• Though Leishmania species are found on every continent aside from Antarctica, Leishmania major is found only in the Eastern Hemisphere, specifically in Northern Africa, the Middle East, Northwestern China, and Northwestern India. (wikipedia.org)
  • The interplay between Leishmania species and host immune response is complex, and, as a result, disease manifestations may vary substantially among species as well as among infected persons ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • All cases were confirmed by PCR with additional sequence analysis of the mini-exon locus and the 3′ untranslated region of the HSP70 locus, demonstrating L. major as the causative species ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the Leishmania species, which was found to be L. major. (who.int)
  • In this study, transgenic Leishmania tarentolae expressing gamma glutamyl cysteine synthetase (γGCS) from three pathogenic species were produced and their ability to protect against infection determined using models of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Leishmania is transmitted by the bite of certain species of sand fly and affects the populations of 88 tropical and sub-tropical countries worldwide. (ensembl.org)
  • Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), commonly known as kala-azar, from the Hindu vernacular, is a human systemic disease caused by parasitic protozoan species of the genus Leishmania . (plos.org)
  • Amastigotes multiply in infected cells and affect different tissues, depending in part on the Leishmania species (4). (plos.org)
  • Fendiline demonstrated depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, with increased reactive oxygen species production in amlodipine and fendiline treated Leishmania , but without plasma membrane disruption. (hindawi.com)
  • Leishmaniasis is a neglected infectious disease caused by several different species of protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania . (hindawi.com)
  • Additionally, the in vitro antiparasitic activity of eight clinically used dihydropyridines (azelnidipine, amlodipine, cilnidipine, lercanidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nimodipine, and nitrendipine) was demonstrated against a panel of Leishmania species and Trypanosoma cruzi [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • For this, the in vitro activity of four non-dihydropyridine agents (amrinone, fendiline, mibefradil, and lidoflazine) was tested against different Leishmania species and their cytotoxicity to mammalian cells was evaluated. (hindawi.com)
  • The Old World species include Leishmania major , L. tropica , L. donovani , and others. (medicinenet.com)
  • Although the Leishmania species differ clinically and biologically, their characteristics overlap and each clinical syndrome can be produced by multiple species of Leishmania . (medscape.com)
  • After recovery or successful treatment, cutaneous leishmaniasis induces immunity to reinfection by the species of Leishmania that caused the disease. (medscape.com)
  • Leishmaniasis refers to a broad group of vector-borne parasitic diseases caused by species of the genus Leishmania . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Expression of the two basic forms of the disease, namely cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis depends on the species of Leishmania responsible and the immune response to infection. (who.int)
  • The cutaneous form tends to heal spontaneously leaving scars which, depending on the species of Leishmania responsible, may evolve into diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, recidivans leishmaniasis, or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, with disastrous aesthetic consequences for the patient. (who.int)
  • DNA extraction and PCR amplification were optimized to identification of Leishmania species. (who.int)
  • Etiologic agent of CL is species of leishmania genus, an seems that migrating rodent reservoirs to new areas is a obligate intracellular protozoan parasite of mononuclear possible major cause of wide spreading of CL in Islamic phagocytes in vertebrate hosts ( 5 ). (who.int)
  • The infecting Leishmania species was identified in 198 patients. (lu.se)
  • Leishmaniasis is caused by 20 or more species of the protozoa Leishmania . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Medications used to treat the infection depend on the clinical form of leishmaniasis, the status of the person's immune system, which species of Leishmania is causing the infection, and where the infection was acquired. (msdmanuals.com)
  • And the parasite is called Leishmania and there are 20 Leishmania species that can cause disease in humans and we say that they are pathogenic to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • And depending on the Leishmania species and the host immune response, people will develop one clinical form or the other. (cdc.gov)
  • instance, are the main reservoir of, and the most susceptible species, of Leishmania infantum and they can develop what is called canine leishmaniasis. (cdc.gov)
  • Upon entering the mammalian bloodstream, L. major meets the focal point of infection, the macrophage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Daneshvar, H. , Burchmore, R. , Hagan, P. and Phillips, R. S. (2009) Leishmania major H-line attenuated under pressure of gentamicin, induces a Th1 response which protects susceptible BALB/c mice against infection with virulent L. major . (gla.ac.uk)
  • TLR2 Signaling in Skin Nonhematopoietic Cells Induces Early Neutrophil Recruitment in Response to Leishmania major Infection. (unil.ch)
  • As Raf and PI3K have a Ras-binding domain but exert opposite effects on Leishmania infection, we examined whether Ras isoforms had differential roles in Leishmania infection. (sciencecentral.in)
  • L. major infection enhanced N-Ras activity but inhibited H-Ras and K-Ras activity. (sciencecentral.in)
  • Pam3CSK4, a TLR2 ligand, enhanced N-Ras expression but reduced K-Ras expression, indicating TLR2-regulated Ras expression in L. major infection. (sciencecentral.in)
  • Whereas N-Ras silencing reduced L. major infection, K-Ras and H-Ras silencing enhanced the infection both in macrophages in vitro and in C57BL/6 mice. (sciencecentral.in)
  • CD40-deficient mice primed with these macrophages had reduced L. major infection, accompanied by higher IFN-g but less IL-4 production. (sciencecentral.in)
  • Both the cell-permeable peptides reduced L. major infection in BALB/c mice but not in CD40-deficient mice. (sciencecentral.in)
  • CBA mouse macrophages control Leishmania major infection yet are permissive to Leishmania amazonensis. (uchile.cl)
  • Few studies have been conducted to assess the role played by autophagy in Leishmania infection. (uchile.cl)
  • After 24 h of infection, the LC3-II/Act ratio increased in both L. amazonensis- and L. major-infected macrophages compared to uninfected controls, but less than in chloroquine-treated cells. (uchile.cl)
  • Noteworthy, principal component analysis (PCA) and an hierarchical cluster analysis completely discriminated L. major-infected macrophages from L. amazonensis-infected cells accordingly to infection intensity and autophagic features of parasite-induced vacuoles. (uchile.cl)
  • The absence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) causes lethal infection by Leishmania major in normally resistant C57BL/6J (B6.WT) mice. (edu.au)
  • We found that B6.WT mice deficient for the tnf gene (B6.TNF -/- ) displayed not only a non-healing cutaneous lesion but also a serious infection of the liver upon L. major inoculation. (edu.au)
  • We explored the antigen-presenting cell requirement during primary L. major infection using a mouse model in which MHC II, I-A β b , expression is restricted to CD11b + and CD8α + dendritic cells (DCs). (silverchair.com)
  • We demonstrate that antigen presentation by these DC subsets is sufficient to control a subcutaneous L. major infection. (silverchair.com)
  • MHC II + DCs prime CD4 + Th1 cells to nominal antigens ( 5 ) and could fulfill this role during L. major infection ( 1 ). (silverchair.com)
  • People with HIV are especially prone to Leishmania as an opportunistic infection, and co-infection worsens and accelerates the progression of HIV. (medicinenet.com)
  • Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe form of all leishmanial infections and is caused by infection with protozoa of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Leishmania infantum infection elicited moderate clinical signs and lesions and a steady increase in specific anti- Leishmania serum IgG. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Leishmania infantum infection provoked a slightly higher-albeit non-significant-value for the Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio but no notable differences were found in the relative abundance or diversity of phyla and families. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To investigate the molecular mechanism of Treg diversity we used whole genome expression profiling and next generation small RNA sequencing of Treg cells isolated from type-1 or type-2 inflamed tissue following Leishmania major or Schistosoma mansoni infection , respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • The vervet monkey model for leishmaniasis : characterization, protective immunity and vaccination against Leishmania major infection / by Michael Muita Gicheru. (who.int)
  • L. major and its cousin, L. tropica, are recognized as causing the majority of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis across the Middle East, Northern Africa, and some areas of China and India (as mentioned above). (wikipedia.org)
  • Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major is the most common type of disease in Iran. (pulsus.com)
  • Murine epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) have been demonstrated to stimulate a vigorous T cell response to Leishmania major, a cause of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Since the number of organisms per infected LC remained consistently low, the prime task of LC may not be the promotion of parasite spreading but the presentation of L. major antigen to T cells and, thus, the regulation of the cellular immunity during cutaneous leishmaniasis. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Most reported cases are associated with old world strains of leishmaniasis and Leishmania tropica is responsible for the majority of such cases [3]. (who.int)
  • In several protozoans, the status of this mechanism remains elusive, such as in Leishmania , the causative agent of the disease leishmaniasis in humans and a wide array of vertebrate animals. (mdpi.com)
  • Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), the most common form of leishmaniasis, has always been neglected as a major public health problem due to its non-fatality. (frontiersin.org)
  • Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite (genus Leishmania ) transmitted by the bite of a female phlebotomine sandfly. (medscape.com)
  • A synthetic lipid A analog (ONO-4007) exhibits antileishmanial activity by activating Leishmania-infected macrophages in experimental leishmaniasis. (ajtmh.org)
  • In resolution WHA43.18 on tropical disease research, the Health Assembly recognized that leishmaniasis, one of the targeted diseases of the then UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, continued to be a major public health problem. (who.int)
  • Leishmaniasis is caused by a protozoal parasite of the genus Leishmania which multiplies in certain vertebrates that act as reservoirs of the disease. (who.int)
  • Genetic micro-heterogeneity of Leishmania major in emerging foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia. (cdc.gov)
  • Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania undergo a complex life cycle involving transmission by biting sand flies and replication within mammalian macrophage phagolysosomes. (pasteur.fr)
  • Leishmania spreads to people through the bite of over 30 Phlebotomus genus of sand flies. (medicinenet.com)
  • CL, the most prevalent form, is caused by L. major and L. tropica in the old world, and more than 39 million people are at risk [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Typically, infections with L. major and L. tropica acquired in Africa or the Middle East were not associated with mucosal lesions, while infections with L. infantum, acquired in Southern Europe resulted in slowly evolving facial lesions with mucosal involvement in 22% of cases. (lu.se)
  • Protection was associated with a Th1 response in L. major and a mixed Th1/Th2 response in L. donovani, based on specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibody and cytokine production from in vitro proliferation assays using antigen-stimulated splenocytes. (strath.ac.uk)
  • The purpose of this study was to develop a robust, standardized method for comparative expression profiling and molecular characterization of Leishmania donovani clinical isolates. (cambridge.org)
  • The in vivo oral efficacy of amlodipine and lacidipine has been shown in the treatment of Leishmania (L.) donovani infected mice [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • L. major is an intracellular pathogen which infects the macrophages and dendritic cells of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • OPB is thus not essential for the growth of promastigote L. major, though the opb null mutants did have a defect in metacyclogenesis, in survival in macrophages and a reduced ability to induce lesions on the footpads of mice. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Leishmania parasites activate NF-κB which induces Th2 expression and inactivates Th1 genes thus subverting the host defense response and promotes the survival and development of the parasite in macrophages. (ac.ke)
  • Macrophages were treated artificially with glucocorticoids and incubated with Leishmania promastigotes. (ac.ke)
  • Interactions between Leishmania major and macrophages. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Leishmania major is a parasite that resides and replicates in macrophages. (sciencecentral.in)
  • We observed that L. major enhanced N-Ras and H-Ras expression but inhibited K-Ras expression in macrophages. (sciencecentral.in)
  • BALB/c-derived macrophages transduced with lentivirally expressed N-Ras short hairpin RNA and pulsed with L. major-expressed MAPK10 enhanced MAPK10-specific Th1-type response. (sciencecentral.in)
  • This suggests that L. amazonensis and L. major activate autophagy in infected macrophages, without altering the autophagic flux. (uchile.cl)
  • We also demonstrated that autophagy induction reduced NO production by L. amazonensis- and L. major-infected macrophages but not alters arginase activity. (uchile.cl)
  • These findings provide evidence that although L. amazonensis-induced parasitophorous vacuoles recruit LC3 more markedly, L. amazonensis and L. major similarly activate the autophagic pathway in CBA macrophages. (uchile.cl)
  • Infections of susceptible mice and macrophages in vitro showed that these lpg(-) Leishmania were highly attenuated. (pasteur.fr)
  • Leishmania major is an intracellular protozoan that infects and multiplies within macrophages, although it can also infect Langerhans cells (LCs), DCs, and neutrophils ( 1 , 2 ). (silverchair.com)
  • Ultrastructurally, L. major-infected macrophages showed degenerated intracellular amastigotes after exposure to ONO-4007. (ajtmh.org)
  • Leishmania-infected macrophages treated with ONO-4007 showed poorly developed parasitophorous vacuoles. (ajtmh.org)
  • High levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha were induced by ONO-4007 in Leishmania-infected macrophages. (ajtmh.org)
  • As such, the investigation of peptidase activity in live Leishmania promastigotes was proposed as a valuable approach by which to increase knowledge on particular peptidases. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Detection of peptidase activity in live Leishmania using the fluorogenic substrate Bz-R-AMC proved fruitful, enabling study of the activity of the serine peptidase oligopeptidase B (OPB) in live L. major promastigotes. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Inhibitors of OPB could also kill Leishmania promastigotes, suggesting OPB could be a valuable drug target. (gla.ac.uk)
  • The MCA gene of Leishmania major (LmjMCA) is expressed in actively replicating amastigotes and procyclic promastigotes, but at a lower level in metacyclic promastigotes. (strath.ac.uk)
  • An attenuated line of Leishmania major (L. major H-line) has been established by culturing promastigotes in vitro under gentamicin pressure. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Analysis of splenocyte IFN-γ and IL-4 production following stimulation with promastigotes shows that the L. major H-line preferentially induces Th1-like responses and possibly down-regulates Th2 responses in BALB/c mice. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Promastigotes of Leishmania major , 10×100, Giemsa stain. (mdwiki.org)
  • The causative agent of CL, a protozoan parasite, Leishmania major has a digenetic lifecycle and lives in two hosts, sandfly and human, in the form of flagellated promastigotes and non-flagellated amastigotes, respectively. (frontiersin.org)
  • The anti-leishmanial activities on promastigotes of leishmania were assessed using vital staining and infected BALB/c mice were used to assess the in vivo anti-leishmanial effects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the present in vitro study, ONO-4007 at concentrations between 0.01 and 1.00 mg/mL markedly inhibited the proliferation of Leishmania major and L. amazonensis promastigotes. (ajtmh.org)
  • Control of the intracellular protozoan, Leishmania major , requires major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)-dependent antigen presentation and CD4 + T cell T helper cell 1 (Th1) differentiation. (silverchair.com)
  • 1] "Identification and characterization of a polyamine permease from the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. (tcdb.org)
  • Leishmania is a Tryanosomatid protozoa and is the parasite responsible for the disease Leishmaniasia. (ensembl.org)
  • Leishmania protozoa (single-cell infectious organisms) are usually spread through the bite of infected sand flies. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Histopathologic examination on skin biopsy specimens acquired from 1 lesion revealed Leishmania amastigotes, consistent with a diagnosis of CL. (cdc.gov)
  • Clearance of L. major in resistant C57Bl/6 mice requires IL-12-driven Th1 CD4 + T cells and macrophage activation for the killing of intracellular amastigotes ( 2 ). (silverchair.com)
  • Based on previous reports about the antileishmanial activity of dihydropyridine-CCBs, this work aimed to investigate whether the in vitro anti- Leishmania infantum and anti- Trypanosoma cruzi activities of this therapeutic class would be shared by other non-dihydropyridine-CCBs. (hindawi.com)
  • These data reveal the L. major-enhanced CD40-induced N-Ras activation as a novel immune evasion strategy and the potential for Ras isoform-targeted antileishmanial immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis. (sciencecentral.in)
  • Disease outcome after inoculation depends on the inherent virulence of the Leishmania strain, individual immune response, host health status and intercurrent infections, among other factors [ 13 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Peptidases of Leishmania are acknowledged virulence factors. (gla.ac.uk)
  • However, all structural domains of LPG are shared by other major surface or secretory products, providing a biochemical redundancy that compromises the ability of in vitro tests to establish whether LPG itself is a virulence factor. (pasteur.fr)
  • No lesions developed in BALB/c mice infected with L. major H-line, whereas L. major wild-type (WT) induced a Th2 like response with progressive lesions. (gla.ac.uk)
  • L. major H-line parasites remained localized in the skin and draining lymph node, whereas L. major WT parasites disseminated into the visceral organs of BALB/c mice. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Mice infected with L. major H-line acquired some resistance against L. major WT. (gla.ac.uk)
  • particularly studied in mice inoculated with Leishmania major. (123dok.net)
  • Inhibition of intracellular proliferation of Leishmania parasites in vitro and suppression of skin lesion development in BALB/c mice by a novel lipid A analog (ONO-4007). (ajtmh.org)
  • According to the potent in vitro and in vivo anti-leishmanial activity of RNE at low concentration against L. major , we suggest that it could be a promising anti-leishmanial therapeutic against L. major in the future. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CD8α + and CD11b + DCs can be infected in vitro ( 6 ), and T cell priming to an immunodominant L. major peptide is mediated by CD11b + DCs ( 7 ). (silverchair.com)
  • Molecular Characterization of Two Major Dengue Outbreaks in Costa Rica. (cdc.gov)
  • To study truly lpg(-) parasites, we generated Leishmania major lacking the gene LPG1 [encoding a putative galactofuranosyl (Gal(f)) transferase] by targeted gene disruption. (pasteur.fr)
  • In addition to the only well-characterised prokaryotic GlfT2 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, four putative genes in Leishmania major were previously described as potential galactofuranosyltransferases. (hal.science)
  • The taxonomy of Leishmania organisms is complex, and no single categorization is generally accepted. (medscape.com)
  • In this study, the inhibition profile of L. major OPB has been determined and OPB has been localised to the cytosol, the site of hydrolysis of Bz-R-AMC. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Interestingly, both autophagic inducers enhanced intracellular L. amazonensis and L. major viability, while the pharmacological inhibition of autophagy exerted no effects on intracellular parasite viability. (uchile.cl)
  • Parasites infect the tissues of major organs, especially the liver , spleen, and bone marrow. (medicinenet.com)
  • It is hypothesised that peptidases are crucial for the survival of Leishmania in its hosts and that many could be potential targets for new antileishmanial drugs. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Macroautophagy in Leishmania, which is important for the cellular remodeling required during differentiation, relies upon the hydrolytic activity of two ATG4 cysteine peptidases (ATG4.1 and ATG4.2). (strath.ac.uk)
  • Transfer of L. major -infected LCs can also confer resistance to susceptible strains ( 8 ). (silverchair.com)
  • Classic Leishmania major lesion from a case in Iraq shows a volcanic appearance with rolled edges. (medscape.com)
  • The genome of the kinetoplastid parasite, Leishmania major. (mpg.de)
  • Furthermore, because of the propensity of sand flies to seek out shelter in the burrows of small rodents, where L. major is endemic, small mammals such as gerbils and birds serve as the main reservoirs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent reports have described a 7-fold increase in L. major CL cases among inhabitants of the Negev Desert ( 6 ), with urban expansion into CL-endemic foci and changes in land use currently regarded as the most probable causes for this increase in incidence ( 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • As a trypanosomatid, L. major begins its lifecycle in amastigote form in the midgut of the main vector, female sand flies (Phlebotomus spp. (wikipedia.org)
  • Leishmania parasites possess an exceptional oxidant and chemical defense mechanism, involving a very unique small molecular weight thiol, trypanothione (T[SH] 2 ), that helps the parasite to manage its survival inside the host macrophage. (frontiersin.org)
  • This is rare however, and dogs are not important hosts for L. major. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cryptococcal disease is one of the most common opportunistic infections among people living with advanced HIV disease and is a major contributor to severe illness, morbidity, and mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. (bvsalud.org)
  • Interestingly, the exogenous induction of autophagy favors L. major intracellular viability to a greater extent than L. amazonensis related to a reduction in the levels of NO. (uchile.cl)
  • The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-leishmanial activity of CM11 platelets against amastigote forms of Leishmania major. (pulsus.com)
  • 10. As a rule, patients have to overcome major logistic problems in order to access treatment: long distances to the treatment centre, lack of transport, treatment is unaffordable, or its costs pose a serious financial burden. (who.int)