and tear film quality, protecting eyes against infection and inflammation. (positivehealth.com)
Therefore, COX - also known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), fatty acid COX, prostaglandin H (PGH) synthase, and EC 1.14.99.1 - is implicated in the production of fever, inflammation, and pain. (medscape.com)

Interest in flaxseed and cancer prevention often focuses on its ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) and lignans, although evidence is clearest regarding its role as a source of dietary fiber. (aicr.org)
essential fatty acids, lignans and dietary fiber of flaxseed are discussed. (researchgate.net)

They contain high levels of trans fatty acids. (medlineplus.gov)
Excessive intake of saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids, along with higher consumption of salt and sugar, are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases including hypertension. (who.int)
Intake of trans fatty acids can be reduced by replacing them with polyunsaturated fatty acids. (who.int)

Is alpha linolenic acid an amino acid? (thegatheringbaltimore.com)
Findings - All seven ILVs contained a large amount of protein (15.5-22.8 percent), which compared favorably to the essential amino acid pattern of a WHO standard. (cdc.gov)
Carnitine deficiency results from inadequate intake of or inability to metabolize the amino acid carnitine. (msdmanuals.com)
The amino acid carnitine is required for the transport of long-chain fatty acyl coenzyme A (CoA) esters into myocyte mitochondria, where they are oxidized for energy. (msdmanuals.com)

α-Linolenic acid , also known as alpha -Linolenic acid ( ALA ) (from Greek alpha meaning "first" and linon meaning flax ), is an n −3 , or omega-3, essential fatty acid . (wikipedia.org)
There is a complex set of essential fatty acid interactions . (wikipedia.org)

They also support a specific preventive effect of linolenic acid intake. (bmj.com)
While there is no RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) for omega-3 fatty acids so far, research by the American Heart Association suggests that a total daily intake of 500 mg-1.8 grams of DHA and EPA can reduce the risk of cardiac problems. (positivehealth.com)
Intake of omega-3 fatty acids such as DHA during pregnancy can also help with healthy vision development in babies and young children. (positivehealth.com)
Saturated and trans fatty acid intake. (who.int)

The Mediterranean Diet -- which emphasizes whole grains, root and green vegetables, daily servings of fruit, fish and poultry, olive and canola oils, and alpha-linolenic acid (found in flaxseed oil) -- is an example. (mountsinai.org)

Alpha-linolenic acid is thought to decrease the risk of heart disease by helping to maintain normal heart rhythm and pumping. (thegatheringbaltimore.com)
In S. platensis, high density was associated with a decrease in total fatty acid content, but the relative abundance of GLA increased. (elsevierpure.com)
Fatty acid desaturation seemed to be associated with an increase in culture density of S. platensis, resulting in an increase in the proportion of the fatty acids 16:1 and GLA and a decrease in 16:0 and 18:2. (elsevierpure.com)
A diet high in omega-3 fatty acids may decrease healing time for corneal epithelium abrasions, i.e. injuries to the outer surface of the eye, such as scrapes or scratches caused by contact lenses or fingernails. (positivehealth.com)

and C18:3n-3 that by-passes the rumen still can be lost through oxidation in muscle, theoretically reducing the deposition of C18:3n-3, the substrate for synthesis of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) in muscle. (biomedcentral.com)
decreased the mRNA expression of CPT1β (a gene associated with fatty acid oxidation) and increased the mRNA expression of FADS1 and FADS2 (genes associated with n-3 LCPUFA synthesis), compared with the LSO diet. (biomedcentral.com)
The long chain n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA), such as C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3, have a wide range of biological effects that have long been believed to be beneficial for human health [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The next challenge is that the ruminal "by-pass" C18:3n-3 can be oxidized in the various tissues and organs that are involved in fatty acid (FA) metabolism [ 7 ], leading to a reduction in the tissue deposition of C18:3n-3, and therefore the local synthesis of n-3 LCPUFA in muscle. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, walnuts -- which are rich in alpha-linolenic acid -- have been shown to lower cholesterol and triglycerides in people with high cholesterol. (mountsinai.org)
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential omega-3 fatty acid found in nuts such as walnuts. (thegatheringbaltimore.com)

Alterations in six metabolic pathways were found on D 17 and D 45, including variations in the level of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, glycerolipid metabolism, folate biosynthesis, and tyrosine metabolism. (nature.com)

It can refer to either of two octadecatrienoic acids (i.e. with an 18-carbon chain and three double bonds, which are found in the cis configuration), or a mixture of the two. (wikipedia.org)
In terms of its structure , it is named all - cis -9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid. (wikipedia.org)
An octadecatrienoic acid is a chemical compounds with formula C. 18H. (thegatheringbaltimore.com)

It is a carboxylic acid with an 18-carbon chain and three cis double bonds . (wikipedia.org)

Although the strength of the evidence is not nearly the same as for marine omega-3 fatty acids, there has been an increase in the number of studies that support the idea that ALA is good for the cardiovascular system. (healwithfood.org)
Editorial: Cardiovascular risk and a-linolenic acid can costa rica clarify? (elsevierpure.com)
Harris, William S. / Editorial : Cardiovascular risk and a-linolenic acid can costa rica clarify? . (elsevierpure.com)
The Essential Fatty Acids contained in Flax Seed Oil may help support cardiovascular health and can help maintain a healthy balance of fatty acids. (vitacost.com)

Interestingly, compared to Longissimus dorsi , Biceps femoris had greater concentrations of PUFA, greater ratios of unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (U/S), and poly-unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (P/S), but a lesser concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFA). (biomedcentral.com)

To study the effect of - Linolenic acid (100 µM) in IVM media and increasing concentration of - tocopherol in the culture media on early embryo development (Experiment 3), the presumptive zygotes were randomly distributed into the five experimental groups with increasing concentration of - tocopherol in culture media . (bvsalud.org)

The triglycerides of various naturally derived vegetable oils are rich in linolenic acid residues. (kingnature.de)

Some studies found that alpha-linolenic acid may help lower cholesterol, while others found it didn't. (mountsinai.org)

Flaxseed contains good amount of á-Linolenic Acid (ALA), omega-3 fatty acid, protein, dietary fiber, lignan specifically Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). (researchgate.net)

Marine omega-3 fatty acids tend to get all the hype for being healthy, but the plant-based alpha-linolenic acid, or ALA, deserves its own spotlight. (healwithfood.org)
Alpha-linolenic acid, often just called linolenic acid, is a triple unsaturated fatty acid of the group of so-called omega-3 fatty acids , which play a major role in a healthy diet. (kingnature.de)

One study suggests that people who eat a diet high in alpha-linolenic acid are less likely to have a fatal heart attack. (mountsinai.org)
Omega-6 fatty acids can play a role in a nutritious diet. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Why Do We Need to Include More Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Our Diet? (positivehealth.com)
Typically, there's an imbalance between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids if our diet includes a lot of processed foods and red meat. (positivehealth.com)
Health and nutrition experts advise a ratio of 1:4 for these two EFA types, but the typical diet may contain 10-30 times more omega-6 than omega-3 fatty acids. (positivehealth.com)

Furthering an understanding of West African plant foods Mineral, fatty acid and protein content of seven cultivated indigenous leafy vegetables of Ghana. (cdc.gov)
Purpose - The main purpose of this paper is to determine the content of amino acids, fatty acids and minerals in seven indigenous leafy vegetables (ILVs) in Ghana. (cdc.gov)
Extracts of Nepeta olgae Regel (L.) were distinguished by a high content of polyunsaturated acids, which determines their potential biological activity. (who.int)

They all contained nutritionally useful amounts of alpha-linolenic acid and had an omega-6/omega-3 ratio of 0.1-0.9. (cdc.gov)

Qualitative estimation for the extracted γ- Linolenic acid was done by using Gas chromatography and the results showed 12.9894% for the γ- Linolenic acid extracted from CP03 media & 12.5145% for γ- Linolenic acid extracted from CP01 media. (journalcra.com)

Alpha-linolenic acid is a type of omega-3 fatty acid found in plants. (mountsinai.org)
Another study found that women who ate high levels of alpha-linolenic acid (1.5 g per day) had a 46% lower risk of sudden cardiac death than those who ate the lowest amount of alpha-linolenic acid (about half a gram per day). (mountsinai.org)
Alpha-linolenic acid, or ALA, is one of the most important short-chain omega-3 fatty acids, and it is found in some nuts and seeds. (healwithfood.org)
You have probably heard a lot about other omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA and DHA, which are found in fish oil. (thegatheringbaltimore.com)
Infants and Children - According to various studies, omega-3 fatty acids such as DHA help with vision development in infants, and are naturally found in breast milk. (positivehealth.com)

The word linolenic is an irregular derivation from linoleic , which itself is derived from the Greek word linon ( flax ). (wikipedia.org)
Flax is a rich source of α-linolenic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Zahler's Flax Seed Oil is high in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which is partially converted by the body into other important nutrients like DHA and EPA. (vitacost.com)

Two decades later, the prostaglandins were deduced to be a family of related compounds that contain 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids with a cyclopentane ring, as depicted below. (medscape.com)

There's some evidence that eating foods high in alpha-linolenic acid may help, too. (mountsinai.org)
However, studies with flaxseed oil, which is high in alpha-linolenic acid, have been mixed. (mountsinai.org)
The data presented herein suggest that maintaining very high, yet optimal culture densities (i.e. 4-10 g l -1 ) in enclosed reactors represents an efficient operating mode for enhancing productivity of desired polyunsaturated fatty acids. (elsevierpure.com)
Optimization of production media for high yield production of γ- linolenic acid by using cunninghamella sp. (journalcra.com)

Flaxseed oil is the worlds richest source of Omega-3 fatty acids containing almost twice the amount of Omega-3 fatty acids as fish oils. (wonderlabs.com)

a fatty acid with whose molecule has an 18-carbon unbranched backbone with three double bonds. (thegatheringbaltimore.com)
CHEBI:27432 - α-linolenic acid A linolenic acid with cis-double bonds at positions 9, 12 and 15. (thegatheringbaltimore.com)

28 acids were identified, of which 11 compounds are saturated, and 7 compounds are unsaturated fatty acids. (who.int)

Researchers don't know whether alpha-linolenic acid supplements would have the same benefits as foods with alpha-linolenic acid. (mountsinai.org)
Alpha-linolenic acid may not have the same benefits as EPA or DHA. (thegatheringbaltimore.com)
Let's take a closer look at the benefits these fatty acids offer for our vision and eye health, as well as common sources from where we can get them. (positivehealth.com)

Anatomy4

Organisms6

Chemicals and Drugs38

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes8

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Linoleic acid13

Alpha-linolenic acids1

Eicosapentaenoic4

Gamma30

Arachidonic Acid7

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty1

Oleic acid2

Fats9

Lipid2

Fatty acid composition3

Sources of alpha-lino1

Saturated or unsaturated1

Diets3

Soybeans1

Reduce inflammation1

Inflammation7

Lignans2

Trans fatty3

Amino acid4

Essential fatt2

Intake4

Canola1

Decrease4

LCPUFA4

Walnuts2

Metabolism1

Octadecatrienoic3

Carboxylic acid1

Cardiovascular4

PUFA1

Concentration1

Vegetable1

Cholesterol1

Dietary fiber1

Healthy2

Diet5

Content3

Amounts1

Estimation1

Found5

Flax3

Prostaglandins1

High4

Richest1

Double bonds2

Compounds1

Benefits3