Hydrocephalus normal pressure. Medical search. Frequent questions

Amyloid positron emission tomography ([18F] florbetaben (FBB) PET) can be used to determine concomitant Alzheimer's disease (AD) in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) patients. (springer.com)
Kazui H, Kanemoto H, Yoshiyama K, Kishima H, Suzuki Y, Sato S, Suehiro T, Azuma S, Yoshimine T, Tanaka T (2016) Association between high biomarker probability of Alzheimer's disease and improvement of clinical outcomes after shunt surgery in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. (springer.com)
Lim TS, Choi JY, Park SA, Youn YC, Lee HY, Kim BG, Joo IS, Huh K, Moon SY (2014) Evaluation of coexistence of Alzheimer's disease in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus using ELISA analyses for CSF biomarkers. (springer.com)
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a neurological disorder that occurs in about 1% of individuals over age 60 and is characterized by enlarged cerebral ventricles, gait difficulty, incontinence, and cognitive decline. (umassmed.edu)
This schematic drawing illustrates various models of the pathophysiology of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). (capsulehealth.one)
Diagnosis and Treatment of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. (capsulehealth.one)
Background: Differential diagnosis between idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) associated with parkinsonism (iNPH-P) and Parkinson's disease (PD) may prove difficult when evaluating patients with early parkinsonism. (unict.it)
The early results we have seen in our pilot study of the eShunt system in treating patients with iNPH [idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus] have been positive, and we could not be more excited about the opportunity to have Generation 2 of the eShunt system evaluated in an expanded NPH pilot study in the USA," said Dan Levangie, Cerevasc president and CEO. (neuronewsinternational.com)
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) is a syndrome of ventriculomegaly, gait impairment, cognitive decline and incontinence that occurs in an elderly population prone to many types of comorbidities. (biomedcentral.com)
This article discusses comorbidities in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (INPH). (biomedcentral.com)
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting is a highly effective treatment for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). (neurosurgery-blog.com)
A diagnosis of idiopathic normal- pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) was made. (bvsalud.org)
INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is a common cause of communicating hydrocephalus in adult age, presenting with classic Hakim-Adam's triad. (bvsalud.org)

iNPH is a syndrome characterized by the triad of gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, and cognitive decline in the absence of elevated CSF pressure. (ajnr.org)
Therefore, we hypothesized that the microstructure of the CST in iNPH patients is altered by mechanical pressure resulting from ventricular enlargement. (ajnr.org)
In 2011, a task force was appointed by the International Society for Hydrocephalus and Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders (ISHCSF) with the objective to compile an evidence-based expert analysis of what we know and what we need to know regarding comorbidities in INPH. (biomedcentral.com)
Reported differences in outcomes among various INPH cohorts may be partly explained by variation in the rate and types of comorbidities at different hydrocephalus centers. (biomedcentral.com)
The task forces have been charged with providing evidence-based expert analysis of what we know now, and what we need to know in the future, to improve the care of INPH patients and move the field of adult hydrocephalus research forward. (biomedcentral.com)

Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), also called malresorptive hydrocephalus, is a form of communicating hydrocephalus in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs in the ventricles, and with normal or slightly elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure. (wikipedia.org)
NPH, a form of communicating hydrocephalus, may result from subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by an aneurysm rupture or a TBI, encephalopathy, or Alzheimer disease. (medscape.com)

Introduction Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) has conventionally been treated by placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. (iasp-pain.org)
The primary treatment for normal pressure hydrocephalus is placement of a ventricular shunt. (brighamandwomens.org)
Since 1965 many ventriculo-peritoneal shunt systems have been inserted worldwide to treat hydrocephalus. (altmetric.com)
Seventeen patients with NPH, selected by Intracranial-Pressure monitoring (ICPmo), underwent implantation of a shunt and after 6 months were clinically re-evaluated. (shu.ac.uk)
A 66-year-old Thai female was initially diagnosed with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and underwent programmable VP shunt placement. (biomedcentral.com)
However, she still suffered from recurrent communicating hydrocephalus with in-place VP shunt, and later developed recurrent gait impairment, chronic abdominal pain and abdominal mass. (biomedcentral.com)
Radiological studies demonstrated recurrent hydrocephalus and a very large intraabdominal VP shunt pseudocyst. (biomedcentral.com)
Under-diagnosed cryptococcal meningitis following VP shunt insertion for treating the hydrocephalus can render a complicated VP shunt infection including infected VP shunt pseudocyst. (biomedcentral.com)
Because shunt aspiration removes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the supratentorial compartment, increased intracranial pressure is not a contraindication. (medscape.com)
Effects of ventricular shunt treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus on psychological functions. (bvsalud.org)
In those who were operated with a hydrocephalus shunt postoperative development of stool incontinence was followed up. (bvsalud.org)

Our neuroradiologists at The Adult Hydrocephalus Program are knowledgeable in diagnosing all types of hydrocephalus, including normal pressure hydrocephalus and other causes of dementia that can present with similar symptoms. (brighamandwomens.org)
Types of hydrocephalus include congenital, acquired, normal-pressure and ex-vacuo. (choc.org)

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a clinical symptom complex characterized by abnormal gait, urinary incontinence, and dementia. (medscape.com)
People with normal pressure hydrocephalus present with urinary incontinence , gait disturbances, and dementia . (osmosis.org)
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a type of dementia caused by a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain. (dementia.org)

The term disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus (DESH) has been used to describe prognostic MRI features in NPH, including a "tight high convexity" and enlargement of CSF spaces in the sylvian fissure. (elsevierpure.com)

Congenital hydrocephalus develops around the time of birth, but it can persist into adulthood. (brighamandwomens.org)
In some cases, however, congenital hydrocephalus may not be diagnosed until adulthood. (brighamandwomens.org)
The Adult Hydrocephalus Program at Brigham and Women's Hospital is equipped to diagnose and treat all forms of congenital hydrocephalus. (brighamandwomens.org)
Children may be born with congenital hydrocephalus or may develop it later in life. (medicinenet.com)
Routine ultrasonography is now used to diagnose congenital hydrocephalus before delivery. (medicinenet.com)
Some congenital hydrocephalus is not diagnosed until after birth using diagnostic procedures. (choc.org)

Obstructive hydrocephalus occurs when the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain is physically blocked. (brighamandwomens.org)
Although it is usually diagnosed in childhood, obstructive hydrocephalus can occur in adults. (brighamandwomens.org)
The Adult Hydrocephalus Program specializes in treating obstructive hydrocephalus, including endoscopic third ventriculostomy, ventricular shunts or surgical removal of the obstruction when appropriate. (brighamandwomens.org)
Noncommunicating hydrocephalus (also known as obstructive hydrocephalus) arises when the flow of CSF is blocked along one or more channels connecting the ventricles. (medicinenet.com)
[ 8 ] In noncommunicating hydrocephalus (also called obstructive hydrocephalus), CSF accumulates in the ventricles because of CSF flow blockage. (medscape.com)

Frim DM, Vivas-Buitrago T, Rigamonti D, Lacy M. Surgical management of hydrocephalus in the adult. (medlineplus.gov)
NPH differs from other causes of adult hydrocephalus. (medscape.com)
Del Bigio MR, Cardoso ER, Halliday WC (1997) Neuropathological changes in chronic adult hydrocephalus: cortical biopsies and autopsy findings. (springer.com)
Brain MRI or CT scans are obtained on all patients as part of the evaluation for adult hydrocephalus. (brighamandwomens.org)
What are the different types of adult hydrocephalus? (brighamandwomens.org)
People who experience hydrocephalus since childhood find a comfortable transition from pediatric to adult care at our center. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

A careful examination is performed by neurologists or neurosurgeons that are skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus and other disorders that can cause similar symptoms (such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease). (brighamandwomens.org)
The aim of our pilot study was to investigate, by a proteomic approach, the expressed differences in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein patterns in order to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). (shu.ac.uk)

T2-weighted MRI showing dilatation of ventricles out of proportion to sulcal atrophy in a patient with normal pressure hydrocephalus. (medscape.com)

Graff-Radford, NR & Jones, DT 2019, ' Normal pressure hydrocephalus ', CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology , vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 165-186. (elsevierpure.com)

Conversely, in communicating hydrocephalus (also referred to as nonobstructive hydrocephalus), full communication between the ventricles and the subarachnoid space exists. (medscape.com)
87 with disproportionate enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus). (bvsalud.org)

It is a type of hydrocephalus that is present at birth and may be treated in early infancy. (medicinenet.com)

What are the symptoms of hydrocephalus? (medicinenet.com)
Signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus differ depending on the age of onset. (medicinenet.com)
The following are the most common symptoms of hydrocephalus in babies. (choc.org)

Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a brain disorder caused by blockage of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. (baycare.org)
Communicating hydrocephalus occurs when the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is blocked after it leaves the ventricles. (medicinenet.com)

When there is an obstruction in the flow, a problem with reabsorption, or an overproduction of CSF, fluid accumulates and hydrocephalus develops. (medicinenet.com)
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which excessive fluid accumulates in and around the brain. (choc.org)

Because of this, patients do not exhibit the classic signs that accompany increased intracranial pressure such as headache, nausea, vomiting, or altered consciousness, although some studies have shown pressure elevations to occur intermittently. (wikipedia.org)
Savolainen S, Paljarvi L, Vapalahti M (1999) Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in patients investigated for presumed normal pressure hydrocephalus: a clinical and neuropathological study. (springer.com)
The article by Ringstad et al, 1 in this issue of the American Journal of Neuroradiology suggests that invasive intracranial pressure monitoring is a better way to select patients for shunting for normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) than phase-contrast MR imaging. (ajnr.org)
Between 1993-1995, 51 patients under 75 years of age with clinical symptoms and CT-based diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus were investigated prospectively in order to clarify the value of neuropsychological tests, clinical symptoms and signs and infusion test in the differential diagnosis and prediction of outcome in normal pressure hydrocephalus. (nih.gov)
Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Cortical Biopsy in Patients With Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. (iasp-pain.org)
Normal pressure hydrocephalus can also develop in patients with a history of brain tumor, cerebral hemorrhage, brain infection or head trauma. (brighamandwomens.org)
Some patients can have normal pressure hydrocephalus as well as one of these other disorders at the same time. (brighamandwomens.org)
Most (but not all) patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus have evidence of excess cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. (brighamandwomens.org)
Although normal pressure hydrocephalus can be diagnosed with a large volume spinal tap, some patients require a more prolonged period of spinal drainage before improvement occurs. (brighamandwomens.org)
It is still unclear what causes CSF buildup in the brain, resulting in severe disabilities in patients with hydrocephalus. (medicinenet.com)
The experts at the Johns Hopkins Hydrocephalus and Cerebral Fluid Center evaluate and treat patients with all forms of disorders affecting cerebral fluid (also called cerebrospinal fluid, CSF or spinal fluid), including conditions related to the accumulation of CSF in the brain (hydrocephalus). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The Johns Hopkins Hydrocephalus and Cerebral Fluid Center continues a 100-year legacy of research and treatment for patients diagnosed with hydrocephalus and CSF disorders. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
We hope to eliminate misdiagnosis that commonly happens in patients with hydrocephalus, and to provide the best medical and surgical treatment so you can regain health and continue to lead a productive, meaningful life. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Cerevasc has announced that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved an investigational device exemption (IDE) supplement to permit the expansion of a study of its eShunt system in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) to additional study participants and clinical sites. (neuronewsinternational.com)
In total, 86 deteriorations were attributed to nonsurgical causes, and the valve pressure was decreased in 79 patients, with only 16.5% presenting with a satisfactory improvement after lowering of valve pressure. (neurosurgery-blog.com)
BACKGROUND: Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a frequent disease in elderly patients. (bvsalud.org)

As the fluid builds up, it causes the ventricles to enlarge and the pressure inside the head to increase, compressing surrounding brain tissue and leading to neurological complications. (wikipedia.org)
What are possible complications of normal pressure hydrocephalus? (ketteringhealth.org)
Hydrocephalus is potentially fatal, but with proper treatment, the severity can be reduced and severe complications may be avoided. (medicinenet.com)
RESULTS: The summary of the proportions of the incidence rate of complications was less for Adjustable Differential Pressure Valves (ADPV) as compared to Fixed Differential Pressure Valves (FDVP) but the confidence intervals overlapped. (bvsalud.org)
Conclusions: intracranial hypertension is an event of great clinical impact, whose complications can be minimized and control through specific Nursing interventions that encompass control of neuro- physiological and hemodynamic parameters and prevention of increased intracranial pressure related with the performance of procedures by the Nursing staff. (bvsalud.org)

In select cases, hydrocephalus can be treated using a procedure called endoscopic third ventriculostomy. (brighamandwomens.org)

First described by Hakim in 1965, NPH describes hydrocephalus in the absence of papilledema and with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) opening pressure on lumbar puncture . (medscape.com)
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since it was first described in 1965, normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) has been a controversial subject. (elsevierpure.com)
However, the clinical syndrome of normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) was only recognized in 1965 by Colombian neurosurgeon Salomón Hakim and American neurologist, Raymond D. Adams . (capsulehealth.one)

This leads to an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP). (wikipedia.org)
The authors advocated placing an intracranial pressure (ICP) monitor through a burr-hole into the brain parenchyma and measuring the mean amplitude of the ICP waves (MWA) for 8 hours while the patient is sleeping. (ajnr.org)
Because the ventricles expand slowly as they fill with excess fluid, intracranial pressure is often measured as "normal" during a spinal tap, hence the condition's name. (ochsner.org)
Proposed disturbances in the CSF dynamic system that contribute to ventricular enlargement and dysfunction of the brain parenchyma include impaired CSF outflow resistance and increased intracranial pressure pulsatility. (capsulehealth.one)
ICP = intracranial pressure. (capsulehealth.one)
PTH may present as normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) or as a syndrome of increased intracranial pressure. (medscape.com)
[ 9 ] In NPH, ventricles enlarge despite normal or even slightly reduced intracranial pressure, and they continue to press against brain parenchyma. (medscape.com)
Normal intracranial pressure (ICP) is approximately 8 mm Hg. (medscape.com)

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a clinical symptom complex caused by the build-up of cerebrospinal fluid. (medscape.com)
Normal and pathogenic variation of RFC1 repeat expansions: implications for clinical diagnosis. (medscape.com)

This usually occurs in older adults when the ventricles of the brain grow, but there is little or no rise in pressure within the ventricles. (medicinenet.com)
The condition occurs with a normal or slightly elevated CSF pressure. (capsulehealth.one)
Hydrocephalus occurs in approximately one out of 500 births. (choc.org)
Acquired hydrocephalus occurs after the baby is born, usually as a result of injury or illness that affects the brain, such as other neurological conditions. (choc.org)

Enlarged ventricles put increased pressure on the adjacent cortical tissue and cause myriad effects in the patient, including distortion of the fibers in the corona radiata. (wikipedia.org)

M/C form of hydrocephalus in adults. (capsulehealth.one)
The most frequent indication in adults is normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), a condition that can be difficult to diagnose precisely. (altmetric.com)

The International Society for Hydrocephalus and Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders (ISHCSF) has identified six fields of interest for investigation by individual task forces. (biomedcentral.com)

Hydrocephalus is a buildup of spinal fluid inside the fluid chambers of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
Hydrocephalus means "water on the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a rise in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain that affects brain function. (medlineplus.gov)
This causes pressure on brain tissue. (medlineplus.gov)
Normal pressure hydrocephalus is excess cerebrospinal fluid buildup in the brain ventricles. (ketteringhealth.org)
This extra fluid and pressure can lead to brain damage. (ketteringhealth.org)
The ventricles in your brain may then go back to their normal size. (ketteringhealth.org)
Normal pressure hydrocephalus is thought to be caused by an accumulation of excess cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. (brighamandwomens.org)
Hydrocephalus , which is also termed as "water on the brain", is an excessive buildup of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain. (osmosis.org)
Since hydrocephalus has no cure, brain surgery is currently the only viable therapy. (medicinenet.com)
Hydrocephalus is caused by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain and builds up pressure in the skull, resulting in swelling of the brain. (medicinenet.com)
Irrespective of the cause, hydrocephalus can cause brain damage and prevent newborns from reaching crucial developmental milestones. (medicinenet.com)
Pediatric neurosurgeon Dody Robinson and neuroscientist Lauren Jantzie have been collaborating on research to better understand the disease processes that cause brain damage in infants and to identify targeted therapies that might prevent and reverse the hydrocephalus. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a gradual accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that causes the ventricles of the brain to enlarge. (capsulehealth.one)
Computed tomography (CT) of the brain revealed communicating hydrocephalus without leptomeningeal enhancement or abnormal enhancing lesion. (biomedcentral.com)
Posttraumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) is a frequent and serious complication that follows a traumatic brain injury (TBI). (medscape.com)
It can be caused by the overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the blockage of normal CSF flow, or insufficient absorption that results in excessive accumulation of CSF around the brain. (medscape.com)
[ 5 ] Because of differences in prognosis and treatment, PTH needs to be distinguished from cerebral atrophy (ie, hydrocephalus ex vacuo) and ventricular enlargement caused by a failure of brain development. (medscape.com)

This leads to an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid and increased pressure in the head that can cause headaches, problems with vision, nausea and vomiting, loss of bladder control, imbalance, memory loss or other symptoms. (brighamandwomens.org)

Even though the pressure on lumbar puncture is expected to be increased, in this case, it's normal, which is why it's termed as "normal pressure" hydrocephalus . (osmosis.org)
Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by ventricular enlargement, without an increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure on lumbar puncture . (osmosis.org)
Ventricular dilation restores the CSF pressure to the normal level, hence the normal findings on lumbar puncture. (osmosis.org)
For example, lumbar puncture can be used to exclude conditions such as normal-pressure hydrocephalus or central nervous system infection (eg, neurosyphilis, neuroborreliosis, cryptococcosis). (medscape.com)

Previous neuropathologic studies in chronic hydrocephalus have suggested the presence of white matter damage, presumably from mechanical pressure due to ventricular enlargement and metabolic derangement. (ajnr.org)
Hydrocephalus is a rare, complex, and chronic illness that can arise for a variety of reasons or even be a result of another disorder. (medicinenet.com)
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a chronic neurological disorder that affects an estimated 700,000 Americans. (ochsner.org)
In 1761 , Giambattista Morgagni described 3 autopsy cases of " chronic senile hydrocephalus " in subjects older than 60 years of age. (capsulehealth.one)
Chronic C. gattii meningitis should be aware in a patient presenting with normal pressure hydrocephalus. (biomedcentral.com)

All these and present cases involved protein in the spinal fluid, which might have been the cause of the hydrocephalus. (unboundmedicine.com)

Importantly, the symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus can be relieved by a simple surgical procedure. (brighamandwomens.org)
Surgical intervention with flow-regulated and differential pressure-regulated ventriculo-peritoneal shunts remains controversial. (altmetric.com)

In addition, several physicians in the Program are pediatric neurosurgeons who routinely treat children with hydrocephalus at our affiliated institution, Boston Children's Hospital. (brighamandwomens.org)
Our neurosurgeons have pioneered two unique procedures to ensure the most cutting-edge treatment possible for kids with hydrocephalus. (choc.org)

Comorbidity is also important in hydrocephalus research. (biomedcentral.com)

The Fetal Care Center of Southern California can confirm a hydrocephalus diagnosis and our team of pediatric specialists will start treatment planning for your baby. (choc.org)

[ 9 ] Portnoy proposed that PTH develops as a result of increased dural sinus pressure, causing decreased CSF outflow. (medscape.com)

However, too much CSF may result in a buildup of fluid that can cause the pressure inside of the head to increase. (choc.org)

Hydrocephalus is caused by an imbalance between the amount of fluid produced and its absorption rate. (wikipedia.org)
However, the pressure of the fluid is usually normal. (medlineplus.gov)
Normal-pressure hydrocephalus ( NPH ) is build up of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles , with near normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure . (mdwiki.org)
Hydrocephalus is due to an imbalance between the amount of fluid produced and its absorption rate. (mdwiki.org)

They may ask about family history of hydrocephalus or other medical issues, as well as about developmental milestones in older babies, as hydrocephalus can be associated with developmental delay. (choc.org)

Impaired CSF absorption may cause communicating hydrocephalus. (medscape.com)

Structural correlates of cognitive impairment in normal pressure hydrocephalus. (cam.ac.uk)
OBJECTIVES: The pathological bases for the cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) have not been elucidated. (cam.ac.uk)

Transmission an incidence rate of 1.5 cases/1,000 live births and a of T. gondii can occur through food items and the en- burden of disease of 1.2 million disease-adjusted life vironment. (cdc.gov)

Although magnetic resonance imaging is more specific than CT scanning in NPH, a normal CT scan can exclude the diagnosis. (medscape.com)

Anatomy8

Diseases12

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes7

Idiopathic normal13

INPH5

Form of communicating2

Shunt11

Types of hydrocephalus2

Dementia3

Disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus1

Congenital hydrocephalus6

Obstructive hydrocephalus5

Adult6

Treatment of normal pressure hydr2

Patient with normal pressure hydr1

Neurology1

Subarachnoid2

Type of hydrocephalus1

Symptoms of hydrocephalus3

Flow of cerebrospinal fluid2

Accumulates2

Patients16

Complications5

Endoscopic Third Ventricul1

19653

Intracranial8

Clinical2

Occurs4

Cortical1

Adults2

ISHCSF1

Brain18

Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid1

Lumbar puncture4

Chronic5

Spinal fluid1

Surgical2

Neurosurgeons2

Comorbidity1

Pediatric1

Develops1

Buildup1

Fluid4

Developmental milestones1

Absorption1

Cognitive2

Occur1

Magnetic Resonan1