Interferon regulatory factor 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

We identified Interferon regulating factor 5 (IRF5), solute carrier family 22 member 2 (SLC22A2) and S100 calcium binding protein A12 (S100A12) as the three proteins with the largest fold change between SLE patients and controls (SLE/Control = 1.4, 1.4, and 1.2 respectively). (nih.gov)
Cellular nucleic acid-binding protein is essential for type I interferon-mediated immunity to RNA virus infection. (umassmed.edu)
We observed no effect of gamma interferon on Qp activity in transfection assays, whereas we observed a moderate but significant repression of Qp activity in response to alpha interferon, possibly mediated by either the interferon consensus sequence binding protein or IRF-7, a novel alpha interferon-inducible factor identified in this study. (psu.edu)
IKZF3) and zona pellucida binding protein 2 (ZPBP2). (urosario.edu.co)

Interferon regulatory factors contain a conserved N-terminal region of about 120 amino acids, which folds into a structure that binds specifically to the IRF-element (IRF-E) motifs, which is located upstream of the interferon genes. (wikipedia.org)
IRF-7 undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION prior to nuclear translocation and it activates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of multiple interferon GENES. (umassmed.edu)
Interferon tau (IFNtau) is the pregnancy recognition signal produced by the conceptus trophectoderm and acts in a paracine manner on the ovine endometrium to increase expression of IFN-stimulated genes primarily in the stroma and deep glandular epithelium, including IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1). (tamu.edu)
Specifically binds to the upstream regulatory region of type I IFN and IFN-inducible MHC class I genes (the interferon consensus sequence (ICS)) and represses those genes. (affbiotech.com)
IRF2 competitively inhibits the IRF1-mediated transcriptional activation of interferons alpha and beta, and presumably other genes that employ IRF1 for transcription activation. (univ-amu.fr)

In a set of 15 potential biomarkers differentiating SLE patients and controls, two of the proteins were transcription factors, i.e. (nih.gov)
Regulation of transcription factors via natural decoys in genomic DNA. (utmb.edu)
Transient overexpression of UBCv1 impaired activation of NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors induced by several agonists of these pathways. (mdpi.com)
STAT1 (signal transducers and activators of transcription 1) is a member of the STAT family of transcription factors. (thermofisher.com)

Interferon regulatory factors (IRF) are proteins which regulate transcription of interferons (see regulation of gene expression). (wikipedia.org)
Unsupervised clustering of all investigated proteins identified three molecular subgroups among SLE patients, characterized by (1) high levels of rheumatoid factor-IgM, (2) low IRF5, and (3) high IRF5. (nih.gov)
Remarkably, these effects showed consistency across all tissues indicating a systemic type I interferon response that was complemented by changes in serum proteins (decreased MMP-9, CRP and increased VCAM1, oncostatin M, IP-10). (cdc.gov)
The objective of this study was to identify transcriptional regulatory proteins that mediate EBNA- 1 expression via the viral promoter Qp, which is active in EBV-associated tumors such as Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. (psu.edu)

Stat2, and interferon regulatory factor-9 (IRF-9) in interferon tau regulation of IRF-1. (tamu.edu)
The T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma signature is hallmarked by up-regulation of CCL8, interferon-γ, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase, VSIG4 and Toll-like receptors. (haematologica.org)

Parasitic helminths generally induce strong type 2 immunity that normally controls parasite infection and is characterized by production of type 2 cytokines like interleukin- (IL-) 4, IL-5, and IL-13 by innate cells (group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages) and CD4 + T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes. (hindawi.com)
STAT1 is activated to regulate gene expression in response to extracellular signaling polypeptides including cytokines, interferons, and growth factors. (thermofisher.com)

Biochem Soc Trans (2022) 50 (2): 825-837. (portlandpress.com)

The importance of cathelicidins in antiviral skin host defense was confirmed by the observation of higher levels of HSV-2 replication in cathelicidin-deficient mouse skin compared with that seen in skin from their wild-type counterparts. (medscape.com)
Thus, by usurping both IRF-1 and its transcriptional antagonist IRF-2 to activate Qp, EBV has evolved not only a mechanism to constitutively express EBNA-1 but also one which may sustain EBNA-1 expression in the face of the antiviral effects of interferon. (psu.edu)
Gupta A, Rath PC (2012) Expression, purification and characterization of the interferon-inducible, antiviral and tumor-suppressor protein, human RNase L. J Biosci 37: 103-111. (jnu.ac.in)

including vIRF1, which is a transforming oncoprotein that inhibits type 1 interferon activity. (wikipedia.org)
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a leading cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, inhibits type I interferon (IFN)-dependent signalling, as well as IFN synthesis. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Garcia-Sastre A. Induction and evasion of type I interferon responses by influenza viruses. (smw.ch)
Under stress, microglial cells are induced into the M1 type, releasing inflammatory factors and causing neuroinflammatory responses. (frontiersin.org)
Helminth infections induce strong type 2 cell-mediated immune responses, characterized among other things by production of high levels of interleukin- (IL-) 4 and IL-13. (hindawi.com)
Their exact activation state as well as the role of these cells and associated molecules in type 2 immune responses remains to be fully understood. (hindawi.com)
An important aspect about type 2 cell-mediated responses against parasitic helminths is that they are induced for controlling parasite infection but they also mediate the tolerance of parasite persistence [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Treg-selective IL-2 starvation synergizes with CD40 activation to sustain durable responses in lymphoma models. (uzh.ch)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic heterogeneous autoimmune disorder characterized by the loss of tolerance to self-antigens and dysregulated interferon responses. (urosario.edu.co)
The cor- provoke the preferential development of T helper 2-type ollary is that by definition we are considering here chemi- immune responses. (cdc.gov)

Their expression in tumour cells is modulated by a complex interplay of genomic, transcriptomic and post translational factors involving multiple intracellular antigen processing pathways. (portlandpress.com)
Recent high-impact research has shown the genomic/genetic differences between cancer and normal cells using methods such as next-generation sequencing [ 1 , 2 ]. (intechopen.com)
2 , 3 , 9 Indeed, the atypical B cells of NLPHL and THRLBCL share many characteristics, including expression of pan-B-cell markers, germinal center B-cell origin and common chromosomal imbalances. (haematologica.org)
Recently, BRD7 was identified as a subunit of the polybromo-associated BRG1-associated factor (PBAF) complex and shown to be required for the modulation of transcription in embryonic stem cells. (novusbio.com)
As an example, the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus produces a TGF- β mimic during its invasive stages causing the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mice [ 9 ], a T cell subset that controls immunity in infection, allergy, and autoimmunity [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
However, the major QRE-2-specific binding activity detected within extracts of Burkitt lymphoma cells was attributed to IRF-2, suggesting that interferon-independent activation of Qp is largely mediated by IRF-2 in these cells. (psu.edu)
Rath P.C. and Mukhopadhyaya T. (2009) p53 gene expression and 2-methoxyestradiol treatment differentially induce NF-kB activation in human lung cancer cells with different p53 phenotypes, DNA Cell Biol. (jnu.ac.in)
FoxP3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) are wanted to suppress inflammatory ailments and keep immune homeostasis. (aetox.com)
Tlymphocyte recognition of MHC-peptide complexes on target cells is essential for mounting an antigen-specific immune attack ( 1 ), which may in turn select pathogens able to evade immune recognition by suppressing MHC expression on the infected cells ( 2 ). (silverchair.com)
This increase in IL-4 inhibits Th-1 cells and thus suppresses interferon-gamma secretion. (medscape.com)
Induction of SRY box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) has been shown to occur in response to kidney injury in rodents, where SOX9-positive cells proliferate and regenerate the proximal tubules of injured kidneys. (lu.se)
Macrophages can kill specific tumor cells when activated by a combination of factors, including lymphokines (soluble factors produced by T cells) and interferon. (msdmanuals.com)
T helper 2 cells many important characteristics of chemical allergens are common to both contact and respiratory sensitizers. (cdc.gov)
T-cells have 2 subsets of betic patients with and without nephropathy. (who.int)

IRF5 and SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF). (nih.gov)
IRF5 expressing microparticles were analyzed by flow cytometry in a subset of patients to confirm the presence of IRF5 in plasma and detection of extracellular IRF5 was further confirmed by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS). Interestingly IRF5, a known genetic risk factor for SLE, was detected extracellularly and suggested by unsupervised clustering analysis to differentiate between SLE subgroups. (nih.gov)

Type 2 cell-mediated immunity is a general feature of helminth infection regardless of the multivariate sites of colonization of the numerous helminth species [ 11 ] and is conserved from jawed fish to mammals [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Studies on mouse models of helminth infections have provided essential findings towards understanding type 2 immunity induction as well as its effector functions [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
Such information is mediated immunity, secreting the cytokine crucial to determine the optimal approach interferon-gamma (IFN) that inhibits Th2 to improve the immune response of DN cell differentiation. (who.int)
stage renal disease (ESRD) [ 2 ] and with impaired immunity in HD patients [ 3 ]. (who.int)

Further investigation indicated that the transcriptional activator IRF-1 and the closely related IRF-2, a repressor of interferon-induced gene expression, are both capable of activating Qp. (psu.edu)
Transcriptional repressor that binds specifically to the PRDI element in the promoter of the beta-interferon gene (PubMed:1851123). (abcam.com)

Although parasitic helminths are near to absent in northwestern countries in humans, they are still responsible for infecting more than a quarter of the human population, essentially afflicting people who live in areas of poverty in the developing world [ 2 ], and they are also heavily present in domestic animals of veterinary importance [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)

Type I interferon and pattern recognition receptor signaling following particulate matter inhalation. (cdc.gov)
Results: The novel finding was a dominant type I interferon signaling network with the transcription factor Irf7 as a central component maintained through 28 d. (cdc.gov)
Kaposi varicelliform eruption (KVE) is the name given to a distinct cutaneous eruption caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1, HSV-2, coxsackievirus A16, or vaccinia virus that infects a preexisting dermatosis. (medscape.com)
The vaccine-induced immune response is influenced by: (i.) vaccine factors i.e., type and composition of the antigen(s), (ii. (smw.ch)
The M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R), thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing 7A (TSHD7A), and neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 protein (NELL-1) are major autoantigens against podocyte antigens in idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a leading selectin), and soluble thrombomodulin--are cause of chronic renal failure and is a grow- providing further evidence of the relation- ing concern given the increasing incidence ship between endothelial cell activation and of type 2 diabetes. (who.int)
Diabetic group ( n = 17): patients with in patients with chronic renal failure and type 2 diabetes without renal involve- under HD, and disturbances in endothelial ment (normoalbuminuria). (who.int)
The diagno- function may play a role in vascular com- sis of type 2 diabetes was established plications such as stroke or ischaemic heart before they were screened for the study disease. (who.int)

Rac1 and PAK1 are upstream of IKK-ϵ and TBK-1 in the viral activation of interferon regulatory factor-3. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Chlamydial inhibition of MHC class II expression is correlated with degradation of upstream stimulatory factor (USF)-1, a constitutively and ubiquitously expressed transcription factor required for IFN-γ induction of class II transactivator (CIITA) but not of IRF-1 and ICAM-1. (silverchair.com)

Murine macrophage autophagy protects against alcohol-induced liver injury by degrading interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) and removing damaged mitochondria. (cedars-sinai.edu)

host factors i.e., genetic differences in immune-signalling or senescence, and (iii. (smw.ch)
Genetic variants of interferon regulatory factor 5 associated with chronic hepatitis B infection. (wjgnet.com)

The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 is essential for viral-induced IFN-β synthesis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Role in viral-induced interferon regulatory factor activation. (microbiologyresearch.org)
[ 5 ] Another study found that vaccinia virus inoculated into mouse skin primed with a Th-2-weighted inflammatory response resulted in larger and more erosive primary lesions, more satellite lesions, and higher viral loads than normal or TH-1 weighted skin. (medscape.com)
Five distinct viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D and E) are known to cause hepatitis, all of which have different routes of transmission and cause varying courses of disease, resulting in about 1.4 million deaths each year.2 Of these deaths, nearly 700 000 are due to hepatitis B and nearly 500 000 due to hepatitis C, representing 89% of all viral hepatitis-related deaths. (who.int)

Evidence complex in figure 2, PMID:12872135.Requested by=TLR. (proconsortium.org)

Since expression of IRF-1 and IRF-2 is increased in response to interferons, the Qp activity observed in the presence of interferon likely represented an equilibrium between IRF factors that activate and those that repress gene expression in response to interferon. (psu.edu)

Mechanisms of activation of interferon regulator factor 3: the role of C-terminal domain phosphorylation in IRF-3 dimerization and DNA binding. (microbiologyresearch.org)

TNF, tumor necrosis factor. (cdc.gov)

The following product was used in this experiment: STAT1 Polyclonal Antibody from Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog # 10144-2-AP. (thermofisher.com)
The STAT1 gene is located on chromosome 2. (thermofisher.com)

The results of the miRNA-prognostic DEPRG-TF regulatory network showed that GSDMC, IRF1, and PLCG1 were regulated by both specific and common miRNAs and TFs. (hindawi.com)

Prakash K. and Rath P.C. (2010) Replacement of the C-terminal tetrapeptide (314PAPV317 to 314SSSM317) in Interferon Regulatory Factor-2 alters its N-terminal DNA binding activity, J. Biosci. (jnu.ac.in)

Decreased interferon-gamma may contribute to increased susceptibility to HSV infection in atopic skin. (medscape.com)

The SARS-CoV-2 virus may be transmitted even in asymptomatic individuals, or during the presymptomatic phases of infection. (news-medical.net)

Rath P.C. (2005) Relationship between constitutive Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kB) and Inhibitor kappaB-alpha (IkB-a) in an Interferon-a-sensitive human Burkitt lymphoma cell line. (jnu.ac.in)

[ 6 ] Furthermore, the addition of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 (both overexpressed in Th-2 inflammatory reactions) amplified vaccinia virus replication in human skin. (medscape.com)
These findings shed light on the functional and regulatory aspects of SOX9 activation in the human kidney during injury and regeneration. (lu.se)

We report that chlamydiae, which are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens, can inhibit interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression. (silverchair.com)
The etiology of SLE is complex, involving both heritable and environmental factors. (urosario.edu.co)

Results of a yeast one-hybrid screen suggested that a subset of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family may regulate EBNA-1 transcription by targeting an essential cis-regulatory element of Qp, QRE-2. (psu.edu)

In addition, pulmonary expression of interferon alpha and beta and Irf7 specific pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and signaling molecules (Ddx58, Ifih1, Dhx58, ISGF3) were induced, an effect that showed specificity when compared to other inflammatory exposures. (cdc.gov)
Salivary alpha-amylase levels were also 2 to 3 times higher than those recorded by other health professionals. (avma.org)
Veterinary students' salivary cortisol, alpha-amylase, and STAI scores fell into the upper 2/3rds of the general population, demonstrating a high level of stress. (avma.org)
Finally, we demonstrated that hepcidin is modulated at the mRNA level by alpha interferon through STAT3. (microbiologyresearch.org)

However, the IFN-γ-induced IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression is not affected, suggesting that chlamydia may selectively target the IFN-γ signaling pathways required for MHC class II expression. (silverchair.com)
To investigate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and their inhibitors tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) gene expression and secretion during equine deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) tenocyte and macrophage (undifferentiated, proinflammatory, and regulatory) co-culture. (avma.org)

2 , 3 These lymphomas have a distinct clinical behavior and a bad prognosis. (haematologica.org)

2016 Feb 19;12(2):e1005451. (utmb.edu)
2016 Sep 2;17(17):1636-42. (utmb.edu)

Hyaluronan synthase 2-mediated hyaluronan production mediates Notch1 activation and liver fibrosis. (cedars-sinai.edu)

The Th-2 cytokine milieu found in AD appears to be of central importance. (medscape.com)
In a 2009 study, patients with AD who had a prior history of EH demonstrated more severe disease with a greater Th-2 cytokine predominance. (medscape.com)

Rotavirus nonstructural protein 1 subverts innate immune response by inducing degradation of IFN regulatory factor 3. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Anatomy27

Organisms18

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs92

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes58

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Binding protein4

Genes5

Transcription factors4

Proteins4

Regulation2

Cytokines2

20221

Antiviral3

Inhibits type2

Responses8

Cells14

IRF52

Immunity4

Transcriptional2

Humans1

Type8

Upstream2

Mitochondria1

Genetic2

Viral4

PMID1

Gene expression in response1

Regulator1

Tumor1

Stat12

IRF11

Alters1

Gamma1

Infection1

Lymphoma1

Human2

Complex2

Regulate1

Alpha4

Expression2

Clinical1

20162

Activation1

Cytokine2

Immune response1